Antiviraux

<p>Tenofovir is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that exhibits anti-viral properties through its inhibition of reverse transcriptases. In particular, Tenofovir is a potent inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) reverse transcriptases, thus preventing the replication of genetic viral material. This property is beneficial in virus research areas and developing antiviral treatments. Once inside the body tenofovir is metabolized into its active form, tenofovir diphosphate, by the lysosomal protease cathepsin A, nucleotide kinases and adenylate kinases. <br>Tenofovir is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready to use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

6-Fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide is a potent RNA polymerase inhibitor, active against both RNA viruses in vitro and in vivo. A four-step approach to the synthesis of 6-Fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide was reported in 2014. 6-Fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide is commercialized and has recently been suggested for the treatment of mild cases of COVID-19.

<p>Raltegravir is an antiretroviral agent, which is a synthetic integrase inhibitor sourced from pharmaceutical research. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of the HIV-1 integrase enzyme, which is essential for the viral replication process. By blocking the strand transfer step of the integration of viral DNA into the host cell genome, Raltegravir prevents the proliferation of the virus within the host.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Viramidine is a nucleotide analogue prodrug, which is derived from naturally occurring nucleosides, specifically optimized for enhanced therapeutic profiles. Its mode of action involves conversion into ribavirin triphosphate within the body. This active form inhibits viral RNA polymerase, a critical enzyme necessary for viral replication. By disrupting the synthesis of viral RNA, Viramidine effectively reduces viral proliferation within host cells.</p>

<p>Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; antiviral agent against HIV</p>

<p>Stavudine is an antiviral, reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used to treat HIV/AIDS. It belongs to the group of nucleoside analogues of thymidine that is converted into stavudine monophosphate. Stavudine works by inhibiting viral replication by preventing the incorporation of viral dNTPs into the growing DNA chain, thus blocking DNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Ritonavir is a HIV protease inhibitor. It has an anti-retroviral activity as it inhibits the protease enzymes specific of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 and has been shown to be effective in controlling virus replication in humans and animals. Ritonavir works by preventing the HIV viral protease enzyme from cleaving the structural and replicative proteins produced by HIV genes such as gag and pol.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; thymidine analogue; DNA plymerase inhibitor</p>

<p>Inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer; antiviral</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Cidofovir is an anti-viral agent that is used to treat Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS. This drug suppresses CMV replication by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Tenofovir disoproxil is a nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used to treat infections such as Hepatitis-B and HIV. This drug is an antiretroviral agent that blocks reverse transcriptase, blocking viral replication.</p>

<p>Atazanavir is an antiviral protease inhibitor, used in the anti-retroviral therapy of adult and sometimes paediatric patients infected with HIV. This drug inhibits the processing of viral Gag and Gag-pol polyproteins in HIV-1 infected cells by binding to the HIV-1 protease active site.</p>

<p>Atazanavir is a HIV-1 protease inhibitor, used in the anti-retroviral therapy of adult and sometimes paediatric patients infected with HIV. In in vitro studies with human pulmonary epithelial cells, atazanavir has been studied as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protease, with the aim of halting viral replication.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of HCV NS5A</p>

<p>Non-nucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase; anti-viral</p>

A competitive inhibitor of HCV NS3/4A protease that blocks viral replication. Efficacious in treating HCV-infected patients in combination with daclatasvir. Asunaprevir-resistant replicons are sensitive to NS5A replication complex inhibitor, suggesting potential combination therapy.

<p>HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor is an antiretroviral compound with a mode of action that blocks the viral enzyme integrase, preventing the integration of viral DNA into the host genome. It is used for the treatment of HIV infection.</p>

<p>GSK 2838232 is a HIV-1 maturation inhibitor with action on HIV-1 Gag protein cleavage and is used for research on HIV treatment.</p>

<p>Ganciclovir is an acyclovir analog that is used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus and herpetic keratitis of the eye. This drug is a DNA polymerase inhibitor and exhibits its anti-viral properties by inhibiting viral replication.</p>

<p>PS 3061 is a type of biostimulant, which is derived from activated charcoal. Activated charcoal serves as the source of this biostimulant, providing a unique substrate that interacts with soil and plant roots. Its mode of action involves enhancing nutrient uptake and improving soil microbial activity, thereby facilitating better plant growth and development.</p>

Cytarabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue that is used to treat leukaemia especially, non-lymphocytic leukaemia. This drug also has anti-viral and immunosuppressant properties. Cytarabine is cytotoxic and acts through direct DNA damage. Although its mechanism of action is not fully understood, it is said to inhibit DNA polymerase.

