Peptides

<p>Cathelicidin-related anti-microbial peptide (CRAMP) is the mouse homologue of the human LL-37 anti-microbial peptide. CRAMP possesses potent anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains with no haemolytic activity. As well as displaying direct anti-microbial activity, CRAMP also binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neutralise its activity. CRAMP is encoded for by the Cramp gene which is highly expressed in bone marrow and up-regulated by infectious and inflammatory signals, CRAMP is secreted by cells such as neutrophils epithelial cells and macrophages. This peptide represents the mature, extended, form of CRAMP, longer than the 34 amino acid peptide originally isolated from the bone marrow of mice. CRAMP (1-39) has enhanced anti-microbial activity compared to CRAMP (6-39).</p>

<p>Portion of EBV</p>

<p>This peptide represents part of the capsid protein, which forms the shell, of adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8). This peptide has high major histocompatibility (MHC) affinity, and the MHC restriction has been identified as a H-2 Dd binder. This epitope can therefore simulate CD8+ T cells and can elicit a robust response from interferon γ (IFN-γ), a cytokine critical for innate immunity and adaptive immunity against viral, and some bacterial and protozoal infections.CD8+ T cells (often called cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or CTLs) are generated in the thymus and express the dimeric co-receptor, CD8, on their surface. CD8+ T cells can recognise peptides presented by MHC class I molecules, which are found on all nucleated cells. CD8+ T cells are important for defence against intracellular pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, and for tumour surveillance, however, they can also contribute to excessive immune responses that leads to immune-mediated damage.AAV8 is a non-disease causing virus that can infect humans and can integrate into the host cell genome. Gene therapy vectors have been created using AAV8 which can persist in an extrachromosomal state without integrating into the genome of the host cell and show promise in recent human clinical trials.</p>

<p>Proinsulin connecting peptide (C-peptide), links the A and B chains of proinsulin. Upon enzymatic cleavage of C-peptide from pro-insulin in the pancreas, C-peptide is released into the blood stream along with insulin (A- and B-chains bonded together) in equimolar quantities. C-peptide can influence a wide variety of physiological conditions linked to diabetes, such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and encephalopathy. C-peptide is able to ameliorate and reverse the degrading effects of neuropathy in diabetes.</p>

<p>[5-FAM]-TAT is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Specifically TAT (47-57) is located within the arginine-rich basic domain 48-60 of the TAT peptide which as a whole has three domains which function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively. Additionally TAT (47-57) can be used to deliver proteins, fluorophores, chelators and DNA to target cells.It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Acetylated α-synuclein (1-7) amide is derived from the alpha-synuclein intrinsically disordered protein which is found in the neurons and presynaptic terminals. Encoded by the SNCA1/PARK1 gene alpha-synclein is structurally composed of 140 amino acids, making up the three domains: N-terminal membrane binding domain, a hydrophobic non-amyloid-β component domain and a hydrophilic C-terminal domain. Usually alpha-synuclein plays a role in protecting neurons from apoptotic stimuli and is involved in synaptic vesical trafficking.However it has been found that the accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates can lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. It is further involved in the fibrilisation of amyloid-b and tau which play a major role in Alzheimer disease. Amyloid fibrils are formed from alpha synuclein monomers within the cytosol and when bound to membranes these monomers can undergo conformational changes to form protofibrils and then ring like oligomers. This can result in the formation of transmembrane pores which disrupts the membrane, calcium homeostasis and signalling.Alpha-synuclein can be subjected to the post-translational modifications of phosphorylation and N-terminal acetylation. When acetylation occurs at the N-terminus of an alpha-synuclein monomer, the intramolecular hydrogen bonds are altered thus reducing the rate of alpha-synuclein aggregation and the strength at which it interacts with the membrane is increased.</p>

<p>Bradykinins and their associated kinins are inflammatory mediators produced during inflammation. The two main kinins in mammals are the nonapeptide bradykinin, BK (1-9) and the decapeptide kallidin (KD), [Lys0]-BK(1-10). Their biological actions are mediated by two distinct receptors, termed B1 and B2.-BK is involved in several pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, pain, cell proliferation, and tumours. It plays a crucial role in corneal epithelial cells, corneal stromal cells, and fibroblasts.Inflammation has been reported as one significant hallmark of breast cancer in relation to tumour development, metastasis, and invasion. The bradykinin receptor 1 (B1R) associated with kallidin is highly expressed on inflammatory breast tumour cells thus providing a promising targeting site for tumour recognition and sufficient receptor mediated endocytosis.</p>

