Peptides

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of ADH1A antibody, catalog no. 70R-3918</p>

A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of NOG antibody, catalog no. 70R-4585

A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of GPR18 antibody, catalog no. 70R-10503

A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of GNAQ antibody, catalog no. 70R-5722

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of LCN8 antibody, catalog no. 70R-3225</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of PIAS2 antibody, catalog no. 70R-2646</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of VPS52 antibody, catalog no. 70R-3819</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of Fmo3 antibody, catalog no. 70R-8601</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of F10 antibody, catalog no. 70R-7485</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of PCDHAC1 antibody, catalog no. 70R-6120</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of RAB27A antibody, catalog no. 70R-5770</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of Man2a2 antibody, catalog no. 70R-8659</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of ARID5A antibody, catalog no. 70R-9027</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of TKTL2 antibody, catalog no. 70R-1207</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of DHX34 antibody, catalog no. 70R-4999</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of CDH4 antibody, catalog no. 70R-6191</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of USP2 antibody, catalog no. 70R-9737</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of SRD5A3 antibody, catalog no. 70R-7438</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of SLC13A3 antibody, catalog no. 70R-1822</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of AARS antibody, catalog no. 70R-4640</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of FAM81B antibody, catalog no. 70R-4168</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of ZNF280C antibody, catalog no. 70R-8333</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of RGS13 antibody, catalog no. 70R-1144</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of FAM82B antibody, catalog no. 70R-4099</p>

A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of CDRT4 antibody, catalog no. 70R-3796

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of PSME2 antibody, catalog no. 70R-9401</p>

A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of ATE1 antibody, catalog no. 70R-2257

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of CPNE9 antibody, catalog no. 70R-4191</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of ALOX15B antibody, catalog no. 70R-1635</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of HCN3 antibody, catalog no. 70R-5168</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of GPD2 antibody, catalog no. 70R-7263</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of ST3GAL4 antibody, catalog no. 70R-7391</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of USP26 antibody, catalog no. 70R-9740</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of DDX47 antibody, catalog no. 70R-1381</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of C4orf23 antibody, catalog no. 70R-4167</p>

A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of SCN3B antibody, catalog no. 70R-5225

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of TRIML2 antibody, catalog no. 70R-4257</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of RNF6 antibody, catalog no. 70R-2741</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of RASL10A antibody, catalog no. 70R-5853</p>

A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of FBXW2 antibody, catalog no. 70R-2786

<p>A synthetic GLUT8 Blocking peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of GLUT8 antibody, catalog no. 70R-GR008</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of SIGLEC7 antibody, catalog no. 70R-6151</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of TKTL2 antibody, catalog no. 70R-2894</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of SIN3B antibody, catalog no. 70R-8939</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of UBE2L3 antibody, catalog no. 70R-2746</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of C11orf24 antibody, catalog no. 70R-7480</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of EXOC4 antibody, catalog no. 70R-9378</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of GABRR1 antibody, catalog no. 70R-5216</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of LTK antibody, catalog no. 70R-10027</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of MPST antibody, catalog no. 70R-2488</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of NDP antibody, catalog no. 70R-6210</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of EBP antibody, catalog no. 70R-6689</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of RAI14 antibody, catalog no. 70R-3542</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of TMEM161A antibody, catalog no. 70R-6879</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of ODF4 antibody, catalog no. 70R-6942</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of USP47 antibody, catalog no. 70R-9744</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of MTMR1 antibody, catalog no. 70R-1275</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of LOC652618 antibody, catalog no. 70R-2982</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of SLC22A7 antibody, catalog no. 70R-1912</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of OCIAD2 antibody, catalog no. 70R-3678</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of TEKT4 antibody, catalog no. 70R-3595</p>

<p>GLP-2 (Mouse)-EIA Kit is a kit for the quantitative measurement of GLP-2 in mouse serum. It consists of a standard, antibody and reagents to measure GLP-2 in mouse serum. The assay has been validated for use with sera from mice. For research use only. Not for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.</p>

<p>Anti PHI, humanSerum is a research tool that is used to study protein interactions. It can be used in the study of ion channels, cell biology, and pharmacology. Anti PHI, humanSerum is also an inhibitor that binds to cells and prevents them from functioning normally. This product has been shown to inhibit the activity of erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) and has been used in the inhibition of tumor growth.</p>

<p>H-Gln-2-ClTrt-Resin is a resin that consists of polystyrene crosslinked with divinylbenzene. It is used in peptide synthesis to provide amino acids and building blocks for the synthesis of peptides and proteins. This resin can be used as a component in the production of amines, alcohols, thiols, and other organic compounds. The crosslinking agent in this resin is divinylbenzene (DVB).</p>

M CSF Mouse is a research tool that is an activator, ligand, and receptor in cell biology. It is a cell-surface protein that binds to the receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). M-CSF Mouse stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells and enhances their differentiation into macrophages. This product has been extensively used as an antibody with high purity. M CSF Mouse has also been shown to be a natural inhibitor of ion channels, which may be due to its ability to bind to voltage-gated potassium channels.