<p>Nevirapine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with action on HIV reverse transcriptase to block viral replication and is used for treating HIV/AIDS in combination therapies.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV-1 protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Anti-viral; inhibits Hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease</p>

<p>Filociclovir is a novel antiviral agent, which is synthesized from small-molecule pharmaceutical compounds. It functions primarily by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, thereby halting viral replication within infected host cells. This mechanism of action is particularly effective against certain herpesviruses, as it targets the polymerase enzyme that is critical for viral DNA synthesis and proliferation.</p>

<p>Darunavir is a HIV-1 protease inhibitor used orally in the treatment of patients with multi-drug resistant HIV-1 infection (Ghosh, 2007). It has also been shown to be effective against other infectious diseases such as hepatitis C virus and SARS coronavirus. Metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzymes, darunavir is often administered together with ritonavir that prolongs its bioavaiability, giving a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of 15 hours (Back, 2008). The effect of darunavir on natural compounds such as matrix proteins and toll-like receptor activity has also been studied via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) experiments.</p>

<p>Boceprevir is a peptidomimetic, covalent inhibitor of NS3/4A serine protease from hepatitis C virus (HCV). Boceprevir also inhibits and acts as a substrate in the cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A) metabolic pathway. Boceprevir was recently shown to inhibit the main protease Mpro (3CLpro) from SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 of 4.13 μM and EC50 of 1.31 μM.</p>

<p>Raltegravir is an antiretroviral agent used for the treatment of HIV infections in conjunction with other antiretrovirals. It inhibits the activity of HIV-1 integrase, which impedes the insertion of HIV-1 DNA into the host cell genome. Raltegravir also inhibits resistant mutants of HIV-1 that are associated with disease activity and progression.</p>

<p>Dolutegravir is an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor. Dolutegravir is used in the treatment of HIV-1 infections as it hampers the integration of the viral genome into the host DNA (Katlama, 2012). Active on a wide number of HIV-1 phenotypes, dolutegravir is highly bioavailable with an IC90 of more than 30 hours (Cottrell, 2013).</p>

<p>Selective and potent inhibitor of sialidases (neuraminidases) in influenza A and B viruses. The compound binds tightly to the viral neuraminidase active site in late stages of viral life-cycle. It inhibits shedding sialic acids from host cell surface glycans, which interact with viral hemagglutinin, and consequently prevents release of new viral particles from the host cell surface.</p>

<p>Anti-retroviral; HIV protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Chemically derived from ritonavir, Lopinavir belongs to the amphetamines. Lopinavir is clinically used in the prevention and treatment of HIV infections as it acts as HIV-1 protease inhibitor. In 2020, lopinavir was tested to treat COVID-19 patients and although it led to a higher rate of gastrointestinal side effects, the Lopinavir-treated group had a lower incidence of severe complications. Overall it was deemed not to work as a treatment.</p>

<p>PI4KIII beta inhibitor</p>

<p>Antiviral; Hepatitis C virus NS5A antagonist</p>

<p>Famciclovir is a guanosine analogue antiviral agent that is used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections, most commonly for herpes zoster. It works by inhibiting the replication of the herpes virus. Famciclovir prevents viral DNA synthesis by inhibiting the viral DNA polymerase and by blocking viral DNA replication. Its active form is penciclovir.</p>

<p>Saquinavir is a HIV protease inhibitor drug that is used with other antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV-1. As this drug prevents HIV protease activity, it prevents the proteolysis of the Gag polyprotein and thus results in non-infectious virus particles.</p>

<p>Darunavir is a HIV-1 protease inhibitor used orally in the treatment of patients with multi-drug resistant HIV-1 infection (Ghosh, 2007). It has also been shown to be effective against other infectious diseases such as hepatitis C virus and SARS coronavirus. Metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzymes, darunavir is often administered together with ritonavir that prolongs its bioavaiability, giving a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of 15 hours (Back, 2008). The effect of darunavir on natural compounds such as matrix proteins and toll-like receptor activity has also been studied via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) experiments.</p>

