Monosaccharides

1,5-Dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-xylitol is a synthetic molecule that inhibits the enzyme glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GART) and blocks the synthesis of purines. 1,5-Dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-xylitol has been shown to be potent in inhibiting GART with an IC50 of 0.3 μM. This inhibitory effect was observed in Sprague Dawley rats after oral administration of 1,5-dideoxy-1,5 imino D xylitol at a dose of 10 mg/kg. The inhibition was found to be specific for amination reactions that are catalyzed by GART and not by other enzymes such as glycine amidinotransferase or adenylate kinase. It can be used to study the structure and function of tissue cells.

Isosorbide is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol (polyol) that is found in small quantities in many plants and fruits. It is used as a pharmaceutical drug to treat angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, and high blood pressure. Isosorbide has been shown to inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix proteins. This effect may be beneficial for patients with disorders such as arthritis. Isosorbide also increases nitric oxide production, leading to vasodilation and improved blood flow. The therapeutic effect of isosorbide has been demonstrated in experimental models using mice with congestive heart failure due to myocardial infarction or chronic heart disease. Pharmacological treatment of these animals with isosorbide resulted in an improvement of left ventricular function, reduction of myocardial fibrosis, and reduced levels of cardiac markers.

4-Aminobutyl b-D-galactopyranoside is a methylated saccharide that is also a glycosylation reaction product of 4-aminobutyl b-D-galactopyranoside. It has been modified with Click chemistry and fluorinated for use in carbohydrate research, including glycoprotein synthesis, carbohydrate modification, and oligosaccharide synthesis. 4-Aminobutyl b-D-galactopyranoside has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of the enzyme aminoglycoside adenyltransferase 1 (AGT1), which is involved in the synthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. This compound has been used as a model for glycosylation reactions as it contains both an amino and sugar moiety.

2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-glucopyranosyl-N-Fmoc-L-serine pentafluorophenyl ester is a glycosylation agent that can be used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. It has been shown to react with various sugars and polysaccharides to form polymers. This chemical has also been used for the click modification of polymers and as a fluorinating agent in the synthesis of saccharides. 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-glucopyranosyl -N--Fmoc--L--serine pentafluorophenyl ester is soluble in water and organic solvents. It has been shown to be stable at high temperatures (up to 200°C) and is highly reactive.

Cis-Zeatin-9-glucoside is a plant hormone known as a cytokinin, which is primarily synthesized in plants such as Zea mays (corn) and other monocots. Cytokinins play a critical role in regulating plant growth and development by promoting cell division, influencing nutrient allocation, and delaying leaf senescence. The mode of action of cis-Zeatin-9-glucoside involves its role as a signaling molecule that interacts with specific receptors in plant cells, thereby triggering a cascade of gene expression changes that modulate physiological processes.

3,5-O-Isopropylidene-L-arabinofuranose is a sugar that is used in the synthesis of saccharides. It is a monosaccharide that can be modified by fluorination, methylation, and custom synthesis. This product has been shown to be an excellent substrate for click chemistry and can be used as an intermediate in the production of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. 3,5-O-Isopropylidene-L-arabinofuranose has a high purity level and can be used as a replacement for other sugars in complex carbohydrate synthesis.

D-Xylonic acid lithium salt is a redox potential regulator that belongs to the class of nucleotide phosphate. It has been shown to inhibit the transcriptional regulation of genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. D-Xylonic acid lithium salt inhibits the growth of bacteria by binding to a hydroxyl group on the surface of bacterial cells, which disrupts the cell membrane and causes cell death. This drug also has film-forming properties and can be used as a model system for studying glycolaldehyde, an intermediate in sugar metabolism.

6-Deoxy-3-C-methyl-D-gulose is an enantiomer of 3,6-dideoxy-D-gluconic acid. This compound has been shown to be a virulent factor in mastitis caused by the mutant strain of Escherichia coli (MT1) and to be expressed at a higher level in mastitic milk than in normal milk. 6DMG has also been shown to induce monoclonal antibody production and stimulate specific immune responses. It is thought that 6DMG damages cells, which leads to the release of intracellular components that trigger an antibody response. The biological function of 6DMG is not known, but it may play a role in the infection process by stimulating an antibody response against infectious agents.