<p>Heat Shock Protein 70kDa is a protein that belongs to the heat shock protein family. It is an important regulator of the intracellular proteolytic and metabolic pathways. Heat Shock Protein 70kDa has been shown to be involved in the regulation of ion channels, receptor-ligand interactions, and protein synthesis. It also plays a role in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and other cellular processes. The recombinant human HSP70KD protein is produced in E. coli and has been purified by a series of chromatographic steps. This product is provided as lyophilized powder in 100% pure water with no additives or preservatives.</p>

Standard for use in proteomics studies

<p>Abz-Ala-Pro-Glu-Glu-Ile-Met-Arg-Arg-Gln-EDDnp is a peptide that is an elastase substrate derived from PAI-1</p>

<p>Autoinducing peptide (AIPs) are produced by Staphylococcus aureus bacterium in order to regulate virulence.</p>

<p>Amino acids 1-37 of the Human Big Endothelian-2 peptide formed as a result of furin cleavage of proendothelin which in turn is produced from EDN2 gene transcription. Due to the actions of the Endothelin-Converting Enzymes: ECE-1 and ECE-2, Big Endothelin-2 is converted into Endothelin-2 (ET-2) peptide. ET-2 has affinity for ETA and ETB G-protein coupled receptors which are found in a variety of tissues, including lungs, heart, kidneys, uterus and vasculature. It is believed that ET-2 is a potent vasoconstrictor and may play a role in cancer, immunology and heart failure. This product has is available as a 0.1mg vial and has disulfide bonds between Cys1-Cys15 and Cys3-Cys11.</p>

Flt3 ligand is a peptide that functions as an inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase, Flt3. It is used in cell biology research to study protein interactions and receptor signaling pathways. Flt3 ligand binds to the extracellular domain of Flt3 and can activate the receptor by binding to it. This activation leads to phosphorylation of a number of proteins that regulate cellular processes such as ion channels, transcription factors, and other protein kinases.

RFamide-Related Peptide-1, human is a protein that belongs to the family of G-protein coupled receptors. It is activated by RFamide-related peptides and has been shown to be involved in the regulation of ion channels, such as potassium channels. The activation of these channels leads to the inhibition of neuronal excitation and can affect many other biological functions, such as cell proliferation or differentiation. RFamide-Related Peptide-1, human has been used as a pharmacological research tool for studying its ligand binding properties and protein interactions.

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of AKR1C1 antibody, catalog no. 70R-10004</p>

Oxytocin is an endogenous hormone.

Please enquire for more information about H-Asp-Val-OH including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page

<p>α7 nAChR selective blocker</p>

<p>Bis-MAL-Lysine-dPEG®4-dPEG®12-Tris(m-dPEG®24)3 is a peptide containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as spacer to alter their pharmacokinetic properties and pharmodynamics.</p>

<p>NRG1 B1 Human is a cytokine that is produced by human cells. It belongs to the group of interleukins and functions as an inflammatory mediator. NRG1 B1 Human is involved in a wide range of biological processes, such as the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and immune response. It may also be used as a treatment for cancer.</p>

Pro-Phe-Arg-MCA is a Research peptide

<p>Fmoc-N-amido-dPEG®4-TFP Ester is a PEG compound with two different functional groups (also known as heterobifunctional). Unlike homobifunctional PEG compounds (same functional group on both ends), this type of compounds are more versatile as have two different anchor points. Fmoc-N-amido-dPEG®4-TFP Ester is used as a linker and spacer to add a PEG moiety, via pegylation (a bioconjugation technique) to proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, small molecules and nanoparticles.</p>

<p>Beta-ANP is a peptide that belongs to the class of activators. It is an inhibitor of ion channels and has been shown to be a ligand for the beta-1 adrenergic receptor. Beta-ANP has been used as a research tool in cell biology, pharmacology, and biochemistry.</p>

<p>t-boc-N-Amido-dPEG®23-Amine is a PEG compound with two different functional groups (also known as heterobifunctional). Unlike homobifunctional PEG compounds (same functional group on both ends), this type of compounds are more versatile as have two different anchor points. t-boc-N-Amido-dPEG®23-Amine is used as a linker and spacer to add a PEG moiety, via pegylation (a bioconjugation technique) to proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, small molecules and nanoparticles.</p>

