Antibiotiques

<p>Cefotiam is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a beta-lactam compound derived from the mold Acremonium. It functions by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, particularly by targeting penicillin-binding proteins, which leads to cell lysis and death in susceptible bacteria. This mechanism of action makes it effective against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Tridehydro pirlimycin is an antibiotic compound, which is a synthetic derivative with origins in the lincosamide family. It is characterized by its ability to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, leading to a bacteriostatic effect. The compound is primarily developed for its use in veterinary medicine, particularly in the treatment and management of bacterial infections in animals.</p>

<p>Norvancomycin trifluoroacetate is an antibiotic compound, which is a glycopeptide derived from the bacterium Amycolatopsis orientalis. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Specifically, Norvancomycin disrupts the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers in the bacterial cell wall by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of cell wall precursors. This disruption weakens the bacterial cell wall, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death, thereby exerting a bactericidal effect.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; glycylcycline class</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Clarithromycin-13CD3 is an isotopically labeled macrolide antibiotic, which is synthesized to include deuterium (D) and carbon-13 (^13C) in its molecular structure. This modified compound serves as a stable isotope-labeled standard, primarily sourced from chemical synthesis. The incorporation of these isotopes differentiates it from the naturally occurring antibiotic, enabling its use in precise analytical studies.</p>

<p>Erythromycin lactobionate is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. Its mode of action involves binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to the suppression of bacterial growth. This mechanism effectively targets gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria, making it a crucial agent in the fight against various bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Tropodithietic acid is a bioactive compound, which is a potent antibacterial agent derived from certain marine bacteria, including the genus Phaeobacter. This antibiotic is characterized by its ability to disrupt quorum sensing, a mechanism that bacteria use for communication and coordination of group behaviors, including virulence. By interfering with this process, tropodithietic acid impedes bacterial colonization and biofilm formation, effectively inhibiting pathogenic activity.</p>

<p>Ceftobiprole medocaril is a prodrug of the cephalosporin class, which is a beta-lactam antibiotic. It is synthetically derived, designed to combat Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The mode of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), crucial for bacterial cell wall synthesis, ultimately leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Thienamycin is a β-lactam antibiotic, which originates from the fermentation of the bacterium *Streptomyces cattleya*. Its mode of action involves inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Thienamycin accomplishes this by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) critical for peptidoglycan construction, thereby disrupting cell wall integrity and leading to bacterial lysis.</p>

<p>Sulfadiazine is a sulfonamide antibiotic with action on bacterial folate synthesis inhibition and is used for treating toxoplasmosis and urinary tract infections.</p>

Finafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, which is a synthetic compound derived from the quinolone family. It functions through the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, crucial enzymes in the replication, transcription, and repair of bacterial DNA. This mechanism leads to the prevention of bacterial cell division and ultimately results in cell death.

<p>Enrofloxacin HCl is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is a synthetic compound derived from chemical synthesis. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, critical enzymes in bacterial DNA replication and transcription processes. This action disrupts bacterial cellular division and transcription, leading to cell death.</p>

<p>Clindamycin-2,3-diphosphate is a biochemical compound, which is derived from the antibiotic clindamycin, sourced through chemical modification to include diphosphate groups. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thus interfering with peptide chain initiation and elongation. This disruption effectively halts bacterial growth, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria, and is crucial in combatting infections resistant to other antibiotics.</p>

<p>Cefazolin is a semi-synthetic, non-beta lactam antibiotic used for the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections. It inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are bacterial transpeptidases that crosslink peptidoglycan strands. Cefazolin binds to PBPs present on the surface of all Gram-negative bacteria as well as many Gram-positive bacteria. It is not effective against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus and MRSA unless combined with another antibiotic such as vancomycin or flucloxacillin. A study showed that cefazolin can decrease inflammation and tumor necrosis factor-beta levels in pregnant women with systemic inflammatory disease. It has been tested in the development of an anti-inflammatory agent for use in patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythe.</p>

<p>Erythromycin B is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the actinomycete *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. This interference with protein synthesis effectively hampers bacterial growth, making it a potent bacteriostatic agent.</p>

<p>Streptidine is an amino cyclitol, which is a component of certain aminoglycoside antibiotics. This compound originates from the actinomycete *Streptomyces griseus*, a soil bacterium known for its ability to produce a variety of antibiotics. Streptidine plays a crucial role in the mechanism of aminoglycosides by contributing to the binding affinity of these antibiotics to the bacterial ribosome.</p>

<p>Dihydrostreptomycin sesquisulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Its mode of action involves binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, leading to the disruption of protein synthesis. This binding interferes with the initiation complex formation, causing misreading of mRNA and ultimately inhibiting bacterial growth.</p>

