Peptides

<p>Histone H3 (30-41) K36Me2 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.The Histone H3 (30-41) lysine 36 has been dimethylated.</p>

<p>Cyclo(CLLFVY) is a cyclic peptide which binds to the PAS-B domain of HIF-1alpha, thus inhibiting HIF-1 dimerisation and HIF-1 mediated hypoxia signalling.</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. The nucleoprotein has a critical role in virus assembly and RNA transcription. The nucleoprotein is essential in the formation of helical ribonucleoproteins and in regulating viral RNA synthesis. The nucleoprotein can also regulate infected host cellular mechanisms. It is highly expressed during infection and may induce protective immune responses against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.The nucleoprotein residues LSPRWYFYYLGTGPEAGL (104-121) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Cell penetrating peptide with a repeating motif of cationic-nonpolar-cationic (C-N-C) residues, such repeating motifs are important features of membrane-penetrating peptides. This peptide is able to enhance the efficacy and uptake of peptide phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PPMOs) into bacterial cells. PPMOs are synthetic DNA mimics that bind cRNA and inhibit bacterial gene expression, however these antisense oligomers need help crossing the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria due to their molecular weight and polar characteristics. Cell penetrating peptide such as this, when attached to antisense oligomers can improve their entry into Gram-negative bacteria and increased their potency by orders of magnitude.</p>

<p>Acetly-Claudin-6 is derived from the tight junction protein Claudin-6 which is encoded by the CLDN6 gene and can be found within epithelial cell to cell contacts. The Claudin family are transmembrane proteins containing two extracellular loops and are involved in maintaining cell polarity and controlling paracellular ion flux.The expression of Claudin-6 is most commonly seen in early embryonic development where it plays a role in the regulation of blastocyst formation through tight junction enhancement. It is also an important factor for epidermal differentiation and barrier formation. Although it is more commonly seen in embryonic development it is also expressed in mammary epithelial cells. Studies have also shown Cldn6 to be a tumour suppressor in breast cancer.</p>

<p>Apelin-36 (human) is derived from the apelin peptide which acts as a ligand for the apelin receptor (APJ) G protein coupled receptor and is a substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme 2. Preprapelin, encoded for by APLN located on Xq25-26.1, is cleaved to form either apelin 36, apelin 17, apelin 13, or apelin 12. As a member of the adipokine hormone family, which are involved in processes such as vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis, apelin is secreted from adipose tissue.Both apelin and the apelin receptor are widely distributed around the body thus apelin has been found to be associated with cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes and cancer. Studies exploring myocardial infarction showed there to be greater apelin mRNA expression during human heart failure compared to in healthy tissue. Apelin protects against heart failure due to, the pyroglutamyl form of apelin, playing a role in decreasing infarct size of myocardial infarctions. Furthermore in rats with hypertension, the expression of apelin and APJ was decreased.</p>

<p>Mammalian bombesin-like neuropeptide- first isolated from pig spinal cord, which can stimulate rat uterine smooth muscle contraction and gastrin and somatostatin secretion in vitro. Increases blood pressure and pancreatic exocrine secretion in dogs.</p>

<p>Heat shock protein gp96 inhibitor which binds to and antagonizes gp96 mediated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cytokine production. Anti-inflammatory in a number of in vivo and in vitro models.</p>

<p>β-Amyloid 1-12 (Aβ1-12) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and α-secretase. Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then α-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.-Biotin is C-terminally linked to the peptide via ethylenediamine for convenient detection and purification. Alternative β-Amyloid fragments and labels are also available, please refer to our peptide catalogue for availability.</p>

<p>An immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) is a phosphorylation site consisting of a conserved sequence of four amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of cell-surface non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors. The major role of ITAMs is its involvement in the initiation of signalling pathway and the subsequent activation of immune cells. The motif has the following structure: YxxL/I. where xx are any two amino acids. Two of these signatures are typically separated by between 6 and 8 amino acids in the cytoplasmic tail of the molecule (YxxL/Ix(6-8)YxxL/I). ITAMs are found in the CD3 and θ¶-chains of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex. TCR is a multi-subunit receptor on the surface of T cells. TCR contains two ligand binding chains containing 20 phosphorylation sites, distributed on 10 ITAMs. The TCR θ¶-chain is a homodimer subunit that contains six ITAMs (12 sites). These sites are phosphorylated by the membrane-anchored Src family tyrosine kinase Lck and Fyn and are dephosphorylated by the transmembrane phosphatases CD148 and CD45. When both tyrosines in an ITAM are phosphorylated they generate docking sites for the tandem SH2 domains of the cytosolic tyrosine kinase ZAP-70. Bound ZAP-70 can phosphorylate tyrosines on other substrates that initiate the signal transduction that leads to T cell activation. The multiple ITAMs on the TCR function mainly to amplify subsequent signalling.T cells rely on the TCR to recognize antigens, in the form of peptides bound to major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells. Binding of TCR to antigen-MCH complexes leads to proliferation, differentiation, and the secretion of effector cytokines, contributing to the elimination of infections.</p>

