Composés polycycliques

4-Bromo-7-methylisatin is a chemical compound that is used as a reagent, reaction component, and building block in organic chemistry. 4-Bromo-7-methylisatin is an important intermediate for the synthesis of other compounds and has been shown to have versatile applications in the synthesis of complex compounds. It has also been used as a speciality chemical in research applications and as a fine chemical.

2-Phenylindole-3-carboxaldehyde is an organic compound that belongs to the class of bioactive molecules. It is a nitrogen heterocycle that has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in culture. 2-Phenylindole-3-carboxaldehyde has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. This molecule can be used in the treatment of cancer, as it inhibits the growth of tumor cells by inhibiting DNA synthesis, which leads to cell death. The molecular structure can be altered by allylation or replacement with other functional groups. The 2-phenylindole moiety can be modified at its C2 position, altering its pharmacological properties and may lead to new anticancer drugs.

Isosibiricin is a naturally occurring lignan, which is extracted from certain plant sources. This compound is derived from the genus Daphne, traditionally known for its diverse range of biologically active constituents. Its mode of action is primarily through the modulation of key signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Isosibiricin exhibits notable inhibitory effects on specific enzymes and receptors implicated in oncogenic processes, making it a subject of interest for cancer research.

2,3,3-Trimethylindolenine is a reactive aromatic hydrocarbon that has been synthesized by the coordination complex of nitric acid and sodium carbonate. It has a hydroxyl group in the 2 position and is used as an intermediate for the synthesis of hemicyanine. 2,3,3-Trimethylindolenine is soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene or hexane. Its light exposure can cause it to react with oxygen to form nitro groups. The structure of 2,3,3-Trimethylindolenine includes two nitrogen atoms in the alpha position.

5-Iodoindole is an organic compound that is used as a nematicide. It has been shown to have cytostatic effects on the growth of human pathogens, juveniles, and model systems. 5-Iodoindole inhibits the production of reactive amines and pyridine in vivo. It also inhibits glutamine metabolism by competitive inhibition at the glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme. 5-Iodoindole also has hemolytic activity and is able to induce transcriptomic changes in P. aeruginosa cells.

2-Phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is commonly used to treat bronchoconstrictor response and inflammatory bowel disease. It is also an antimicrobial agent, which can be used to treat infectious diseases. The compound was found to have structural similarity to other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen. 2-Phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid has shown the ability to inhibit leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) production by lymphocytes, which may have a role in the development of leukemia. This drug also possesses antioxidative properties and has been shown to have high values in group P2 polymerase chain reactions.

4,4'-Dibromo-2,2'-bipyridine is a nucleophilic compound that can react with a wide range of electrophiles. It has been used in medications as a thermally stable and non-toxic ligand for metal ions. 4,4'-Dibromo-2,2'-bipyridine is an efficient ligand for the coordination of many transition metals. This compound also has high values in light emission and is used in crystallography to study protein binding sites. The n-oxide form of 4,4'-dibromo-2,2'-bipyridine has biological properties that have not yet been studied.

Pyridoxal hydrochloride is a vitamin B6 metabolite. It is involved in many biochemical reactions, including trans-sulfuration, amino acid synthesis, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Pyridoxal hydrochloride has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against some bacteria species by inhibiting their enzyme activities. This compound also inhibits the growth of various fungi. The redox potentials of pyridoxal hydrochloride can be determined by titration calorimetry, which can be used to study its structural properties. In vitro experiments with cells have shown that pyridoxal hydrochloride may increase the efficiency of protein production when used during cell transfection. Toxicity studies have shown that pyridoxal hydrochloride is not toxic to humans at doses up to 2000 mg/kg body weight per day for up to 14 days.

2,6-Dichloro-3-deazapurine is an isomer of the nucleoside guanosine. It has been shown to inhibit the synthesis of viruses in cell cultures and may be useful in the treatment of leukemia. The synthesis of 2,6-dichloro-3-deazapurine can be achieved through a solid-phase synthesis that uses synthons as starting materials. The molecular modelling studies have shown that this molecule has a potential to bind to adenosine receptor subtypes A2a, A2b, and A3.

