Source botanique

Honokiol has antibacterial, anti-angiogenesis, antidepressant-like, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. It inhibited the activation of Akt and enhances the phosphorylation of ERK1/ERK2. It can improve learning, memory impairments and neuroinflammatory processes induced by SCOP in mice, by inhibition of AChE activity.

Berberine hydrochloride (berberine), a natural plant alkaloid derived from Chinese herbal medicine, is characterized by diverse pharmacological effects, such as anticancer and lower elevated blood glucose, it can prevent adhesion by downregulating ICAM-1 and reduce inflammation by inhibiting the TAK1/JNK and TAK1/NF-κB signaling after abdominal surgery, which brings out a good therapeutic approach for the development of clinical application for postoperative abdominal adhesion and inflammation.

Schinifoline has cytotoxic activity, it also shows in vitro radiosensitising, cell cycle and apoptotic-inducing effects.

Decursinol angelate has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and hepatoprotective activities, it inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis via suppression of the VEGFR-2-signaling pathway; it also suppresses invasion and inflammatory activation of cancer cells through modulation of PI3K/AKT, ERK and NF-kappaB, its anti-inflammatory activity may contribute to its anti-cancer activity.Decursinol angelate has protective effects against amyloid β-protein-induced oxidative stress in the PC12 cell line. It improves wound healing by upregulating the expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix remodeling proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. Decursinol angelate has in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast.

Isoanhydroicaritin is a natural product from Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.

Scutellarin has many pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, neuroprotection and antiinflammatory activities. It down-regulates the STAT3/Girdin/Akt signaling in HCC cells, and inhibits RANKL-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in osteoclasts.

Arctiin, a lignan isolated from Arctium lappa (burdock) seeds, has a protective effect on 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) -induced carcinogenesis particularly in the mammary gland in the promotion period, it may have a weak co-carcinogenic influence on MeIQx-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

Icariin inhibits PDE5 and PDE4 activities with IC50s of 432 nM and 73.50 μM, respectively. Icariin also is a PPARα activator. Icariin has been reported to have anti-hypoxic, phytoestrogenic, anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-depressant-like activities. Icariin is effective in the attenuation of AHR and chronic airway inflammatory changes in OVA-induced murine asthma model, and this effect is associated with regulation of Th17/Treg responses. Icariin inhibited NF-κB signaling activation and the NLRP3-inflammasome/caspase-1/IL-1β axis.

Saikosaponin B1 may be as anti-schizophrenic candidate drugs, it can suppress the signal transduction after binding of EGF.

Diosbulbin B has potential anti-tumor effects which may be related to influencing the immune system for the first time, it also exhibits potential hepatotoxicity.

Cucurbitacin B (cucB) is a triterpenoid constituent of Cucurbitaceae vegetables and a promising phytochemical for cancer prevention, cucB induces G(2) arrest and apoptosis through a STAT3-independent but ROS-dependent mechanism in SW480 cells.

In vitro, procyanidin C1 (PC1) dose-dependently decreased Fc epsilon RI-mediated degranulation and cytokine production of mast cells, inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk and linker for activation of T cells, and the ROS generation in stimulated mast cells.PC1 suppresses Fc epsilon RI-mediated mast cell activation by inhibiting intracellular signaling pathways, These observations provide evidence for the anti-allergenic effects of the procyanidin-enriched apple extract.

Epimedin C and diphylloside A have antiinflammation effect, can reduce the swelling of the rats foot induced by egg. The accumulation of epimedinsA, B, C, and icariin in a traditional medicinal plant could be suppressed by light stress.

Dietary supplementation of aloe components (aloin, aloesin and aloe-gel) can ameliorate intestinal inflammatory responses in a 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis rat model, in particular, aloesin is the most potent inhibitor. The extract of A. vera and its active ingredient aloin cause melanin aggregation leading to skin lightening via alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation.

