Peptides

Consisting of the disulfide Bonds: Cys6- Cys22, Cys9-Cys12, Cys10- Cys18, and Cys13-Cys21 and of the trifluoroacetate salt form, this product can be used as an internal standard for Hepcidin assays.Hepcidin-24 is a peptide hormone that plays a key role in the regulation of iron metabolism in the body. It is produced by the liver and is secreted into the bloodstream, where it interacts with cells in the intestine and other tissues to control the absorption and distribution of iron. Hepcidin acts as a negative regulator of iron uptake and release by binding to and inhibiting the activity of ferroportin, a protein that facilitates the export of iron from cells into the bloodstream. When hepcidin levels are high, ferroportin activity is reduced, leading to decreased iron absorption from the diet and reduced iron release from cells. When hepcidin-24 levels are low, ferroportin activity is increased, leading to increased iron absorption and release. Imbalances in hepcidin levels can lead to a variety of disorders, including iron-deficiency anemia, hemochromatosis (an iron overload disorder), and anemia of chronic disease. Therefore, hepcidin-24 is a key target for the development of treatments for these and other iron-related disorders. In addition to its role in iron metabolism, hepcidin has been shown to have antimicrobial properties, as it can inhibit the growth of certain bacteria and fungi. It may also be involved in the regulation of immune function and inflammation.

<p>Cyclo[Arg-Ala-Asp-D-Tyr-Lys(PEG)] is a peptide containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as spacer to alter their pharmacokinetic properties and pharmodynamics.</p>

Hepidin-9 (mouse), a trifluoroacetate Salt product, is a variant of the peptide hormone hepcidin-25 that is produced in mice. Hepcidin plays a critical role in regulating iron metabolism in the body by controlling the activity of ferroportin, a protein that facilitates the export of iron from cells into the bloodstream. In mice, hepcidin is primarily produced in the liver, and its expression is regulated by a variety of factors, including iron status, inflammation, and erythropoietic signals. Hepcidin has been found to play a critical role in the development of iron-related disorders in mice, including anemia and iron overload. The study of Hepcidin-9 can provided important insights into the regulation of iron metabolism in mammals and may help to inform the development of treatments for iron-related disorders in humans.

For preparation of acids, alcohols, thiols, or amines

<p>Psalmotoxin 1 is a peptide that is an activator of ion channels. It has been shown to bind to the acetylcholine receptor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and the glycine receptor. It also inhibits protein interactions with its high-affinity binding affinity for the alpha-subunit of phospholipase A2.</p>

Fmoc-Trp-Wang Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a peptide resin that is used in the solid phase synthesis of peptides and small molecules. This product has been shown to be an effective inhibitor for Ion channels, Receptor, Ligand, and even Cell Biology. It is also a high purity reagent that can be used in a variety of applications including Pharmacology and Protein interactions. The Fmoc-Trp-Wang Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is available for purchase with CAS No. 680904-06-4.

FGF-9 is a peptide that belongs to the FGF family. It is also known as heparin-binding growth factor, and has been shown to stimulate cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and bone formation. FGF-9 has been shown to activate EGFR and ERBB2 (HER2) receptor tyrosine kinases. In addition, it has been demonstrated to inhibit chloride channels such as CFTR and K+ channels. FGF-9 is a potent inhibitor of protein interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM). This inhibition may be due to its ability to bind ECM proteins such as fibronectin and vitronectin. FGF-9 is purified by a high performance liquid chromatography process that yields a product with >98% purity.br>br> CAS No: 97766-81-3 br>br> Receptor: EGFR Ligand: Fibronect

Lysostaphin is a bacteriolytic enzyme that is produced by the bacteria Staphylococcus simulans. It cleaves the cross-linked pentaglycine bridges in bacterial cell walls which are essential for their structural integrity. Lysostaphin displays a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The recombinant form of lysostaphin has been expressed in E. coli and can be used to produce large quantities of lysostaphin for therapeutic use. Expression of lysostaphin in E. coli has also allowed for the production of other polypeptides with antimicrobial properties, such as the clostridial bacteriocins and staphylokinase.