<p>Sal-like4 (SALL4) derived peptide able to antagonise the SALL4-NuRD complex in hepatocellular carcinoma, turning SALL4 from a dual transcription repressor-activator to a singular transcription activator. Displays antitumour effects in xenograft mouse models.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-21) K9Me2 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.The Histone H3 (1-21) lysine 9 has been dimethylated.</p>

<p>Galanin is a widely distributed neuropeptide in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral regions and endocrine system. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. Galanin has a role in energy homeostasis. Central injections of galanin to the amygdala led to food intake in rats. Galanin also acts in the CNS to inhibit neurotransmitter release, such as acetylcholine. Galanin has been implicated in numerous neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy. A better understanding of the galinergic signalling pathways may uncover a source for therapeutics for conditions such as epilepsy.Unlike human galanin, full-length porcine galanin contains only 29 amino acids and is C-terminally amidated. The first 15 residues are still highly conserved.  The best-recognized effect of galanin on the endocrine pancreas is the inhibition of insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo on multiple model systems, including rats, dogs, and mice. However, the same effect cannot be achieved at the same concentrations in human models with infusions of porcine galanin. Structural activity and point mutation studies show that the N-terminal (1-15) fragment is vital for the interaction/activation of the GAL receptor and the inhibition of insulin secretion.</p>

<p>D11-FxxLF Coactivator peptide.</p>

<p>Flagellin is a structural protein which forms the major portion of bacterial flagellar filaments. The N- and C-terminals of flagellin are highly conserved regions, whereas the central core can vary greatly between bacterial species. Flagellin 22 (flg22) is the stretch of amino acids most conserved across bacterial species and is located towards the N-terminal of the flagellin protein.Flg22 is a potent elicitor of plant immune responses and is recognised in plants by the membrane bound leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2). Flg22 induces defence gene expression to trigger both local and systemic immune responses and is thus widely used in plant defence studies.</p>

<p>C5a receptor peptide antagonist which can ameliorate experimentally-induced colon inflammation in mice. It can also reduce fibrillar amyloid deposits, decrease hyperphosphorylated tau levels and rescue cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease. Also improves hindlimb grip strength and slows disease progression in the hSOD1G93A-mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Orally active and brain penetrant.</p>

<p>Spexin is a neuropeptide encoded by SPX genes, and homologs have been found amongst many vertebrates. The SPX genes encode a preprohormone that leads to the mature hormone spexin, which is highly conserved amongst higher vertebrates. Another form, SPX2, has been identified and named spexin 2. Both sequences of spexin and spexin 2 are highly conserved, suggesting they each play vital roles.Like spexin, spexin 2 is widely expressed in various tissues. This is an amidated spexin-2 (53-70) peptide showing similar biological function to its non- amidated version. Spexin-2, when administered to rats, decreases heart rate and increases urine flow rate. Intraventricular NPQ(53-70) delivery also causes antinociceptive activity in mice's warm water tail withdrawal assay.</p>

<p>Amyloid β 1-15 (Aβ1-15) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and alpha-secretase.Aβ has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.Contains an N-terminal Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) fluorophore. TAMRA is a pH-stable orange-red fluorescenct dye with good photostability.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Lysine 4 of H3 (1-20) has been tri-methylated.</p>

<p>Aminopeptidase fluorogenic substrate. Upon cleavage of the bond between leucine and the 7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (AFC) group an increase in fluorescence between 495-505nm can be detected using an excitation wavelength of 395-400nm.</p>

<p>The P11-family of peptides comprises over 20 different peptides which self-assemble into β-sheet structures to form self-supporting isotropic hydrogels under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 140 mM NaCl). Self-assembling peptides of the P11-family undergo one-dimensional self-assembly, forming single molecule thick, micrometer-long β-sheet nanotapes. Further assembly results in the nanotapes stacking in pairs to form ribbons which further assemble to form fibrils, then pairs of fibrils can entwine to form fibres. Such self-assembling peptides are important biomaterials and may be useful for the development of novel biomaterials for tissue engineering scaffolds and dental enamel remineralisation.</p>

