Antibiotiques

<p>Flavomycin - 8% premix is an antibacterial feed additive with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for promoting growth and improving feed efficiency in livestock and poultry.</p>

<p>Ceftizoxime sodium is a sodium salt form of ceftizoxime with similar action and applications as ceftizoxime.</p>

<p>D-Cycloserine is a antibiotic and NMDA receptor partial agonist with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and modulation of NMDA receptors and is used for treating tuberculosis and studying neuropsychiatric disorders.</p>

Quinolone antibiotic; antimalarial

<p>Desfuroyl ceftiofur sodium is a veterinary cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from cephalosporin C, a beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to and inactivating penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, particularly effective against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Validoxylamine A is an antibiotic, which is a secondary metabolite produced by certain strains of the Actinomyces species. It functions as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glucose isomerase, which plays a crucial role in the isomerization of glucose to fructose, an important biochemical reaction in various microbial and plant systems.</p>

<p>Oleandomycin phosphate is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory tract infections and as a veterinary antibiotic.</p>

Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and Lyme disease.

<p>Albomitomycin A is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from the fermentation of specific Streptomyces species. This compound exhibits a unique mode of action by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacterial cells, specifically targeting the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interference with ribosomal function ultimately disrupts the production of essential proteins, leading to bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall biogenesis; penicillin class</p>

Doxorubicin Impurity B is a chemical impurity of doxorubicin with no direct therapeutic action but used in research and quality control.

<p>Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic that is used against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria by binding the D-alanyl-D-alanine moiety of the peptidoglycan cell wall precursor, inhibiting the peptidoglycan synthesis and disrupting its cross linking. It also inhibits particle formation when it reacts with human plasma, which can lead to hemolysis and hemagglutination. The absorption spectrum for vancomycin hydrochloride shows maxima at 230, 260, 290, and 320 nm, which are characteristic for this compound. Vancomycin has been used in several studies for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.</p>

<p>Orbifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

Isochlortetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating bacterial infections in both humans and animals.

<p>Erythromycin thiocyanate is a macrolide antibiotic derivative with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research and pharmaceutical applications.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; steroid antibiotic</p>

<p>Ceftibuten dihydrate is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, otitis media, and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Maduramicin ammonium is an anticoccidial agent with action on protozoal parasites by disrupting ion gradients and is used for preventing coccidiosis in poultry.</p>

<p>Avermectin B1a (&gt;85%) is a macrolide anthelmintic and is used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It enhances the effects of glutamate at the glutamate-gated chloride channels, causing paralysis and death of the parasite</p>

<p>Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall biogenesis; cephalosporin</p>

<p>Antineoplastic antibiotic; RNA synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Dequalinium chloride is a quaternary ammonium compound that has been discovered to be an inhibitor of the cytopathic effects of some syndrome viruses. It is able to inhibit the replication of the virus in various clinical isolates and in cell culture models. Dequalinium chloride also inhibits acetylcholine receptor-mediated endocytosis, which is one of the mechanisms by which cells resist infection. The mechanism by which dequalinium chloride inhibits acetylcholine receptor-mediated endocytosis is not yet known, but it has been suggested that it might be due to its inhibitory activity on mitochondrial uncoupler proteins. This property may make dequalinium chloride an effective treatment against bacterial infections and respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis and asthma.</p>

Enrofloxacin lactate is a synthetic antimicrobial agent, which is derived from the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics. It is sourced through chemical synthesis, wherein the base compound, enrofloxacin, is combined with lactate to enhance its pharmacokinetic properties, particularly solubility and bioavailability. Its mode of action is the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for DNA replication, transcription, and repair in susceptible bacteria. This interference ultimately leads to bacterial cell death, making enrofloxacin lactate a bactericidal agent.