<p>Abacavir is an antiviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used for the treatment of HIV. This drug inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) both by competing with dGTP and by its incorporation into viral DNA.</p>

<p>CCR-5 chemokine receptor antagonist; inhibits HIV entry via gp120 protein</p>

<p>Penciclovir is an antiviral agent and acyclic guanine derivative that has proven efficient in the treatment of Herpes Simplex type 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2) infection. Penciclovir is transformed by the virus into an active derivative able to block the deoxyguanosine triphosphate substrate binding site of the HSV polymerase.</p>

<p>EIDD 2801 is an orally bioavailable prodrug of β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine and was shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in human airway epithelial cells. EIDD 2801 was also tested in mice infected with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses. EIDD 2801 targets the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and reduces virus titer and improved pulmonary function in experimental animals when used in prophylactic and therapeutic regime.</p>

<p>Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside-based reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1. It inhibits the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase by binding to its active site. In certain cell culture assays, Efavirenz showed great efficiency when inhibiting wild-type HIV-1 replication. In the treatment of HIV, Efavirenz has been studied in combination with Emtricitabine and Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for ease of administration in some clinical studies. Recent in vitro cell studies indicated Efavirenz is a potential treatment for pancreatic, prostate and triple-negative breast cancers due to its cytotoxicity against cancer cells.Efavirenz is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready to use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>BMS 806 is an antiretroviral agent and is used for the treatment of HIV. It inhibits the fusion of the HIV virus with the host cell membrane.</p>

<p>Darunavir is an HIV protease inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. This drug inhibits HIV-1 protease from binding and catalyzing by attaching to the enzyme and preventing HIV replication.</p>

<p>Valacyclovir is a guanine nucleoside antiviral drug that is used to treat herpes exacerbations. This drug inhibits DNA polymerase and prevents viral DNA synthesis. Valacyclovir is the L-valine ester of acyclovir.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV integrase inhibitor</p>

<p>Anti-viral; capsid inhibitor</p>

<p>BMS 806 is used as an anti-viral agent. It has been shown to inhibit the replication of HIV. BMS 806 inhibits viral life by binding to the surface glycoproteins and inhibiting viral entry into cells. The drug also inhibits viral replication by preventing DNA transcription and translation.</p>

<p>HIV-1 integrase inhibitor; inhibits DNA strand transfer</p>

<p>Applications (S)-(5S,6S,8S)-5,8-Dibenzyl-12,12-dimethyl-3,10-dioxo-1-(thiazol-5-yl)-2,11-dioxa-4,9-diazatridecan-6-yl 2-(3-((2-Isopropylthiazol-4-yl)methyl)-3-methylureido)-3-methylbutanoate is an protected prodrug of Ritonavir (R535000), which is a selective HIV protease inhibitor.<br></p>

<p>Applications (R)-(((1-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl)oxy)methyl)phosphonic Acid Methyl Ester Trimethylamine is an intermediate in the synthesis of Tenofovir (T018500), is an acyclic phosphonate nucleotide analogue.<br>References Peng, J., et al.: J. Clin. Pharmacol., 46, 265 (2006), Seminari, E., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 60, 831 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications (S)-2-(3-((2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-3-methylureido)-3-methylbutanoic Acid Methyl Ester is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ritonavir (R535000) derivatives.<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanethioamide is an thioamide compound integrated as an constituent in the synthesis of Ritonavir (R535000) and its derivatives.<br></p>

<p>Applications (S)-2-(3-((2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-3-methylureido)-3-methylbutanoic Acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ritonavir (R535000) derivatives.<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-[2-Deoxy-3,5-O-[1,1,3,3-tetrakis(1-methylethyl)-1,3-disiloxanediyl]-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide is an intermediate in the synthesis of 2’-Deoxyribavirin-5’-triphosphate (D2149940) Triethylamine Salt, a potential new inhibitor for HIV-1 replication.<br>References Vivet-Boudou, V., et al.: Nucleos. Nucleot. Nucl., 26, 743 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Applications A highly reactive thiol-specific spin-label. A specific conformational probe of thiol site structure by virtue of its minimal rotational freedom and distance from the covalent disulfide linkage to the macromolecule under study.<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate in the preparation of Ribavirin.<br></p>