<p>IRBP (161-180) derived from the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), present in the interphotoreceptor matrix and is expressed by cone and rod photoreceptors in the eye. IRBP is involved in retinoid delivery and protects retinal cells from oxidative stress.In retinitis pigmentosa patients, IRBP can be subjected to mutations resulting in a non-secreted form of IRBP to be produced. Furthermore IRBP gene mutations have been associated with high myopia and retinal dystrophy.The expression of IRBP is reduced in diabetes patients which may lead to visual cycle misfunction and the photoreceptors can be vulnerable to damage.</p>

<p>The pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is linked to the health of endothelial cells in the heart.- However, the specific characteristics of the cardiovascular endothelial cells are still being uncovered. The heart homing peptide specifically binds to a receptor on cardiovascular endothelial cells. This peptide can be used as a conjugate to deliver molecules specifically to the heart. This can be a crucial tool in therapeutic drug delivery for CVD, angiogenesis, and thrombosis.</p>

<p>Tat (47-57) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Specifically TAT (47-57) is located within the arginine-rich basic domain 48-60 of the TAT peptide which as a whole has three domains which function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively. Additionally TAT (47-57) can be used to deliver proteins, fluorophores, chelators and DNA to target cells.</p>

<p>α-connexin carboxyl terminal peptide that specifically targets and maintains Cx43 at gap junction sites between cell-cell membrane borders of breast cancer cell.- Thus it augments gap junction activity and impairs proliferation and survival of breast cancer cells with no effect on non-transformed cells.</p>

<p>AAT is a highly abundant serine protease inhibitor primarily produced in the liver to protect the lung tissue. However, misfolding of AAT can result in significant liver disease, lung disease, and cancers. Defective AAT is characteristic of the misfolding protein diseases known as serpinopathies.Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) was used to identify Ac-TTAI-amide as a ligand effecting α1-antitrypsin stability. Interaction of Ac-TTAI-amide with AAT results in increased stability and reduced polymerisation. Thus Ac-TTAI-amide is a useful target for further research in to serpinopathy management.</p>

<p>HLA-A*02 is a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele which is part of the HLA-A group of human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) leukocyte antigens (HLA), found at the HLA-A locus. HLA-A is one of three major types of human MHC class I cell surface receptors. The receptor is a heterodimer, and is composed of a heavy alpha chain and smaller β chain. MHC Class I molecules such as HLA-A are part of a process that presents short polypeptides to the immune system. These polypeptides are typically 7-11 amino acids in length and originate from proteins being expressed by the cell. Cytotoxic T cells in the blood "read" the peptide presented by the complex and should only bind to non-self peptides. If binding occurs, a series of events is initiated culminating in cell death via apoptosis. This peptide corresponds to the Hepatitis B variant (HBV) core sequence which is presented on the MHC class I antigen HLA-A*02 and contains fluorescein, a widely used flourescent dye.</p>

<p>The AH1 peptide is a H2-Ld-restricted epitope derived from the sequence of the gp70 envelope protein of the ecotropic mammalian C-type retrovirus, murine leukaemia virus (MuLV, emv-1).The envelope gene products of MuLV are expressed in a variety of tumour cells, including B16 melanoma, lymphomas and leukaemia's. AH1 peptide is a tumour-associated antigen and is highly expressed on CT26 and C51 tumour cells.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.The lysine at position 4 of this peptide has been tri-methylated and it is implicated in studies that this modification may remodel the chromatin so that it is more accessible to transcription factors, which may ultimately increase the level of gene expression.Additionally, Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] has a C-terminal GKK linker labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag. This peptide also has an uncharged C-terminal amide.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (466-480) is an epitope candidate with various predicted HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>An angiotensin II (Ang-II) receptor antagonist, the sequence of the angiotensin II anti-peptide has been derived from the anti-sense mRNA complementary to the human Ang-II mRNA. The anti-peptide shares 50% sequence homology with Ang-II and acts to inhibit some of Ang-II's biological activities.Ang-II is a key signalling peptide of the renin angiotensin system (RAS), which is involved in regulating blood pressure, cardiovascular function and energy balance. RAS activity is elevated in obesity and is widely studied in relation to lifestyle-related diseases. Ang-II is produced from angiotensinogen (AGT) via the intermediate angiotensin I (Ang-I). AGTis cleaved by the aspartyl-protease, renin, to produce Ang-I, which is then cleaved by the dicarboxyl-peptidase angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACE removes a histidine and a leucine, from the C-terminus of Ang-I to form Ang-II.Ang-II exerts its affect by binding to the G-protein-coupled receptors- Ang II type 1 (AT1) and Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptors. Ang-II plays central roles in glucose metabolism and blood pressure. Increased levels of Ang-II have also been associated with Alzheimer's disease, and certain cancers including oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), brain cancers and breast cancer. The effects of Ang-II appear to be supressed by another branch of the RAS- the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway.</p>