<p>Lysostaphin is an antimicrobial enzyme with a mode of action that cleaves the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus. It is used for treating staphylococcal infections and in research applications.</p>

<p>Pazufloxacin hydrochloride is a synthetic antibacterial agent, which is derived from the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics with a broad-spectrum activity against various bacterial pathogens. This compound, sourced through chemical synthesis, functions primarily by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes for DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. The inhibition of these enzymes leads to the disruption of bacterial DNA processes, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Herbicidin C is an antibiotic, which is derived from a microbial source, specifically from certain strains of actinobacteria. This compound functions as an inhibitor, interfering with specific metabolic pathways within target organisms. Its mode of action involves disrupting the synthesis of critical proteins, which are essential for cell survival and growth.</p>

<p>Carbomycin is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces halstedii. This antibiotic functions by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Through this mechanism, carbomycin effectively disrupts the growth and replication of susceptible bacterial strains, making it a potent tool in combating bacterial infections.</p>

Cefditoren acid sodium is an antibacterial agent that belongs to the class of third-generation cephalosporins, which is derived from Acremonium fungus and produced through chemical synthesis. This compound acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death. It achieves this by binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall. The interruption of peptidoglycan synthesis in the cell wall is crucial for maintaining bacterial cell integrity, and its inhibition results in the bactericidal activity of cefditoren acid sodium. It is effective against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The key applications of this compound include the treatment of bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and other conditions caused by susceptible bacteria. Its spectrum of activity and pharmacokinetic properties make it suitable for situations where third-generation cephalosporins are indicated. Understanding the specific interaction with PBPs and the resistance mechanisms is crucial for optimizing its clinical use and managing antibiotic resistance.

<p>Ampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Ampicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins in the bacterial cell wall by competitive inhibition. It prevents the formation of an antibiotic-inhibitor complex with the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division.</p>

<p>Cefatrizine is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalosporin C, a natural product originating from the fungus Acremonium chrysogenum. It exerts its mode of action through the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, a critical component for bacterial growth and replication. Specifically, cefatrizine targets and binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, leading to the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis. This disruption results in cell lysis and ultimately bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Amphotericin B is a macrocycle antibiotic with very potent antifungal effects and resistance very rarely occurs. Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal that binds to fungal cell membrane, i.e., ergosterol disrupts the membrane permeability leading to leakage of intracellular components. It is often used as an alternative therapy for leishmaniasis and to treat severe mycoses including: systemic Candida, Cryptococcus, blastomycosis, and histoplasmosis.</p>

<p>Biapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins.</p>

<p>Fleroxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal infections.</p>

<p>Chloramphenicol is produced by Streptomyces venezuelae. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with bacteriostatic properties. It interferes with bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosome unit. Used as substrate in the CAT (chloramphenicol acetyl transferase) assay, where the CAT gene expression is monitored by the ability of a system to transform chloramphenicol into acetyl chloramphenicol, which can be followed by simple thin layer chromatography. It is employed in VTM to prevent bacterial growth during specimen storage and transportation.</p>

<p>2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol is a natural phenol produced by certain bacteria, used for its biocontrol properties against plant pathogens.</p>

Fluconazole-d4 is a deuterated compound of Fluconazole. Fluconazole has a CAS number of 86386-73-4. Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS.

<p>Applications Spiramycin Embonate is an antibiotic that is used in biological studies in the role of multidrug resistance of Strenotrophomonas maltophilia.<br>References Huang, Y., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 68, 1987 (2013); Poole, K., et al.: Mol. Microbiol., 21, 713 (1996)<br></p>

<p>Applications Desacetyl-7-ACA lactone Hydrochlorideis a lactone derivative of 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid (A603415), a fundamental building block in the synthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics.<br>References Fritz-Wolf, K., et al.: Prot. Sci., 11, 92 (2002); Parmar, A., et al.: Crit. Rev. Biotech., 18, 1 (1998)<br></p>

AB47 is a bacterial peptide deformylases inhibitor.

Chloroquine: treats malaria, amebiasis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus; works by inhibiting parasites in red blood cells.

<p>Ceftiofur is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

Thiacetazone is an antitubercular agent with action on mycolic acid synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is used for treating tuberculosis in combination with other drugs.

<p>Antibiotic of penicillin class; inhibits bacterial cell wall biogenesis</p>

<p>Cephalexin hydrate is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Lincomycin is active against gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, diphtheria bacillus, and clostridia. It is used to treat severe bacterial infections including: sepsis, osteomyelitis, septic endocarditis, pneumonia, pulmonary abscess, infected wounds, purulent meningitis and severe pseudomembranous colitis. Lincomycin is an alternative antibiotic for penicillin-resistant gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Sulopenem is a thiopenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating uncomplicated urinary tract infections.</p>