4-Iodoisatin is a heterocyclic compound that can be synthesized by cross-coupling reactions. It has been shown to inhibit the production of prostaglandin E2, COX-2 protein, and tumor necrosis factor in mouse macrophages. 4-Iodoisatin also inhibits the production of protein kinase C (PKC) in these cells. 4-Iodoisatin can be modified into a dimer form with many different substitutions on the ring structure and this modification increases its potency as an inhibitor of PKC. Irradiation can decompose the compound into a single isomer that is more potent than either of the two isomers. This drug may have therapeutic potential for treatment of cancer, arthritis, and other inflammatory disorders.

Thiamine hydrochloride is a water-soluble vitamin that belongs to the group of B vitamins. It has been used as a model system for investigating the phase transition temperature of fatty acids in biological membranes. In addition, it has been shown to enhance thermal expansion and improve chronic exposure in fetal bovine brain cells. Thiamine hydrochloride has also shown insecticidal activity against various species of insects, including the tobacco budworm and the Indianmeal moth. This drug has been found to be active against phytophagous insects that cause crop damage, such as Anthranilate and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride. Thiamine hydrochloride is involved in cellular metabolism by enhancing the conversion of l-lysine into succinic acid via an intermediate product called anthranilate. It also plays an important role in pyridoxal phosphate synthesis, which is essential for protein synthesis and tissue growth.

Amodiaquine is a drug that belongs to the class of antimalarial agents. It is used for the treatment and prevention of malaria caused by erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum. Amodiaquine has shown synergistic effects with other drugs, such as sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine, for the treatment of malaria due to P. falciparum. The mechanism of action of amodiaquine is not well understood, but it may involve inhibition of the Toll-like receptor. Amodiaquine has been shown to inhibit polymerase chain reaction in a concentration-dependent manner and also inhibits polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which are important in innate immunity. In addition, amodiaquine is a hypoglycemic agent and can be used for the treatment of bowel disease.

5-Nitroisoquinoline is a nitro compound that has been shown to be a potential biomarker for liver disease. 5-Nitroisoquinoline is synthesized from the reaction of hydroxylamine, sodium carbonate, and nitric acid. This chemical can also be found in human liver tissue. The titration calorimetry experiments performed on 5-nitroisoquinoline showed that the compound has a high heat of formation (194.1 kJ/mol) and low enthalpy of formation (-19.6 kJ/mol). Vibrational analysis revealed that there are four nitrogens in the molecule and two nitrogen atoms per molecule. X-ray crystal structures were obtained for 5-nitroisoquinoline with different solvents and hydrogen bonding was observed in all cases. Molecular modeling showed that there are five nitro groups, which would explain the name "5-nitro." The five nitrogen atoms coordinate to form a trigonal bip

5-Aminoquinoline (5-AQ) is a chemical compound that was originally synthesized in the 1930s. 5-AQ is a trifluoroacetic acid derivative of quinoline, which has been used as a photographic developer and an agent for the removal of silver from photographic film. This molecule also has a fluorescence property, which can be seen when irradiated by light with a wavelength greater than 350 nm. A hydrogen bond exists between the hydroxyl group and the nitrogen atom of the amine group in 5-AQ. The reaction mechanism for 5-AQ is believed to involve the diazonium salt intermediate, which reacts with silver ions to form silver diazonide and free ammonia.
5-AQ is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as acetone or alcohol. It reacts with trifluoroacetic acid to form a precipitate, which may be removed by filt

7-Chloro-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid is a chemical compound that has antioxidative activity and is used in the production of various organic substances. It is synthesized by reacting ammonium nitrate with a hydroxy group, an organic solvent, and phenoxy. The resulting product can be heated to form 7-chloro-4-hydroxyquinoline, which undergoes a series of reactions to produce 7-chloro-4-(2,2,2,-trichloroethoxy)quinoline. This reaction system produces a quinoline derivative that has been shown to be expressed at high levels in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and alpha-tocopherol (a vitamin E derivative). The final product is then purified by triethyl orthoformate (TEO), which removes the sulfoxide group.