<p>Fluorogenic substrate peptide of the 20S proteasome. In its intact state this peptide is non-fluorescent, however when Rhodamine fluorophore is released upon hydrolysation, fluorescence can be detected. This peptide is therefore a useful tool for analysing the activity of the 20S proteasome as well as other chymotrypsin-like proteases and calpains. This peptide is also a substrate for chymase, papain, carboxypeptidase Y, proteinase yscE (kexin) and ingensin.The presence of the D-proline residue on the C terminal of the rhodamine molecule ensures one directional rhodamine cleavage which simplifies fluorescence studies. Rhodamine 110 is a laser grade fluorescent dye with excitation maxima at 496 nm and emission maxima at 522 nm.</p>

<p>Palmitoyl KTTKS pentapeptide.</p>

<p>Galanin is a widely distributed neuropeptide in the central nervous system, peripheral regions and endocrine system. Galanin has a role in energy homeostasis. Central injections of galanin to the amygdala led to food intake in rats. Galanin also acts in the CNS to inhibit neurotransmitter release, such as acetylcholine. Galanin has been implicated in numerous neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy.Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors which are inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway- receptor activation leads to a cellular influx of potassium ions.The galanin active fragment (1-16) has been identified as a highly potent agonist for the galanin receptors from binding assays.  This has become a basis for galanin-based peptides, which are neuroactive. These are being investigated as a potential source for anticonvulsant neuropeptides as a therapeutic for conditions such as epilepsy. A library of galanin fragments has allowed screening of their properties to be assessed and used to generate chimeric peptides. Galanin fragments have different affinities for GalR receptors- however, the N-terminal (1-16) residues have been shown to have a conserved affinity for the receptors. This galanin (2-13) peptide is provided in the amide form. The acidic form is also available in our catalogue.</p>

<p>Amino acids 1-10 of human adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH, also known as corticotropin, is a tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and member of the melanocortins peptide family. ACTH is cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is often produced in response to biological stress. ACTH acts to increase the production and release of cortisol via its interaction with the ACTH receptor- ACTHR, also known as melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R). Receptor activation increases the intracellular concentration of cAMP via adenylyl cyclase.Abnormal ACTH levels in the body has been linked to primary adrenal insufficiency/Addison's disease, Cushing's disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP7 is part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase heterotetramer for mediating coronavirus RNA synthesis. NSP7 and NSP8 form a channel to confer processivity on RNA polymerase. NSP7 aids in stabilising NSP12 regions involved in RNA binding and is essential for a highly active NSP12 polymerase complex. These factors make NSP7 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP7 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP7 (31-45) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>There are three members of the p160 family of steroid receptor coactivators, SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3. These steroid receptor coactivators control the functional output of numerous genetic programs and serve as pleiotropic rheostats for diverse physiological processes. Coactivator proteins interact with nuclear receptors in a ligand-dependent manner and augment transcription.</p>

<p>This peptide represents the reserve sequence of β-amyloid 25-35 (Aβ 25-35) and is used as an inactive control peptide.Aβ has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>PD-1 (24-38) peptide is derived from the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) which interacts with its ligand, PD-L1 to regulate immune homeostasis. PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are critical in regulating T cell activation, tolerance and immuno-pathology. PD-1 is an immune checkpoint and guards against autoimmunity through two mechanisms. First, it promotes apoptosis of antigen-specific T-cells in lymph nodes. Second, it reduces apoptosis in regulatory T cells.Several types of cancer cells overexpress PD-L1 in order to escape from the PD-1/PD-L1 immuno-surveillance mechanism. Consequently PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors could be used as a therapeutic in the treatment of cancers.</p>