<p>Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Trp-pNA is a peptide that is used as a substrate for elastase. This peptide has been shown to be an effective substrate for this enzyme, with a Km of 0.8 mM and an kcat of 2.6 x 10 M/s. Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Trp-pNA is also used as a substrate for pancreatic enzymes such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, with Km values of 1.1 and 0.5 mM respectively. It has been shown to inhibit the activity of these enzymes by forming inactive complexes with them.</p>

<p>Cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Cys) is a peptide that is used as a research tool to study the activation of ion channels. It activates the channel by binding to the receptor and inducing conformational changes in it. Cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Cys) is also used as an inhibitor of protein interactions, such as antibody and ligand interactions. CAS No.: 438286 28</p>

<p>This product is an RGD Peptide containing a Thioacetyl Group for Linking to Liposomes. It may require further derivatization and deprotection before use</p>

Cyclo[Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys(Azide)] is a peptide that contains the RGD sequence. It is a synthetic cyclic peptide that has been shown to bind to integrin receptors, which are cell surface receptors found in many cells. These integrins are involved in cellular adhesion and signaling. Cyclo[Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys(Azide)] can be used as a tool for click chemistry, as it can be modified with other molecules such as azides, which can then be used for click reactions with other molecules. This peptide has also been shown to have biological activity against cancer cells and inflammation.

<p>IFN-g Mouse is a recombinant protein that belongs to the group of cytokines. It has been shown to be an activator of cells and is used as a research tool. IFN-g Mouse is also an inhibitor of ion channels and ligands for cell surface receptors, which are important in regulating cellular processes. IFN-g Mouse contains a number of peptides and antibodies that can be used for research purposes.</p>

<p>This peptide is a collagenase, MMP-13 and stromelysin substrate. It can be used as a biochemical in enzyme assays to measure the activity of collagenases and MMPs.</p>

<p>Mambalgin-1 is a natural product with an unknown pharmacophore. It has been shown to inhibit cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by suppressing the activation of suppressor genes, which are genes that regulate cell proliferation. Mambalgin-1 may also be effective against other diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Mambalgin-1 is synthesized from a solid-phase synthesis of a cyclic peptide that contains two acidic amino acids. This synthetic compound binds to the extracellular region of synaptic vesicles and inhibits the release of neurotransmitters. The mechanism of action is not yet known, but it is thought that this compound may inhibit calcium channels or potassium channels in the presynaptic membrane.</p>

<p>Met-Leu-pNA (Hydrochloride Form) is a peptide that binds with high affinity to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, an ion channel protein. It is used in research tools and as an inhibitor. The peptide has been shown to inhibit the activity of the receptor by competitive inhibition, preventing binding of glutamate, which normally activates the ion channel. This inhibition leads to a decrease in neuronal excitability and decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines.</p>

<p>Urate oxidase is a flavoenzyme that catalyses the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin. It is present in many organisms, including fungi and primates. Urate oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin via the reduction of oxygen to water with concomitant production of hydrogen peroxide. There are four forms of urate oxidase found in nature: tetrameric, dimeric, monomeric, and recombinant. The recombinant form has been shown to be effective against hyperuricaemia in primates and humans with lymphoid malignancies.</p>

<p>BNP Human, recombinant is a research tool that is an activator of the BNP receptor. It has been used to study the interactions and functions of ion channels, cell biology, and pharmacology. The purified protein is a ligand for the BNP receptor. BNP Human, recombinant has been shown to inhibit peptide bonds in proteins by specific binding to the carboxyl terminus of peptides with a sequence of C-terminal arginine residues.</p>

Fmoc-Ala-Rink-Amide MBHA Resin is a resin used in peptide synthesis. It is mainly used as an inhibitor of peptidase A or B, and can also be used to inhibit the proteolytic activity of other enzymes. This product has CAS No. 68945-59-6, and is available in a high purity 99% form. Fmoc-Ala-Rink-Amide MBHA Resin is mainly used as a research tool for the study of protein interactions, activator ligands, and receptor ligands. It can also be used for biochemistry experiments involving ion channels and antibodies.