2-Aminoacridone is a fluorescent dye.  The applications of 2-Aminoacridone are extensive in biochemical and analytical research. It is commonly employed in glycoprotein and glycoconjugate studies, leveraging its high sensitivity and specificity in detecting saccharide structures. Researchers utilize this dye in various assays, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrophoresis, to analyze carbohydrate content and structure. Its role is critical in advancing our understanding of carbohydrate-related biological processes, such as cell signaling and disease pathogenesis, facilitating developments in both diagnostics and therapeutic strategies.

7-Chloro-2H-pyrido[3,2-B]-1,4-oxazin-3(4H)-one is a chemical which is used as a reagent and building block in the synthesis of more complex compounds. It has been reported to be an intermediate for the production of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The compound can also be used as an intermediate for the synthesis of other valuable chemicals such as pesticides and dyes. 7-Chloro-2H-pyrido[3,2-B]-1,4-oxazin-3(4H)-one has a CAS number of 205748-05-6.

7-Hydroxyindole is a biochemical that is produced by wild-type strains of Escherichia coli. It has been shown to inhibit the action of an efflux pump, which is a protein that pumps drugs and other foreign substances out of the cell. The alkoxy radical reacts with 7-hydroxyindole to form a hydroperoxide intermediate. This intermediate then reacts with molecular oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide, which may be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of 7-hydoxyindole. Studies have shown that this compound can also inhibit multidrug efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells, which may lead to an increase in antibiotic uptake.

Iso-oxypeucedanin is a naturally occurring furanocoumarin compound, which is isolated from various plant species, particularly those belonging to the Apiaceae family. It exhibits a range of biological activities, primarily attributable to its structural properties that allow it to interact with various molecular targets.

Demethylsuberosin is a naturally-occurring compound, specifically a coumarin derivative, which is often extracted from plants. It originates from numerous botanical sources, including the family Rutaceae, where it serves as a secondary metabolite. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of fungal and bacterial growth, achieved by disrupting the integrity of microbial cell walls and interfering with their replication processes.

5-Chloroindole is a molecule that can bind to the CB2 cannabinoid receptor. It has been shown in experiments to be an allosteric modulator of this receptor. 5-Chloroindole has been found to have an inhibitory effect on degenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease, and may have therapeutic potential for these disorders. 5-Chloroindole binds to a metal surface by forming hydrogen bonds with the oxygen atom of its carboxyl group and the metal surface. The nucleophilic nature of 5-chloroindole allows it to react with chloride ions present in solution. 5-Chloroindole reacts with the carbon source in tissue culture, which leads to receptor activity and inhibition of cell proliferation.

Bergamottin is a furanocoumarin compound, which is primarily found in grapefruit juice and other citrus fruits. It is derived from natural sources, specifically within the fruit and peel of grapefruits. The mode of action of Bergamottin involves the inhibition of the cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4, which play a significant role in the metabolism of various drugs. This inhibitory effect can alter the pharmacokinetics of certain medications by increasing their bioavailability.

Indole-2-acetic acid is a coumarin derivative that is found in plants and is used as a dietary supplement. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on photosynthetic activity and the growth of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Indole-2-acetic acid can be produced by chemical reactions involving aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene or dioxane. It also inhibits the production of insulin in vivo and has been shown to reduce insulin resistance in rats.

7-Nitroindole is a hybridization analog of the base cytosine that has been used in biological studies. It has been shown to be active against microglia cells, which are involved in the inflammatory response. 7-Nitroindole's mechanism of action is not well understood; it may react with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form nitrosamines and chloride ions, or it may react with hydrogen chloride to produce an ethyl ester. It also reacts with ethyl esters in the presence of light to form a photochemical reaction that generates fluorescence. The mechanism is not yet fully understood.