Atractylone has inhibitory effects on mast cell-mediated allergic reactions, it regulates the degranulation of mast cell, proves its potential in the treatment of mast cell-mediated allergic reactions.

Luteolin-7-O-glucoside and luteolin at concentrations lower than 20 muM, significantly suppresses the productions of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) in bacterial lipopolysaccharide activated-mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells without introducing cytotoxicity; the inhibitory effects were further attributed to the suppression of both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression, and not reduced enzymatic activity.

gamma-Mangostin is a dual agonist that activates both PPARδ and PPARα, is also a novel competitive antagonist for the 5-HT2A receptors in vascular smooth muscles and platelets.gamma-Mangostin has free radical scavenging activity, and antiproliferative and apoptotic activity in HepG2 cells, and exhibits antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic effects. gamma-Mangostin could as a preventive agent of the metabolic syndrome, and could serve as a micronutrient for colon cancer prevention.

Jujuboside B is one of the saponins isolated from the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba var, has

Polyphyllin D has anti-angiogenic, and anticancer effects, it induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway as evidenced by decreased Bcl-2 expression levels, disruption of MMP and increased Bax, cytochrome C and cleaved-caspase-3 levels.Polyphyllin D has toxicity in human RBCs as well as its underlying mechanism for the hemolysis and eryptosis/erythroptosis.

Handelin has anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine productions.

Reference standards.

Jaceosidin and Eupatilin are bioactive flavones found in the medicinal herbs of the genus Artemisia, exhibit various antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiallergic, and antitumor activities, jaceosidin is a competitive inhibitor of CYP1A2 with a K(i) value of 3.8 microM and a mixed-type inhibitor of CYP2C9 with K(i) value of 6.4 microM in human liver microsomes.

beta-Asarone has neuroprotection, anti-tumor, anthelmintic, anti-inflammary, and anticoagulant effects, it can afford a beneficial inhibition on both mRNA and protein expression of Bad, Bax, and cleavage of caspases 9 in rat hippocampus following intrahippocampal injections of Abeta (1-42).beta-Asarone prevents autophagy and synaptic loss by reducing ROCK expression in SAMP8 mice. beta Asarone can cause liver and cardiac damages, it also has reproductive toxicity.

Cistanoside A possesses protective activities on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice, which is involved with increasing free radicals clearing activities, alleviating lipid-overoxidation damage, and improving respiratory chain function in mitochondria.

Ecliptasaponin A has protective effects against the pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin via reducing the oxidative stress, lung tissue inflammation, and the subsequent epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Oridonin has anticancer activity, might be useful as adjunctive therapy for individuals with lymphoid malignancies, including the lethal disease adult T-cell leukemia.It inhibits tumor growth in glioma by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, inhibits BxPC-3 cell growth through cell apoptosis.

Acteoside is a lipase inhibitor, has neuroprotective, anti-obesity,anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, cytotoxic,antihypertensive, analgesic, and antimetastatic activities. Acteoside can promote nerve growth factor and tropomycin receptor kinase A expression, inhibit arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin E2 production induced by 0.5 microM melittin. Acteoside can protect the cells from X‑ray induced damage through enhancing the scavenging activity of ROS, decreasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and downregulating the activity of procaspase-3, as well as modulating the mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathways.

Oxymatrine, one of the major components of Sophora flavescens ait, has exhibited anti-hepatitis virus infection, anti-hepatic fibrosis, anti-inflammation, anti-anaphylaxis and other immune-regulation, it induces human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells apoptosis via regulating expression of Bcl-2 and IAP families, and releasing of cytochrome C.

Harpagide has neuroprotective effect, it can obviously protect acute cerebral ischemia in mice,its therapeutical effects are approached to protecting the activity of brain mitochondria and decreasing protein expression level of caspase-3; harpagide also has a potential for prevention of bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice by regulating the stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and the suppression of osteoclast formation. Harpagide may have anti-inflammatory efficacy.