<p>Applications (S)-Isopropyl 2-(((R)-(((2R,3R,4R,5R)-3-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-5-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-fluoro-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate is an intermediate in the synthesis of Sofosbuvir (R)-Phosphate (S675615), which is an impurity of PSI-7977 (P839640), a prodrug that is metabolized to the active antiviral agent 2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-β-C-methyluridine-5'-monophosphate and is currently being investigated in phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of hepatitis C. Studies have profiled PSI-7977 as a nucleotide inhibitor of hepatitis C virus, exerting selective inhibitory effects towards HCV NS5B polymerase.<br>References Lam, A.M.,et al.: Antimicrob. Agents. Chemotherapy., 56, 3359 (2012); Lam, A.M., et al.: J. Virol., 85, 12334 (2011); Sofia, M.J., et al.: J. Medn. Chem., 53, 7202 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-[2-O-(Phenoxythioxomethyl)-3,5-O-[1,1,3,3-tetrakis(1-methylethyl)-1,3-disiloxanediyl]-β-D-ribofuranosyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide is an intermediate in the synthesis of 2’-Deoxyribavirin-5’-triphosphate (D2149940) Triethylamine Salt, a potential new inhibitor for HIV-1 replication.<br>References Vivet-Boudou, V., et al.: Nucleos. Nucleot. Nucl., 26, 743 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate in the preparation of α-Ribavirin.<br></p>

<p>Applications T-705RMP TEA Salt is a metabolite of T-705RMP (CAS# 356783-08-9), which is a reagent used for the preparation of pyrazine-ribofuranose derivatives as antiviral agents that are useful in the treatment of viral infections. T-705 (Favipiravir) [F103350] gets converted to T-705RMP by host cells, but T-705RMP has little inhibitory effect on the replication of the host cells based on biological studies.<br>References Zhong, B., et al.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, 2014:924257 (2014); Yousuke, F., et al.: Antimicrob Agent Chemother., 49, 981 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Applications Used in the synthesis of enantioselective synthesis of carbocyclic ribavirin, its analogs and other antiviral agents.<br>References Kuang, R. et al.; Tetrahedron Lett. 41, 9575 (2000)<br></p>

<p>Acetyl daclatasvir is a direct-acting antiviral agent, which is chemically derived from a series of small-molecule inhibitors. The source of this compound lies in rational drug design, focusing on targeting specific viral proteins involved in the replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Its mode of action involves inhibiting the NS5A protein, a non-structural protein essential for HCV RNA replication and virion assembly. By binding to NS5A, acetyl daclatasvir disrupts the replication complex, effectively halting the virus's ability to multiply within the host cells.</p>

<p>Tenofovir diphosphate is an antiviral compound, which is a key active metabolite derived from the prodrugs tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tenofovir alafenamide, both originating from chemical synthesis. Its mode of action involves inhibiting the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by competing with the natural substrate, deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate, and causing chain termination after incorporation into viral DNA. This mechanism effectively prevents the replication of retroviral DNA, thus halting the progression of the infection.</p>

HCV-IN-30 is an HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitor (IC50s: 901 and 102 nM for genotypes 1a and 1b replicons).

<p>Applications Darunavir intermediate.<br>References Ghosh, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 3278 (1996), Ghosh, A., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 687 (1998), Richman, D., et al.: Nature, 410, 995 (2001), Koh, Y., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47, 3123 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications Darunavir intermediate.<br>References Ghosh, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 3278 (1996), Ghosh, A., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 687 (1998), Richman, D., et al.: Nature, 410, 995 (2001), Koh, Y., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47, 3123 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications An intermediate used in the preparation of Zanamivir derivatives.<br>References Andrews, D., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 34, 563 (1999), Altamore, T., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 14, 1126 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Nelfinavir Sulphone Impurity<br>Applications Nelfinavir Sulfone is an impurity of Nelfinavir Mesylate (N389750). It is a COVID19-related research product.<br>References Aymard, G., et al.: J. Chromatogr. B, 744, 227 (2000), Jing, Q., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 41, 1065 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Levovirin is a monocyclic L-nucleosides with type 1 cytokine-inducing activity. Levovirin is the L-enantiomer of Ribavirin (R414475) with similar immunomodulatory activity but does not have direct antiviral activity or hemolytic anemia.<br>References Ramasamy, K.S. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 43, 1019 (2000); Fang, C. et al.: J. Appl. Toxicol., 23, 453 (2003):<br></p>