(S)-(-)-3-Aminoquinuclidine 2HCl is a cholinergic agonist that has been shown to be effective in inducing the release of acetylcholine from brain synaptosomes. This drug binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits the action of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, thereby increasing the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. The drug is also able to cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to receptors on neurons. It has been shown that this drug can be used as an imaging agent for molecular magnetic resonance tomography (MRT), with high sensitivity and specificity.

4,5-Dichloroisatin is a versatile building block that can be used as a reagent for research and as a speciality chemical. It is also useful in the synthesis of complex compounds. 4,5-Dichloroisatin is a high quality compound with a CAS number of 1677-47-0. This compound is not intended for use in humans or animals.

Hypoxanthine is a nucleoside that is found in human cells. It is synthesized from guanine by the enzyme, xanthine oxidoreductase. Hypoxanthine is also produced from xanthine by adenosine deaminase and converted back to xanthine, which can then be reused for DNA synthesis. Hypoxanthine has been shown to inhibit the growth of photosynthetic bacteria, such as Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodobacter sphaeroides. This inhibition may be due to an equilibrative nucleotide effect on the folate receptor. The x-ray diffraction data collected from the chrysanthemum flower (a source of hypoxanthine) showed that hypoxanthine has a calcium salt structure.

Purine analog; fluorescent probe; kinase inhibitor; mutagenic

5,7-Dimethoxycoumarin is a naturally occurring coumarin derivative, which is primarily sourced from various plant species, most notably those belonging to the Apiaceae and Rutaceae families. This compound is characterized by the presence of methoxy groups at the 5 and 7 positions on the coumarin core structure. These structural features contribute to its biological activity by influencing its interaction with various biomolecular targets.

Pteryxin is an alkaloid derivative, which is a natural product isolated primarily from certain plant species within the Apiaceae family. As a complex organic compound, it exhibits a range of biochemical interactions at the molecular level. The mode of action for Pteryxin primarily involves its ability to interact with specific enzymatic pathways and receptors, facilitating or inhibiting particular physiological processes. This biochemical interaction underlies its potential pharmacological effects, which are these products' primary focus of study.

8-Fluoroquinoline is a quinoline derivative that has been shown to have in vitro anticancer activity against colon adenocarcinoma cells. It is a chiral molecule that can exist as two stereoisomers, (R)-8-fluoroquinoline and (S)-8-fluoroquinoline. These isomers may have different interactions with the tumorigenic cells, but both of them have anticancer activity. 8-Fluoroquinoline also interacts with cytochrome P450 enzymes, enhancing their ability to metabolize carcinogens.

Biotinyl-6-aminoquinoline is a synthetic chemical that has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in laboratory mice. It was synthesized to be a substrate for the enzyme quinolinate synthase, which is involved in the synthesis of nicotinic acid. Biotinyl-6-aminoquinoline is an analytical method that has been used in urinary samples from patients with bladder cancer as well as healthy individuals. The sequences of each individual were determined and analyzed using an algorithm that performs logistic regression, which can predict whether or not the patient has bladder cancer.

Indoline-2-carboxylic acid is a photophysical molecule with an absorption maximum at 518 nm. It has been shown to inhibit the activity of enzymes such as cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and monoamine oxidases. This compound has been found to be effective in the treatment of cancer cells. Indoline-2-carboxylic acid is also used in pharmaceutical preparations, where it binds to enantiomers of other molecules and inhibits their biological activity. Indoline-2-carboxylic acid reacts with hydrochloric acid to form allyl carbonate and amide.

