Source botanique

Linderalactone shows significant inhibitory effects on superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils in response to fMLP/CB, the IC50 is 8.48 microg/mL.

Hinokiflavone has significant cytotoxicity, it has inhibition of MMP-9.

Onjisaponin B, derived from Radix Polygalae, can enhances autophagy and accelerates the degradation of mutant α-synuclein and huntingtin in PC-12 cells.

Vitexin-2''-O-rhamnoside contributes to the protection against H₂O₂ -mediated oxidative stress damage and could be safely used for a wide range of concentrations.It has low bioavailability, mainly related to its poor absorption in the intestine.

Liquiritigenin, an aglycone of liquiritin in G. radix , exerts cytoprotective effects against heavy metal-induced toxicity in vitro, can protect the liver from acute injuries induced by APAP or from APAP-induced severe injuries during GSH deficiency.

Jatrorrhizine hydrochloride has lipid lowering effects, it can ameliorate hyperlipidemia via the suppression of lipogenesis and the enhancement of lipid oxidation in the liver. It exhibits a potent inhibitory effect toward neuraminidase of the H7N9 (N9) avian influenza virus, it also can potentiate the neuraminidase inhibitory effect of oseltamivir towards H7N9 influenza. Jatrorrhizine hydrochloride is a potential new antimelanoma drug candidate, can inhibit the proliferation and neovascularization of C8161 metastatic melanoma cells with low toxicity.

Hydroxy-β-sanshool is a pungent compound, it can cause oral numbness.

Deoxyshikonin and dodecyl gallate show significantly synergic antimicrobial activity with penicillin in vivo and in vitro, and can effectively reduce nasopharyngeal and lung colonization caused by different penicillin-resistant pneumococcal serotypes. Deoxyshikonin exerts very good radical scavenging activities toward ABTS+ but shows moderate inhibition of DPPH·, and shows cytotoxic activities. Deoxyshikonin may be a new drug candidate for wound healing and treatment of lymphatic diseases.

Neogambogic acid , an active ingredient in garcinia, can inhibit the growth of some solid tumors and result in an anticancer effect, it may be responsible for the inhibition of proliferation of human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cells.

​Brevilin A is a strong impetus for the development of selective JAK-STAT inhibitors and therapeutic drugs in order to improve survival of patients with hyperactivated JAKs and STATs. Brevilin A shows antigiardial activity (IC50 = 16.1 μM) and is similarly active in vitro against Entamoeba histolytica (IC50 between 4.5 and 9 μM) and against Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 = 9.42 μM).

Cyanidin Chloride, the main phenolic antioxidant in the grape (Vitis vinifera), in particular in the liposomal forms, could be used for treatment of diabetes mellitus complications. It has a dual effect on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, exhibits therapeutic potential in prevention of osteoclasts related bone disorders.

3,6'-Disinapoyl sucrose has neuroprotective effect and antidepressive activity in rats, at least in part, by increasing expression of cyclic AMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) and its downstream target protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). 3,6'-Disinapoyl sucrose protect neuron cells from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity include the downregulation of proapoptotic gene Bax and the upregulation of antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2.

Quercetin, a member of the flavonoids family, is one of the most prominent dietary antioxidants. It is ubiquitously present in foods including vegetables, fruit, tea and wine as well as countless food supplements and is claimed to exert beneficial health effects. This includes protection against various diseases such as osteoporosis, certain forms of cancer, pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases but also against aging.

Dehydrodiisoeugenol has anti-inflammatory activity, it inhibited the expression of the COX-2, proteolysis of inhibitor κB-α and transcriptional activity of NF-κB. Dehydrodiisoeugenol can cross the blood-brain barrier rapidly, it may be developed into an effective anxiogenic agent.

Zingibroside R1 has anti-HIV-1 activity.

Betulonic acid has anti-cancer , anti-HIV,hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities, it has antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus, it also suppresses ECHO 6 virus reproduction. Betulonic acid derivatives have a promising cytostatic activity in vitro and could be used as potential leads for the development of new type of anti-cancer agents.

Kaempferide has a variety of effects including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties.it can protect DNA from radiation induced lesions resulting from radiation exposures under in vitro and ex vivo conditions.

Curzerene is a sesquiterpene and component used in oriental medicine, was originally isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Curcuma rhizomes, it could induce the downregulation of GSTA1 protein and mRNA expressions in SPC-A1 cells, might be used as an anti-lung adenocarcinoma drug candidate compound for further development.

Ligustroflavone shows high antioxidant capacity and is reported to be an AMPK activator, it activates AMPK by increasing ratio of AMP / ATP and promotes adiponectin multimerization by activating AMPK.

Neferine

Hesperetin exerts dose dependent chemopreventive effect against 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine induced rat colon carcinogenesis.

Topotecan hydrochloride, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, capable of inhibiting tumoral growth in animal models of retinoblastoma. Topotecan hydrochloride liposomes loaded CS/β-GP hydrogel could become a potential formulation for improving the antitumor efficacy of Topotecan hydrochloride.

Reference standards.

Cimigenol is a potential antitumor compound, combination of it with an autophagy inhibitor may be a valuable strategy for the chemoprevention or treatment of colon cancer. It exerted potent cytotoxic activity against SMMC-7721 (7.87 µM) and A-549 (12.16 µM).

Gypsogenin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside shows inhibitory activity toward pancreatic lipase with IC50 value of 0.29 mM, and the free carboxylic acid groups in position 28 within its chemical structures are required for enhancement of pancreatic lipase inhibition.

Aristolochic acid, a potent human carcinogen produced by Aristolochia plants, is associated with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UUC), exposure to aristolochic acid contributes significantly to the incidence of UUC in Taiwan and endemic (Balkan) nephropathy .

Lithospermic acid (LSA) was originally isolated from the roots of Salvia mitiorrhiza ,