<p>Applications R 77975 is used to modulate lipophilicity in human rhinovirus capsid binders. It also is used in order to identify potential ativiral agents.<br>References Morley, A. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 6031 (2011); Tomkinson, N. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 22, 7494 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2'-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5,6-d2 (CAS# 362049-50-1) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol was used as a reagent in the synthesis of phosphonamidate and phosphonodiamidate prodrugs of adefovir and tenofovir which are used in the treatment of HIV infections. Also used in the synthesis of tetrahydronaphthalene-1-ol derivatives which were found to be promising potent antitumor agents.<br>References Pertusati, F., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 78, 259 (2014); Dong, Y., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 19, 6289 (2009);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Ribavirin EP Impurity C<br>Applications 1,2,4-Triazole-3-carboxylic Acid (Ribavirin EP Impurity C) is a major metabolite of the antiviral agent Ribavirin (R414475).<br>References Miller, J.P. et al.: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 284, 211 (1977); Catlin, D. et al.: Ribavirin: Broad Spec. Antivir. Ag., 83 (1980); Lin, C.C. et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 50, 2368 (2006);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Atazanavir Impurity (Pyridinyl Benzaldehyde)<br>Applications Reactive metabolite of atazanavir. Atazanavir Impurity; Pyridinyl Benzaldehyde impurity<br>References F. Li et al., Drug Metabolism and Disposition 39, 294 (2011)<br></p>

<p>Applications Stavudine-alpha,alpha,alpha,6-d4 (CAS# 1219803-67-4) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications (2'R)​-2'-​Deoxy-​2'-​fluoro-​2'-​methyl-uridine 5'-​Triphosphate Tetrasodium Salt is an impurity of Sofosbuvir (P839640) which is a prodrug that is metabolized to the active antiviral agent 2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-β-C-methyluridine-5'-monophosphate.<br>References Lam, A.M.,et al.: Antimicrob. Agents. Chemotherapy., 56, 3359 (2012); Lam, A.M., et al.: J. Virol., 85, 12334 (2011); Sofia, M.J., et al.: J. Medn. Chem., 53, 7202 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3,4-Difluoroaniline-2,6-d2 (CAS# 1061566-62-8) can be used in its derivative form as an antiviral agent for Hepatitis B.<br>References Qiu, Y.L., et.al., U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ., 187,(2019);<br></p>

<p>Applications An intermediate in the synthesis of Ritonavir.<br>References Sham, H., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 12, 3101 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Atazanavir Impurity B<br>Applications An intermediate for the preparation of antiviral protease inhibitors. Atazanavir Impurity B<br>References Fassler, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 3203 (1996), Bold, G., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 41, 3387 (1998).<br></p>

<p>Vicriviroc malate is a CCR5 antagonist with action on blocking HIV entry into cells by targeting the CCR5 receptor and is used for research on HIV treatment.</p>

<p>Ganciclovir is an antiviral agent specifically designed for culture media use. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxy-guanosine, derived from nucleoside compounds, and operates primarily by inhibiting the replication of viral DNA. Its mode of action involves selective phosphorylation by viral kinases, which converts it into ganciclovir triphosphate, a potent inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase, ultimately preventing viral DNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Foscarnet sodium is a pyrophosphate analog antiviral agent with action on viral DNA polymerase and is used for treating cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections.</p>

<p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein inhibitor</p>

<p>SE 563 is a biocontrol agent, which is an organism-based product derived from natural sources. It is sourced from a specific strain of entomopathogenic nematodes known for their effectiveness in targeting and controlling insect pests. The mode of action involves the nematodes seeking out their insect hosts in the soil, entering through natural openings, and releasing symbiotic bacteria that kill the host from within.</p>