A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of PRDX6 antibody, catalog no. 70R-1201

<p>Apelin-17 (human, bovine) is derived from the apelin peptide which acts as a ligand for the apelin receptor (APJ) G protein coupled receptor and is a substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme 2. Preprapelin, encoded for by APLN located on Xq25-26.1, is cleaved to form either apelin 36,or apelin 17, 12 and apelin 13. As a member of the adipokine hormone family, which are involved in processes such as vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis, apelin is secreted from adipose tissue.Apelin has been found to be expressed in the spinal cord and the human brain and when performing immunohistochemistry it was observed that apelin-17 is significantly expressed in the human heart, brain, lungs and endothelial cells.Both apelin and the apelin receptor are widely distributed around the body thus apelin has been found to be associated with cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes and cancer. Studies exploring myocardial infarction showed there to be greater apelin mRNA expression during human heart failure compared to in healthy tissue. Apelin protects against heart failure due to, the pyroglutamyl form of apelin, playing a role in decreasing infarct size of myocardial infarctions. Furthermore in rats with hypertension, the expression of apelin and APJ was decreased.</p>

<p>The activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) is believed to play a role in hyperalgesia, asthma and hypertension. TRPV1 is important for neuronal pain detection as well as the detection of heat, capsaicin, protons and the neurotransmitter anandamide. -The scaffold protein AKAP79 targets kinases to phosphorylate TRPV1, however it has been shown that inflammatory intermediates prostaglandin-E2 or bradykinin can activate these kinases creating a route for inflammation to cause hyperalgesia.This product is composed of the TRPV1 interacting domain of AKAP79 reordered into a scrambled sequence and conjugated to the cell penetrating TAT domain. This product was shown in vivo to have no effect on TRPV1 algesia and thus is a vital control for research work. This product is a vital tool for research into suitable TRPV1 antagonists.</p>

<p>HCV NS3 protease FRET substrate</p>

<p>CooP peptide specifically homes to invasive tumours such as glioblastoma and their blood vessels. Mammary-derived growth inhibitor (MDGI), also known as the fatty-acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) or the heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) is the binding partner for the CooP peptide. Coop peptide homes to all tumours which express MDGI and their associated vasculature. MDGI is not however expressed in the normal human brain. Therefore the CooP peptide appears to have a highly selective specificity as a homing peptide and the potential to deliver targeted therapy to treat invasive brain tumours.CooP peptide has been successfully used for the targeted delivery of chemotherapy and different nanoparticles.</p>

<p>Portion of HCMV</p>

<p>HIV-1 replication is rapid and error prone which is beneficial to the virus as it allows mutations to arise that aid evasion of the host immune system and resistance to drug treatment. RT is the key target for most anti-HIV drugs and therefore conserved sequences are useful to aid further research into new less toxic antiviral treatments.  HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) converts the RNA genome into DNA during retroviral replication. HIV-1 RT is a heterodimer composed of 2 subunits, p66 and p51. HIV-1 RT heterodimer has 2 enzymatic functions, DNA polymerase and Rnase H resulting in nucleic acid translation to a linear DNA duplex. Complete inhibition of viral replication is the only known method of preventing HIV-1 drug resistance and disease progression.HIV RT epitopes have become a useful research tool as an in vitro antigenic challenge to study cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to retroviruses. The HIV-1 RT A2-YI9 sequence has been shown to be an effective epitope for CTL recognition leading to lysis of HIV-infected T cells. The A2-YI9 is also considered a potential for vaccine development due to it being a well conserved sequence.</p>

<p>Neuropeptide and hormone involved in many processes, including- social bonding--sexual reproduction- childbirth and breastfeeding. Oxytocin is synthesised in the hypothalamus as a prepropeptide consisting of a signal peptide, the oxytocin peptide hormone, a processing signal and the carrier protein- neurophysin. The prohormone then undergoes endoproteolytic cleavage and amidation to form the final oxytocin peptide.Dysregulation of oxytocin has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders that impact social functioning, such as autism, schizophrenia, and depression as well as anorexia nervosa. Intranasal oxytocin administration may reduce amygdala activity and amygdala-midbrain connectivity in response to fearful situations- reduce cortisol release and anxiety in response to psychosocial stress- increase trust behaviour- increase the ability to interpret mental states, and increase the amount of time spent gazing at the eyes when viewing faces.</p>

