Antimicrobiens

<p>Erythromycinacistrate is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. Its mode of action involves binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. This action effectively halts bacterial growth and replication, making it particularly effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Kanamycin sulfate is a water-soluble antibiotic. Genes encoding kanamycin resistance are commonly used as selection markers in molecular biology .It acts during the translation mechanism in prokaryotic ribosomes to avoid bacterial cell growth.</p>

<p>Geneticin is very efficient against gram-negative bacteria, however it is not applied for treating infections due to high renal toxicity. Geneticin and its resistance genes found application in the selection of transgenic cell lines including yeasts such as P. pastoris and S. serevisiae, other eukaryotic cell lines such as CHO or HEK293, but also plant cells and bacterial cells.</p>

<p>Amphotericin A is a polyene macrolide antibiotic, which is derived primarily from the soil bacterium *Streptomyces nodosus*. This compound functions by binding to ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. This binding creates pores in the membrane, increasing its permeability and ultimately leading to cell death. Unlike its more widely used counterpart Amphotericin B, Amphotericin A is less frequently utilized but is critical in the study and understanding of antifungal activity.</p>

<p>Emtricitabine is a nucleoside analog that is an antiviral drug used to treat HIV/AIDS. It is a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine, in which the 3' phosphate and 5' hydroxyl groups have been replaced with a fluorine atom and a methoxy group, respectively. Emtricitabine has been shown to inhibit the synthesis of viral DNA by competing for incorporation into the viral DNA strand during the elongation phase of viral replication. Emtricitabine also has anticancer activity, but no other known therapeutic uses.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer; antiviral</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; glycylcycline class</p>

<p>Antineoplastic antibiotic; RNA synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Gentamicin C1a is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is a secondary metabolite derived from the bacterium Micromonospora. This antibiotic functions through a mode of action that involves binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This binding disrupts protein synthesis by causing misreading of the mRNA, ultimately leading to inhibition of bacterial growth and cellular death.</p>

<p>Norfloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating urinary tract infections and gonorrhea.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall biogenesis; glycopeptide antibiotic</p>

<p>Amicoumacin B is a potent antibiotic, which is isolated from the bacterial species Bacillus pumilus. It acts by inhibiting protein synthesis, targeting the ribosomal 30S subunit and disrupting translational fidelity in bacterial cells. This interference in protein production leads to the effective elimination of various Gram-positive and certain Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Ertapenem sodium is a carbapenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like intra-abdominal infections and pneumonia.</p>

<p>Lomefloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It is used for treating bacterial infections like bronchitis and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor is an antiretroviral compound with a mode of action that blocks the viral enzyme integrase, preventing the integration of viral DNA into the host genome. It is used for the treatment of HIV infection.</p>

<p>Griselimycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterial genus *Streptomyces*. This compound exhibits its mode of action by targeting bacterial protein synthesis, specifically binding to the DNA polymerase sliding clamp, thereby inhibiting replication and cell division in a range of bacterial pathogens. Griselimycin has been the focus of renewed scientific interest due to its potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including multi-drug-resistant strains. The compound’s unique mode of action makes it a promising candidate for further development in the treatment of tuberculosis and potentially other bacterial infections that have developed resistance to more commonly used antibiotics. Advances in understanding its biosynthesis have facilitated semi-synthetic modifications, potentially enhancing its pharmacokinetic properties and antimicrobial spectrum. The applications of Griselimycin extend to research contexts where understanding resistance mechanisms and novel antibiotic development are critical. Continued exploration of this compound may contribute significantly to addressing the global challenge of antibiotic resistance.</p>

<p>Butenafine hydrochloride is a mycological agent that is used to treat tinea. It has been shown to have an antifungal activity in vitro against wild-type strains of c. glabrata. Butenafine hydrochloride inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, which is a vital component of fungal cell membranes, by blocking the conversion of squalene to lanosterol through inhibition of 14alpha-demethylase. It also has antimicrobial properties, which may be due to its ability to inhibit bacterial growth.</p>

<p>2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one or MIT is a powerful antimicrobial and antifungal agent which is widely used in personal care products. It is also used in industrial applications as a preservative and antifouling agent.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; inhibits Hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease</p>

<p>Capastat sulfate is an antibiotic with action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inhibiting protein synthesis and is used for treating tuberculosis.</p>