(1S,4S)-1,7,7-Trimethyl-3-(Trifluoroacetyl)Bicyclo[2.2.1]Heptan-2-One is a white solid with a melting point of -76.8°C and a boiling point of 265°C at 10 mm Hg. It has the following functional groups: particle, luminescent, lanthanide, stabilizer, ligand, voltammetry, thermally stable and has nmr spectra that show light emission and coordination chemistry. This compound is a sulfoxide but can also be considered to be a phosphine or an amine depending on its structural features. The compound's nature is dependent on the temperature and pressure as well as the solvent it is being dissolved in.>>END>>

5-Aminoisatin is a serotonin receptor agonist and has been shown to have protective effects against liver cancer in vitro in human liver cancer cells. It also has a number of other biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, natriuretic, and leukemia inhibitory activities. 5-Aminoisatin interacts with the mitochondrial membrane and prevents cell death by inhibiting the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). This activity may be due to its ability to form ternary complexes with ATP and the voltage sensor domain of the mitochondrial protein voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC). 5-Aminoisatin binds to both the alpha subunit and beta subunit of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) enzyme. The binding of 5-aminoisatin to CaMKII leads to inhibition of phosphorylation at serine residue 397, which disrupts ATP binding.

6-Fluoroindole is an aromatic organic compound that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo. 6-Fluoroindole is a 5-methoxyindole and can be synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan, which is a precursor of serotonin. 6-Fluoroindole has also been shown to be active against plant pathogens, human protein, and human pathogens. It can produce hemolytic activity at high concentrations and its chemical stability was tested by incubating it with various acids such as hydrochloric acid or acetic acid. 6-Fluoroindole showed no reaction with either of these acids. The vibrational spectra of 6-fluoroindole was measured using dipolar coupling constants and found to have a dipole moment of 0.01 D for the molecule.

Benzo[c]phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to have carcinogenic properties in rats. It is also a potential mutagen and can cause DNA damage by forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds with guanine residues in DNA duplexes. These adducts are detected in tumor cells of rats treated with benzo[c]phenanthrene, as well as in human liver cells and mouse liver tumor cells. Benzo[c]phenanthrene can be activated by cytochrome P450 enzymes to form reactive metabolites, which bind covalently to DNA, proteins, and other cellular macromolecules. Benzo[c]phenanthrene has been shown to cause cancer in mice when given orally or injected into the peritoneal cavity. This chemical has also been found to cause liver cell necrosis in rats, at doses of 25 mg/kg body weight.

Psoralen is a naturally occurring furocoumarin compound, which is derived from various plants, including those in the Apiaceae family, such as parsley and celery. Its mode of action involves intercalating into DNA and forming covalent cross-links when activated by ultraviolet A (UVA) light. This photoreactivity enables it to modify the biological activity of nucleic acids, making it a valuable tool in both therapeutic and experimental settings.

4-Imidazoleacetic acid HCl is a fluorescent probe that binds to the α1 subunit of the dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) oxidoreductase. It has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial functions, which may be due to its ability to inhibit the pentose phosphate pathway and reduce reactive oxygen species levels. 4-Imidazoleacetic acid HCl has also shown inhibitory properties against congestive heart failure by acting on the mitochondria and inhibiting energy metabolism. It can also be used as a chemical biology tool for studying protein interactions with NADH dehydrogenase. The x-ray crystal structures have revealed that 4-imidazoleacetic acid HCl binds to the active site of NADH oxidoreductase with an orientation that mimics a substrate molecule. This allows it to bind tightly and disrupt enzyme activity.

7-Chloroindole is a potent compound that inhibits bacterial growth. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of tumour cell lines at submicromolar concentrations, with an IC50 of 0.5 µM. 7-Chloroindole also strongly inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, with an IC50 of 0.1 µM. This compound does not cause cell death by caspase-independent pathways, but rather induces a dry weight increase and surface methodology changes in cells treated with this compound. 7-Chloroindole belongs to the class of compounds known as carotenoids and has been shown to have a neutral pH optimum. It is formed through an enzymatic reaction involving two molecules of malonyl-CoA and one molecule each of acetate and chlorophyllide a.