<p>Candidate peptide substrate for kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5). In its intact state this peptide is not fluorescent, however when this substrate peptide is cleaved, Rhodamine 110 is released and thus fluorescence can then be detected. Contains rhodamine 110 group, a widely used red fluorescent tag. The terminal carboxylic acids in this peptide have been activated by the addition of the p-tosyl moiety, allowing for easy addition of functional groups or further peptide residues.</p>

<p>Residues 1-12 of the gastrointestinal hormone motilin, secreted from endocrine cells in the small intestines, mainly from the jejunum and duodenum, in response to the fasting, drinking water or the mechanical stimulus of eating.</p>

<p>RAG8 is a pepducin- a cell-penetrating palmitoylated peptide with a C-terminal NH2.- Palmitoyl is a 16-carbon aliphatic chain which enhances the hydrophobicity of the peptide, and therefore improves its penetration through lipid structures.The peptide sequence corresponds to a key regulatory sequence at the intracellular C-terminus of PAR4. This motif regulates calcium signalling and PAR4 interactions with the signalling protein-β-arrestin. RAG8 is a PAR4 antagonist that can attenuate calcium signalling and β-arrestin-1 and 2 recruitment to PAR4 which has been activated with the PAR4 agonist AYPGKF-NH2.Disrupting this PAR4/β-arrestin signalling pathway with RAG8 blocks PAR4 dependent platelet activation and reduces stability of blood clots.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me2 is derived from Histone 3 (H3), which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Like the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing many lysine and arginine residues, they have a positive net charge which interacts electrostatically with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone-modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.Histone tails can undergo multiple modifications, including acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation.  The modification pattern is believed to alter chromatin function/structure. Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me2-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] lysine 4 has been dimethylated, has a C-terminal GGK linker labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag. This peptide also has an uncharged C-terminal amide. H3 (1-20) K4Me2 has been investigated to understand its effect on epigenetic regulation through NMR with histone readers such as zinc finger domains. Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me2-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] can be used to study the function of this pattern on chromatin availability and histone effectors via crystallisation, pull-down assays and protein blots.</p>

<p>VP4 is a viral coat protein of Nora virus encoded for by ORF4. The product of these gene is likely cleaved into three capsid proteins, VP4A, B and C. VP4 is also the most conserved gene from Nora virus and related viruses. Nora virus is a non-pathogenic virus found in gut of Drosophila melanogaster. It causes persistent, non-pathological infection, it replicates in the fly gut and is transmitted via the faecal-oral route. Nora virus has a 12333 nucleotides long single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity.</p>

<p>[Atto655]-LifeAct (Abp140 1-17) contains the 17 amino acid peptide Lifeact derived from amino acids 1-17 of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae actin binding protein, Abp140. These first 17 amino acids of Abp140 are crucial in allowing Lifeact to localise to actin filaments (F-actin) and therefore it can be used as a cytoskeletal marker. One application of lifeact is in the study of plant development and pathogen defence as filamentous actin within the plant's actin cytoskeleton is important in key processes such as cell division, membrane trafficking and stomatal movements. The addition of the oxazine fluorophore Atto655 which has single molecule (SM) imaging properties allows the location of the LifeAct (Abp140 1-17) to be detected.</p>

<p>The V5 tag is derived from a small epitope (Pk) found on the P and V proteins of the paramyxovirus (of the simian virus 5 (SV5) family) and is extensively used as a general epitope tag in expression vectors.</p>