<p>Soluble, oligomeric forms of β-amyloid (Aβ) are neurotoxic and are the primary cause of neuronal injury and cell death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). SEN304 is a powerful inhibitor of Aβ aggregation and toxicity and therefore may be therapeutic for AD. SEN 304 can bind directly to Aβ(1-42), delay β-sheet formation and promote aggregation of toxic oligomers into a nontoxic form.</p>

<p>Segment 18-39 of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH, also known as corticotropin, is a cleavage product from a larger precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). This 39 amino acid-peptide hormone is produced in the anterior pituitary gland upon stimulation by the corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus in response to stress. It stimulates the secretion of steroid hormone, specifically glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex by acting through a cell membrane receptor (ACTH-R). In mammals, the action of ACTH is limited to those areas of the adrenal cortex in which the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol (hydrocortisone) and corticosterone are formed. ACTH has little control over the secretion of aldosterone, the other major steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex.</p>

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%. For different specs please use the Peptide Quote Tool

<p>Albumin (50-62) Bovine is derived from the globular protein Albumin and is found in the blood plasma of humans (known as Human Serum Albumin, HSA) where it serves to maintain plasma pressure and nutritional balance. Another role it carries out is the transportation of bound molecules through the blood. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), composed of 583 amino acids, is very similar to HSA thus allowing BSA to be used as a successful model and a standard protein in laboratory experiments.Although BSA and HAS share homology in their three domains, I, II and III, BSA contains 2 tryptophan whereas HAS only contains 1 tryptophan residue. In agriculture the presence of the albumin protein has been used to assess the health of cows to ensure that a suitable quality of milk and meat are produced. Moreover it is important to detect bovine albumin in food and pharmaceutical products due to it being an allergenic protein.In agriculture the presence of the albumin protein has been used to assess the health of cows to ensure that a suitable quality of milk and meat are produced. Moreover it is important to detect bovine albumin in food and pharmaceutical products due to it being an allergenic protein.</p>

<p>Biotinylated aMptD, a Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) specific ligand. MAP can cause Johne disease (the wasting disease) in livestock. It is important therefore to detect the presence of MAP in animal milk and faeces.Biotinylated aMptD can be used (along with biotinylated aMp3) to detect the viability of MAP cells in infected livestock through combined peptide-mediated magnetic separation phage display due to their high affinity for MAP. The addition of biotin to aMptD glycine residue, changes the orientation of aMptD so that it can bind to the target bacteria with increased stability, thus achieving a high capture efficiency. A similar effect is observed on the addition of biotin to aMp3 asparagine residue.</p>

<p>Cell penetrating peptides (CPP) are a useful tool for drug delivery, but their cell-specific uptake is still being improved. Work with the model amphipathic peptide (MAP) has been important in this field. CPP MAP is an amphipathic α-helix and has been well characterised for its ability to spontaneously permeate the cell membrane by interacting with the lipid bilayer. As a CPP, MAP causes increased membrane permeability and a degree of cell leakage. MAP is being extensively studied to optimise drug delivery in numerous cell lines with the target of creating a viable clinical method. Interestingly, the CPP function of MAP also provides it with bactericidal properties by effecting the membrane permeability. MAP is a potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) against gram negative Neisseria meningitidis, the pathogen of meningococcal disease.MAP is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-MAP allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design.</p>

<p>Venom peptidomes and proteomes have yielded significant novel drug discoveries. The non-disulphide bridge peptides (NDBPs) have become a particular focus due to their large range of structures as well biological activity while retaining high specificity.AcrAP2 was identified as a NDBP in A. crassicauda within highly conserved family of proteins. Data shows it has antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast while also capable of haemolysing horse erythrocytes. However, AcrAP2 did not affect the growth of cancerous cell lines tested. Therefore, this peptide could be a useful model for modification to improve its potency. Furthermore, it may allow researchers to identify specific targets in disease pathways for new drug designs. A significant example of this, bradykinin-potentiating peptide Captopril® manages hypertension and originated from the conserved NDBP family.</p>