<p>Pazufloxacin is an antibacterial agent, which is a synthetic derivative originating from the fluoroquinolone class of compounds. This source categorizes it alongside a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics known for their efficacy against a wide variety of bacterial pathogens. The mode of action of pazufloxacin involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These are essential enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination processes. By inhibiting these enzymes, pazufloxacin disrupts the bacterial DNA processes, ultimately leading to cell death.</p>

<p>Cephamycin C is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a type of β-lactam antibiotic. It is derived from the fermentation process of certain Streptomyces species and other actinomycetes. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This inhibition disrupts the structural integrity of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Pirlimycin HCl is an antibacterial product, which is a semi-synthetic derivative of the natural antibiotic lincomycin produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the elongation of peptide chains. This action is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species.</p>

<p>Loracarbef monohydrate is a synthetic antibiotic, which is derived from carbacephem compounds with a mode of action that involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. This is achieved by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, thereby blocking the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains which are crucial for bacterial cell wall structural integrity.</p>

<p>Cefacetrile sodium is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the cephalosporin class. It is a semi-synthetic derivative sourced from cephalosporin C, a naturally occurring compound derived from the Acremonium fungus. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. This occurs by binding to penicillin-binding proteins within the bacterial cell membrane, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death due to the inability to synthesize peptidoglycan, a critical component of the bacterial cell wall.</p>

<p>Chlortetracycline-13C-d3 hydrochloride is a stable isotope-labeled antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research in bacterial resistance and analytical studies.</p>

<p>Clindamycin-d3 hydrochloride is an isotopically labeled pharmaceutical compound, specifically designed for use in the field of analytical chemistry and pharmacokinetics. It is derived from clindamycin, a known antibiotic sourced from modifications of the naturally occurring compound lincomycin, produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces lincolnensis. The incorporation of deuterium atoms, replacing hydrogen, allows for its use in sophisticated analytical methods such as mass spectrometry, where it serves to trace the metabolic pathways and to quantify the bioavailability and distribution of clindamycin in biological systems with high precision.</p>

<p>Lincomycin 2-palmitate hydrochloride is a semi-synthetic antibiotic, derived from the natural antibiotic lincomycin through chemical modification. It is sourced from fermentative processes involving the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. The compound exerts its action by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria. This occurs through its binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby hindering peptide chain elongation and ultimately arresting bacterial growth.</p>

<p>Mitomycin D is an antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agent known for its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis, making it a potent antitumor agent. It is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces caespitosus*. Mitomycin D functions as a DNA crosslinking agent by alkylating the DNA strands, which interferes with DNA replication and transcription. This mechanism leads to the cessation of cellular division and ultimately induces apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>Hypothemycin is a natural product that serves as a potent inhibitor of protein kinases. It is derived from the fungus Hypomyces subiculosus and belongs to the class of resorcylic acid lactones. Its mode of action involves binding covalently to the ATP-binding site of kinases, leading to the inhibition of their activity. This covalent modification is achieved through the formation of a Michael-type addition with a reactive ene-diene functionality within its structure. By targeting these critical enzymes, hypothemycin disrupts key signaling pathways that are essential for cell growth and proliferation.</p>

<p>Phleomycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces verticillus*. Its mode of action involves binding to DNA and inducing breaks by generating free radicals in the presence of oxygen and ferrous ions, leading to cell death. Phleomycin is prominently used in molecular biology applications as a selective agent in the generation of stable transfectants. It is particularly effective in selecting for cells that have integrated vectors conferring resistance, such as the Sh ble gene used in yeast, plant, and mammalian cell systems. Due to its potent DNA-cleaving ability, Phleomycin is valuable in studies requiring stringent selection pressure. Researchers commonly utilize it in experiments focusing on genetic modification and cellular resistance development.</p>

<p>Kasugamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the actinomycete Streptomyces kasugaensis. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of protein synthesis by interfering with the function of the 30S ribosomal subunit, ultimately preventing the growth and proliferation of sensitive organisms. In agricultural contexts, Kasugamycin is primarily utilized to control bacterial and fungal diseases in a variety of crops, including rice and fruit trees. It is particularly effective against Xanthomonas oryzae, which causes bacterial leaf blight in rice, and other pathogenic organisms detrimental to plant health. The application of Kasugamycin has been an important tool for integrated pest management programs focusing on sustainable agricultural practices. As a compound with a specific mode of activity, it helps to reduce the environmental impact typically associated with broader-spectrum antibiotics, while offering target-specific disease control. Its careful application supports the minimization of resistance development, ensuring continued efficacy in protecting crop yields.</p>

Erythromycin, Antibiotic for Culture Media Use Only, is a macrolide antibiotic derived from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis, specifically targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit in susceptible bacteria. This action results in the prevention of peptide chain elongation, effectively halting bacterial growth and proliferation.