<p>Aspartyl aminopeptidase A (APA) and glutamyl APA, produce angiotensin III (Ang-III) by removing an aspartic acid from the N-terminal of angiotensin-II (Ang-II). Ang-III has many similar biological properties to Ang-II including aldosterone secretion and vasoconstriction, however some of its functions oppose those of Ang-II, such as sodium excretion and secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Due to its ability to promote ANP secretion Ang-III has some cardio protective effects.Ang-III likely binds to both G-protein-coupled Ang-II type 1 (AT1) and Ang-II type 2 (AT2) receptors with a similar affinity to that of Ang-II. Ang-III appears to be cleared from the plasma at a faster rate than Ang-II, therefore the physiological effects of Ang-III are likely to limited to the site at which it is produced.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3), which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Like the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing many lysine and arginine residues, they have a positive net charge which interacts electrostatically with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone-modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Histone tails can undergo multiple modifications, including acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation.  The modification pattern is believed to alter chromatin function/structure.  Lysine 4 of histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 has been tri-methylated. This is a common cis-tail histone methylation pattern, read by histone effectors such as Spindlin1. H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 has been used to understand interactions with histone effectors in co-crystallisation.   H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 is labelled with the Aurora Fluor 647 fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 Spike (757-765)</p>

<p>Codesane (COD), is a cationic α-helical amphipathic-anti-microbial-peptide isolated from the venom of the wild bee Colletes daviesanus (Hymenoptera Colletidae). COD exhibits-anti-microbial-activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans but also noticeable haemolytic activity.COD peptide works by permeating both the outer and inner cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli.</p>

<p>Pseudin-2 (Ps) is one of the four pseudin peptides isolated from the skin of the paradoxical frog Pseudis-paradoxa. Pseudins are structurally related, cationic, amphipathic, a-helical anti-microbial peptides (AMP) that share sequence homology with an apoptosis regulating protein. Pseudin-2 is the most abundant and potent of the four pseudins.Pseudin-2 is active against Escherichia coli (with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 2.5 mM), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 80 mM), and Candida albicans (MIC: 130 mM). Pseudin-2 also has low haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes (the concentration of Pseudin-2 producing 50% haemolysis: &gt;300 mM).In addition to its anti-microbial properties, pseudin-2 has also been shown to stimulate insulin release and may be useful as a therapy for type 2 diabetes. This peptides has a non-amidated C-terminal end, as per the naturally occurring pseudin-2.</p>

<p>The cyclic pentapeptide cyclo(-Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Phe-Lys-) is a highly potent and selective inhibitor for the alphavβ3 integrin receptor. A related compound, cyclo(-Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Phe-Val), is a promising anti-cancer drug candidate- it inhibits angiogenesis and induces apoptosis in vascular cells.Cyclic RGD-containing peptides are selective antagonists of integrins, proteins that play important roles in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In a suitably labelled form, these peptides may serve as useful tools for diagnostic imaging and peptide targeted therapy of some types of cancer.</p>

<p>Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a critical role in blood pressure regulation. There is a rise in conditions linked to hypertension such as heart attacks, strokes, and dementia. This has led to search for novel inhibitors of ACE to regulate blood pressure. Food-derived bioactive peptides have been identified and utilised for their health-promoting abilities. The tripeptide FSY (Phe-Ser-Tyr) was identified from shrimp (Pandalus borealis) protein hydrolysate as a highly potent inhibitor of ACE activity. FSY is capable of being absorbed in the digestive tract to be transported in the blood to the receptors which is a useful feature for clinical application. Further study can provide deeper understanding of FSY potency on ACE function and may lead to drug development.</p>

<p>Pepstatin A was originally purified from Actinomycetes species. The peptide is unusual in containing the amino acid statine (4-amino-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid also known as AMHA). Pepstatin A competitively binds with acid proteases in a highly selective reversible manner to inhibit protease activity. Pepstatin A is ineffective on thiol, neutral and serine proteases. The functions of proteases have been investigated by the application of pepstatin A such as renin, pepsin, bovine chymosin and retroviral proteases from HIV. Characterisation of HIV protease using pepstatin A has been vital in development of HIV treatment to block viral replication. Pepstatin A is also a reagent to disrupt autophagy- this helps characterise the function of proteosome degradation in research such as during influenza A replication and improving drug delivery of therapeutic cancer treatments. Biotin is C-terminally linked to this peptide for convenient detection and purification. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker improves the water solubility of biotin labelled proteins.</p>