<p>EC-acid has a formal charge of 0 and a range of biological and chemical uses. CE-acid is also available in our catalogue.</p>

<p>An anti-microbial peptide (AMP) of the cathelicidin family, originally discovered in pig neutrophils. Tritrpticin has potent and broad anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, some fungi, and protozoa.Tritrpticin is thought to exist in a range of conformations in solution, and recognise its targets with high selectivity and efficiency whilst displaying low haemolytic activity. The peptides three sequential tryptophan residues flanked by two prolines and four arginines are important for the peptides interaction with membranes and for its mechanism of action. The presence of these three tryptophan and four arginines residues, also class Tritrpticin as a member of the Arg/Trp-rich family of AMPs.</p>

<p>Trans-activator of transcription protein (Tat) (47-57) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Chimerin 1, (CHN1) is a GTPase activating protein specific for RAC GTP-binding proteins, expressed primarily in the brain. CHN1 is involved in signal transduction and is a direct effector of proteins involved in axon guidance. CHN1 is transferred to the plasma membrane and negatively regulates Rho-family small GTPases RAC1 and CDC42, to cause morphological changes to axons by pruning the ends of axon dendrites. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules. TAT (47-57) can be used to deliver proteins, fluorophores, chelators and DNA to target cells.</p>

<p>SMAC/DIABLO -TAT (48-60)-[Lys] is a pro-apoptotic peptide that is derived from the mitochondrial protein known either as Second Mitochondria-Derived Activator of Caspases (Smac) or Direct IAP Binding Protein with low isoelectric point, pI (DIABLO). During apoptosis the mitochondria has increased permeability to Smac/DIABLO, which causes the protein to diffuse into the cytosol. Here, Smac/DIABLO adheres to Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and prevents them from binding to caspases, which in turn accentuates apoptosis.TAT (48-60) is present due to its properties as a cell penetrating cationic peptide (CPP). It derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As a CPP, TAT (48-60) is able facilitate the delivery of the Beclin scrambled protein across the plasma membrane.This peptide has an additional lysine attached to the C-terminus of the TAT (48-60) sequence.</p>

<p>This peptide is recognised and cleaved by the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) from-Staphylococcus aureus. The catalytic cysteine residue in the active site of SrtA serves as a nucleophile to cleave the peptide bond between threonine and glycine. Cleavage results in the formation of a thioacyl intermediate between the peptide and SrtA. This intermediate is then resolved by the N-terminus of an (oligo)glycine nucleophile, resulting in the creation of a new peptide bond that links the peptide and its biotin tag to the incoming nucleophile.- This method of protein labelling is known as sortagging.This peptide contains an N-terminal biotin tag for detection and purification.</p>

<p>The native form of GLP-1 in humans is the GLP-1 (7-36) amide. GLP-1 (7-36) amide is highly unstable (half-life &lt;-2 minutes) due to proteolytic degradation by the serine protease- dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). DPP-IV cleaves the N-terminal histidine and alanine residues from GLP-1 to generate two equipotent forms: GLP-1 (9-37) and GLP-1 (9-36) amide. This degradation mitigates against the therapeutic use of GLP-1 itself, therefore DPP-IV-resistant peptide analogues have been developed and licensed for clinical useThis peptide contains N-terminal 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag</p>

<p>Calcitonin is a peptide hormone excreted by the thyroid parafollicular cells to regulate calcium and phosphorus levels. Calcitonin acts in opposition to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D. Calcitonin functions by inhibiting osteoclast activity in the bones preventing calcium release- there is also inhibition of renal tubular cell reabsorption of calcium and phosphate, so they are excreted preventing a rise in levels.Calcitonin is used for as marker for detection and prognosis of nodular thyroid diseases. Medullary thyroid cancer is one example of the malignant parafollicular cells detectable with the assay, as they present with an increased calcitonin level even at an early stage.Since the discovery of calcitonin over 50 years ago the salmon sourced peptide has been used in numerous treatments including bone metastases, Paget disease, hypercalcaemia, and postmenopausal osteoporosis. The salmon calcitonin has been shown to be equivalent to human form but more active and can be synthetically generated.</p>