5-Bromoisatoic anhydride is a potential anticancer agent that contains nitrogen atoms. It inhibits the growth of cancer cells by binding to the enzyme acetylcholine, which is involved in the production of growth factors. The compound also inhibits the production of malonic acid, which is a metabolic disorder. 5-Bromoisatoic anhydride forms stable complexes with malonic acid and does not cause any adverse effects on normal cells.

4-Chloro-1H-imidazole is an organic chemical compound that contains a heterocyclic ring with one nitrogen and three carbons. It is classified as a weak acid. 4-Chloro-1H-imidazole can be found in hydrochloric acid, methyl ketones, and the acid conjugates of pyrazole rings. It has minimal toxicity. 4-Chloro-1H-imidazole binds to receptors in the body, which may account for its effects on blood pressure and heart rate. This drug also reacts with diazonium salts to form an intermediate that is then oxidized by chloride ions to form a reactive intermediate that can react with histidine or flavin (a type of vitamin B2) to form a fluorescent product that can be detected by light absorption or fluorescence emission spectroscopy.

2-Amino-6-iodopurine is an analog of the purine nucleoside guanine, which has been used to synthesize a variety of boronic acids. The most common use for 2-amino-6-iodopurine is in the synthesis of benzylboronic acid, which can be used as an organometallic reagent in organic synthesis. This compound also has dehydrogenase activity and has been shown to catalyze the conversion of benzoic acid to benzaldehyde, mediated by NADH. 2-Amino-6-iodopurine is found in the biosynthesis of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, where it reacts with chloride ions and phosphate groups to form adenylate and xanthosine monophosphates.

4-Chloro-5-ethylisatin is a fine chemical that can be used as a versatile building block in the synthesis of complex compounds. It has been shown to be a useful intermediate and reaction component for the preparation of high quality reagents. 4-Chloro-5-ethylisatin is commercially available from Sigma Aldrich, catalog number 1379340-45-0.

The 6-methylcoumarin is a benzalkonium chloride that can be used as a stabilizer for biological samples. It has been shown to inhibit the activity of coumarin derivatives, which are receptors that are involved in the transmission of pain signals in the brain. The 6-methylcoumarin is also able to inhibit signal peptide, which is a protein that is secreted by cells and functions as a messenger between cells. This compound was found to have hypoglycemic effects due to its ability to stimulate glucose uptake in the body.

6-Fluoroindole-3-acetic acid is a molecule that has been synthesized by the reaction of 6-fluoroindole with acetic anhydride. When mixed with acetonitrile, the fluorescence of 6-fluoroindole-3-acetic acid can be seen in the solution. The fluorescence intensity is proportional to the concentration of this molecule. 6-Fluoroindole-3-acetic acid is used as a template molecule for fluorescence labeling experiments. It interacts with hormones and can be used to identify their conformations and interactions. This compound has been shown to have anticancer properties in mice, and it may also be effective against cancer cells in humans. It has also been shown to inhibit the growth of pisum sativum (pea).

2-Bromo-1H-imidazole is an environmental pollutant that has been detected in the atmosphere, water, and soil. It is used as a pesticide and has been found to be an impurity in biphenyl. 2-Bromo-1H-imidazole can be used as a substrate for the Suzuki coupling reaction or as a starting material for the synthesis of imidazole derivatives. The compound spontaneously fragments under acidic conditions to form nitric acid and hydrogen bromide. 2-Bromo-1H-imidazole has been shown to inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication and induce cancer cell apoptosis in vitro.
2-Bromo-1H-imidazole is also known to cause DNA fragmentation in cells through oxidation by reactive oxygen species or through spontaneous decomposition of the molecule into acid, bromine radicals, and ammonia.

4,4'-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine is a ligand that can be used in cross-coupling reactions. It has been shown to bind to metal ions and form complexes with the ligands. 4,4'-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine has a constant value for maximizing the yield of the reaction and is luminescent. This product also has photophysical properties that allow it to be utilized in voltammetry studies. The transfer of this product can be optimized by using chromophores or catalysis. 4,4'-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine provides a means for cross-coupling reactions using electrochemical studies and dichroism.