<p>(Arg)9 is a cationic cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)consisting of 9 arginines. Arginine rich CPPs enter cells in a passive manner through membrane multilamellarity and fusion. Evidently as a CPP, (Arg)9 can function to deliver specific molecules to target cells and can be used for drug delivery purposes.</p>

<p>α-Gliadin (58-73) is derived from Gliadin peptides, the component of wheat involved in the gastrointestinal symptoms of wheat allergy and Celiac Disease (CD). During wheat allergies histamines and leukotrienes are secreted due to gliadin peptide sequences cross-linking two IgE molecules on mast cells and basophils.The glutamine and proline rich peptides of which Gliadin is composed of are resistant to proteolysis during digestion, leaving them active in the gastrointestinal tract. Subsequently these are deamidated by tissue transglutaminase and can bind to HLA-DQ2 or DQ8. As a result in patients with the autoimmune disease CD, there is a Th1-mediated inflammatory immune response against these gliadin peptides.Gliadin can exert additional effects on the intestinal microbiota and ileal barrier function. It has been found that gut microbiota members such as Bifidobacterium and lactobacillus have the ability to digest and inactivate gliadin peptides hence reducing their inflammatory effects in the gastrointestinal system.</p>

<p>Pro B-type natriuretic peptide (Pro-BNP) is secreted from cardiac myocytes and cleaved into BNP and the remaining part of the prohormone N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP). When the heart fibres become stretched more BNP and NT-proBNP are released to try and compensate for the increased pressure. During heart failure the walls of the atria become over stretched and thus increase the levels of NT-proBNP detectable. NT-proBNP has a longer half-life than BNP and therefore is detectable at higher levels in blood plasma than BNP. NT-pro-BNP is believed to be cleared by renal excretion, but this is not confirmed. As a diagnostic tool, NT-proBNP (47-76) has become very useful in helping diagnose heart failure and provide a prognosis. The measurement of NT-proBNP (47-76) has been incorporated into management and guidelines of clinical settings. As a research tool it still provides valuable data such as symptoms onset in relation to NT-proBNP levels and how inflammation effects the level of BNP as well as the BNP/ NT-proBNP ratio.</p>

<p>The cyclic pentapeptide cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-[D-Phe]-Lys) is a highly potent and selective inhibitor for the alphavβ3 integrin receptor. A related compound, cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-[D-Phe]-Val), is a promising anticancer drug candidate- it inhibits angiogenesis and induces apoptosis in vascular cells.Cyclic RGD-containing peptides are selective antagonists of integrins, proteins that play important roles in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In a suitably labelled form, these peptides may serve as useful tools for diagnostic imaging and peptide targeted therapy of some types of cancer.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-22) is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.</p>

<p>Amino acids 1-17 of human adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH, also known as corticotropin, is a tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and member of the melanocortins peptide family. ACTH is cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is often produced in response to biological stress. ACTH acts to increase the production and release of cortisol via its interaction with the ACTH receptor- ACTHR, also known as melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R). Receptor activation increases the intracellular concentration of cAMP via adenylyl cyclase.Abnormal ACTH levels in the body has been linked to primary adrenal insufficiency/Addison's disease, Cushing's disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency.</p>

<p>Portion of HCMV</p>

<p>Histone 4 (H4) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) which are fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. Due to the high lysine and arginine content, histones have a net positive charge and therefore electrostatically interact with negatively charged DNA. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Like other core histones, H4 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, the histone tail, which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.Gene transcriptional activation or inactivation is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA within to be either accessible to the transcription machinery or inaccessible. H4's lysine rich tail plays a role in the higher order chromatin folding.Modifications allow histones to contribute to gene regulation, chromosome condensation and DNA repair. In yeast, methylation of R3 of Histone 4 results in the recruitment of histone acetyl transferase to the chromatin and the acetylation of Histone 4 K5.</p>