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>An aminoglycoside antibiotic.  Found applications in treatment of UTi's as it decreases the ability of bacteria to make protein.</p>

<p>Polymyxin B nonapeptide hydrochloride is a potent antibiotic compound derived from the bacterium *Bacillus polymyxa*. As a cationic polypeptide, it exhibits its antibacterial activity by interacting with the lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the bacterial cell membrane, leading to increased permeability and ultimately causing cell lysis. The compound is specifically effective against a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria, making it crucial in studying antibiotic resistance mechanisms.</p>

Camptothecin (CPT) belongs to the alkaloid group of natural products and is a specific DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibitor (IC50=679 nM) with specificity.

<p>Oxacillin sodium is a beta-lactam antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections caused by penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.</p>

<p>Ionomycin is an ionophore compound with a mode of action that facilitates calcium ion transport across cell membranes. It is used in research to study calcium signaling and T-cell activation.</p>

<p>Cephalosporin antibiotic active against gram-positive bacteria including MRSA</p>

<p>Desmethyl doxorubicin oxalate is an anthracycline-type chemotherapeutic agent, which is derived from the naturally occurring antibiotic doxorubicin. This compound comprises a desmethylated form of doxorubicin combined with oxalate. Its mode of action involves intercalating DNA strands and inhibiting topoisomerase II, thereby disrupting DNA replication and transcription. This interference leads to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.</p>

<p>Biotinyl tobramycin amide is a biotinylated form of the antibiotic tobramycin, which is derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces tenebrarius. It features a tobramycin core, a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic, chemically linked to biotin. This modification allows for the specific attachment to avidin or streptavidin-labeled probes due to the strong biotin-streptavidin interaction, facilitating various labeling and detection techniques in research.</p>

<p>Rifampicin is a drug that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria and is used to treat tuberculosis. Rifampicin binds to the beta subunit of the bacterial RNA polymerase, inhibiting transcription and translation. It has been shown to inhibit the acetylcholine receptor function in rats, which may be related to its antituberculosis activity. Histopathological studies have shown that rifampicin inhibits the growth of human tumors in mice, including lung cancer, breast cancer, and leukemia. The drug is also being studied for its potential use in treating Alzheimer's disease. The pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of rifampicin have been studied and Rifampicin has been shown to be an effective anti-tuberculosis drug.</p>

<p>Deacetylanisomycin is a bacterial metabolite, which is derived from the soil bacterium Streptomyces griseolus. It acts as an inhibitor of protein synthesis by binding to the 60S ribosomal subunit, thus interfering with peptide bond formation during translation. This mode of action is key to its effectiveness in studying the mechanisms of protein synthesis interruption.</p>

<p>Clindamycin sulfoxide is a potent metabolite of the lincosamide antibiotic clindamycin, which is derived from the fermentation product of *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. This compound acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby interfering with the translocation steps in protein elongation. The mechanism effectively suppresses the growth of a broad range of Gram-positive bacteria, including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, and anaerobic microorganisms.</p>

<p>Cyclosporin L is an immunosuppressive agent, which is a cyclic polypeptide derived from the soil fungus Tolypocladium inflatum. It primarily functions by inhibiting the activity of calcineurin, a key phosphatase involved in the activation of T-cells. This inhibition prevents the transcription of interleukin-2 and other cytokines critical for T-cell proliferation.</p>

<p>Imipenem acts as an antimicrobial through inhibiting cell wall synthesis of various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It remains very stable in the presence of beta-lactamase (both penicillinase andcephalosporinase) produced by some bacteria, and is a strong inhibitor of beta-lactamases from some gram-negative bacteria that are resistant to most beta-lactam antibiotics.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; macrolide class</p>

<p>PC 190723 is a synthetic chemical compound, which is derived through targeted chemical synthesis processes involving precise organic reactions. Its mode of action involves disrupting cellular division by inhibiting specific protein functions essential for the mitotic process. This molecular interaction results in potent effects on cell division, making it a valuable tool for studying cellular mechanics and developing therapeutic strategies.</p>

<p>10, 11-Dehydrocurvularin is a fungal phytotoxin with heat shock response and immune-modulatory activitie. Curvularins inhibit the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), thereby acting as anti-inflammatory agents and immune system modulators</p>

<p>2'-Deoxycoformycin is a potent adenosine deaminase inhibitor, which is derived from the fermentation of Streptomyces antibioticus, a species of actinomycete bacteria. This compound acts by specifically inhibiting the enzyme adenosine deaminase, leading to an accumulation of toxic deoxyadenosine triphosphate in lymphocytes. This buildup hinders DNA synthesis, effectively suppressing the proliferation of lymphoid cells.</p>