<p>Proangiotensin-12 (Rat) Antibody binds to proangiotensin 12 and blocks the activity of the angiotensin II receptor. This antibody is used in research as a ligand, activator, or inhibitor of protein interactions. It can be used in Cell Biology, Antibodies, Ion channels, High purity, Protein interactions, Pharmacology and Peptides.</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of TRPM8 antibody, catalog no. 70R-5149</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of ABCB6 antibody, catalog no. 70R-4529</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of PNMA3 antibody, catalog no. 70R-2050</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of FBXL5 antibody, catalog no. 70R-2735</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of SLC43A1 antibody, catalog no. 70R-6331</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of ZNF428 antibody, catalog no. 70R-8460</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of C2orf55 antibody, catalog no. 70R-4287</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of MSI2 antibody, catalog no. 70R-1394</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of GPRC5B antibody, catalog no. 70R-9894</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of LEP antibody, catalog no. 70R-6221</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of LYVE1 antibody, catalog no. 70R-6181</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of DCUN1D4 antibody, catalog no. 70R-4213</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of CTF1 antibody, catalog no. 70R-9132</p>

<p>A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of RFPL4B antibody, catalog no. 70R-2775</p>

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Portion of Influenza NP

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

<p>Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.</p>

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

<p>Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.</p>

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%. For different specs please use the Peptide Quote Tool

<p>Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.</p>

<p>Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.</p>

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

<p>Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.</p>

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.

Fmoc-Dbz is a hydrophobic chemical that can be used as a linker in peptide synthesis. It is used to connect two amino acids via a carbon-carbon bond, and has been shown to be more reactive than its analogs. Fmoc-Dbz is also an antibacterial agent, which may be due to its ability to inhibit protein synthesis. The chemical structure of Fmoc-Dbz is similar to the cyclic peptides found in plants such as cyclotides, which are composed of 21 amino acids. Cyclic peptides are composed of three disulfide bridges and have potent antiviral and antibiotic activities. These peptides may be useful for treating influenza and other viruses because they bind to the viral membrane and disrupt the virus’s ability to function.

Lysenin Antiserum is a peptide that was originally isolated from the venom of the Brazilian Wandering Spider, Phoneutria nigriventer. It has been shown to activate ion channels and inhibit protein interactions. It has also been shown to be a potent inhibitor of voltage-gated potassium channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. This peptide is used as a research tool for studying ion channel function at the molecular level and as an antibody for identifying specific proteins in cells.

<p>Anti Chromogranin A (343-360) (Rat) Serum is a high purity antibody that can be used as a research tool in cell biology and pharmacology. It has been shown to inhibit the activation of ion channels, such as sodium channels, which are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. The antibody also binds to the ligand-binding site of receptors such as acetylcholine and serotonin receptors. Anti-Chromogranin A (343-360) (Rat) Serum is a purified protein that can be used for the detection of specific proteins by Western blotting or immunoprecipitation.</p>

DBCO-dPEG®24-Amido-dPEG®24-DSPE is a building block that can be used in peptide synthesis. It contains a spacer arm with an amine group and a reactive end group, which can be used for attaching to other building blocks or to the amino acid side chain during peptide synthesis. The DBCO-dPEG®24-Amido-dPEG®24-DSPE is also available as part of the Quanta BioDesign Building Blocks kit, which includes seven different building blocks for use in peptide synthesis.

Biotin-dPEG®4-TFP Ester is a PEG compound with two different functional groups (also known as heterobifunctional). Unlike homobifunctional PEG compounds (same functional group on both ends), this type of compounds are more versatile as have two different anchor points. Biotin-dPEG®4-TFP Ester is used as a linker and spacer to add a PEG moiety, via pegylation (a bioconjugation technique) to proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, small molecules and nanoparticles.

<p>Anti PTH (1-34) NH₂ is a peptide that inhibits the activity of parathyroid hormone. It is used to study the effects of parathyroid hormone on calcium homeostasis, and as an inhibitor in receptor binding assays. Anti PTH (1-34) NH₂ is purified from rat serum by affinity chromatography with a column containing immobilized antibodies raised against the peptide, followed by ion-exchange chromatography. The peptide has a molecular weight of 2,633.5 Da and the purity is greater than 98%.</p>

Vasoconstriction-Inhibiting Factor, human (VIF) is a peptide that inhibits the activity of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. It has been shown to be an inhibitor of both P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors. VIF is a cell biology research tool that can be used as a high purity reagent for antibody production. The use of this factor in ion channels may lead to the discovery of new drugs for treating cardiovascular diseases.

Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) is a cytokine that belongs to the family of fibroblast growth factors. It is a protein that is secreted by cells in the family of organs, including liver, kidney, lung, and heart. FGF8 has been shown to promote cell growth and organogenesis. In addition, FGF8 has been shown to stimulate tumor growth in animal models and humans. The function of FGF8 is mediated through binding to its receptor FGFR-2 on the cell surface. This receptor activates signaling pathways inside the cell by interacting with other proteins such as PI3K or Ras.

<p>Apo B-1 is a major component of the lipoprotein particle. The APOB MS Calibrator provides a high quality, stable preparation of Apo B-1 for use as an internal standard for mass spectrometry analysis. The calibrator also contains a tryptic peptide that can be used for identification and quantification of this protein in proteomics experiments.</p>

<p>Anti GLP-2 (14-33) (Rat) Serum is an antibody that binds to the GLP-2 receptor and blocks its activity. This peptide can be used in research to study the function of the GLP-2 receptor, and is available as a research tool for cell biology, pharmacology, and other life science applications.</p>

Cystatin SN is a cysteine protease inhibitor that is involved in the regulation of protein catabolism and inflammation. Cystatins are natural inhibitors of cystein proteases, which are involved in the degradation of proteins. Cystatin-S can inhibit the activity of various cysteine proteases, including cathepsin B, cathepsin L, and papain. The recombinant human form of Cystatin SN has been shown to inhibit various ion channels such as calcium channels and potassium channels. It also inhibits the activation of other molecules by binding to them. This inhibition may be due to its ability to bind with receptors on cells or its ability to bind with ligands.

<p>Neurokinin A is a peptide that is derived from the precursor protein, preprotachykinin A, and has been found to be an endogenous ligand for the NK-1 receptor. It is involved in a wide range of physiological processes such as neurotransmission and regulation of blood pressure. Neurokinin A has been shown to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity in guanethidine-sensitive tissues and ionophores-resistant cells. The effects of Neurokinin A are not due to its ability to bind to the NK-1 receptor but rather through other mechanisms. The amino acid sequence of this peptide was first determined by cloning methods in 1984 and it has since been used extensively as a tool for studying the function of this receptor. Neurokinin A also inhibits cell proliferation in glioma cells and has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on Ca2+ concentration during electrical nerve stimulation.</p>

TentaGel is a water-soluble polymer that can be used as a building block for various applications including drug delivery, food and beverage, cosmetics, and electronics. It consists of two main components: polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polypropylene glycol (PPG). TentaGel is soluble in water and has an average molecular weight of about 10,000 Da. The PEG-based component allows the polymer to be easily processed into particles or fibers by sonication or extrusion. TentaGel M RAM is a modified version of the original TentaGel. It contains methacrylic acid groups that have been grafted onto the PEG backbone to provide additional functionality such as reactive surfaces for conjugation with proteins or other molecules.

This product has disulfide bonds between Cys1-Cys15 and Cys3-Cys11, is courced from: Rat, 1-39 and is available as a 0.1mg vial. Big Endothelin-1 (Rat, 1-39) is a precursor peptide of the vasoconstrictor Endothelin-1 (ET-1). ET-1 exhibits vasoconstrictive properties and is an activator of endothelin G-protein coupled receptors. Furthermore ET-1 is produced when inflammation, vascular stress or hypoxia occurs. In vivo Big Endothelin-1 has a greater half life compared to ET-1 and therefore makes it useful to study secretory activity in the endothelial system. Overall Big Endothelin-1 (Rat, 1-39) can be used as a research tool for studying protein interactions, receptor activation and function, and ligand binding. This peptide is also used in pharmacology to study the effects of therapeutic agents on receptor activity and expression.

The IGF1 Mouse is a recombinant protein that belongs to the group of cytokines. It is produced by Escherichia coli and secreted into the culture medium. The IGF1 Mouse is used in vitro for the measurement of cytokines and cytokine receptors.

FRETS-25Ser is a peptide with a molecular weight of 25.1 Da. It is an activator of the Kv4.3 potassium channel, which has been shown to be involved in memory and learning processes. FRETS-25Ser binds to the extracellular loop 1 of the Kv4.3 channel and modulates its activity by increasing the open probability of the channel and inhibiting fast inactivation. The affinity for this peptide is high, as it binds tightly to its target protein (Kv4.3). FRETS-25Ser also has a low level of inhibition against other channels with similar sequences, as it can only bind to one site on the protein receptor.

This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, and is a type of glycosylated enzyme. The recombinant DNA topoisomerase-I has been expressed in E. coli cells, purified through chromatography and characterized by mass spectroscopy. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakage and rejoining of one DNA strand in order to relieve torsional strain between two strands. In addition to its function as an enzyme, it can be used as a food additive or a technique for molecular biology.