<p>[5-FAM]-Val.</p>

<p>DNA damage-binding protein 2 is able to recognise and bind to UV-induced DNA lesions and facilitates efficient recognition by XPC. DDB2 and XPC then initiate global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) to protect DNA from mutagenesis associated with premature aging and skin cancer. Timely DDB2 dissociation is required for DNA damage handover to XPC and swift progression of the multi-step repair reaction. Damage handover from DDB2 to XPC coincides with the arrival of the TFIIH complex, which further promotes DDB2 dissociation and formation of a stable XPC-TFIIH damage verification complex. DDB2 binds directly to and flips out UV-induced damaged bases to create a more suitable substrate for XPC.The UV-DDB complex is part of a larger E3 ubiquitin-ligase complex (CRL4DDB2), also containing CUL4A, RBX1, and the COP9 signalosome. AF647 dye is a commonly used bright, far-red-fluorescent dye which is pH-insensitive over a wide molar range.</p>

<p>Identification of cell penetrating conjugates has aided numerous areas of scientific development. The Drosophila transcription factor Antennapedia contains a homeodomain that can be internalised by cells to the cytoplasm and to the nucleus in a receptor-independent mechanism. The key residues for internalisation have been sequenced (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK), named penetratin, and used in several studies to aid entry of fusion proteins into cells.The full 60 amino acid homeodomain was fused to a T cell epitope of the influenza nucleoprotein and successfully internalised into T cells for presentation. The fragment known as penetratin was fused to a ligand for Grb-2 resulting in inhibition of downstream Grb-2 signalling events. Penetratin has also been used in vivo to prime cytotoxic T lymphocytes by conjugating short antigenic peptides to the CPP. Penetratin is provided here as a C-terminal amide with a C-terminal 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag often preferred over FITC due to its high stability- absorbance 492 (nm), 518 emission (nm).</p>

<p>Magainins, also known as PGS (peptide glycine serine) are anti-microbial peptides originally isolated from the skin of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis, they belong to a large family of amphibian amphipathic alpha-helical cationic anti-microbial peptides (CAMPs). Magainin II is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and protozoa and has anti-viral properties. Magainins also displays anti-tumour activities and are known to facilitate wound closure and to reduce inflammation.Magainin peptides act by first binding to and then causing eventual collapse of the membrane. Magainins, carry several positive charges, and interact best with membranes with a negative surface charge, such as bacteria or tumour cells. They are non-toxic to healthy eukaryotic cells which are charge-neutral at their outer membrane. The physical mode of action of these peptides reduces the ability of target organisms to develop resistance to them, suggesting good therapeutic potential.</p>

<p>CREB327/active transcription factor CREB-A (113-126) Biotinyl, human.</p>

<p>Somatostatin-14 (SST-14) is a small cyclic peptide hormone secreted by hypothalamus. SST-14 has several roles including inhibiting the release of several hormones such as- growth hormone (GH), gastrin and gastric acid, insulin and glucagon and the regulation of amyloid β-42. In the brain somatostatin increases body temperature and influences visceral functions (e.g. increased blood pressure, decreased heart rate, prevents sympathetically mediated hyperglycemia and stimulates gastric acid secretion).Somatostatin is also present in an N-terminally extended form, somatostatin-28. In mammals, both somatostatin-14 and 28 originate from the prohormone, prosomatostatin, which is generated after removal of a 24 amino acid signal sequence from the 116 amino acids precursor, preprosomatostatin. Somatostatin-14 and 28 bind with similar affinity to five distinct somatostatin receptor subtypes, sst1 to sst5. These receptors belong to the G-protein coupled seven transmembrane domain receptor family and are related to the urotensin II receptors.</p>

<p>Ara h 6 is one of the major allergenic proteins from peanut (Arachis hypogaea) which contains approximately 13 potential allergenic proteins. Ara h 6 is a member of the 2S albumins (conglutinins) belonging to the prolamin superfamily which also includes Ara h 2. 2S albumins contain major food allergens from seeds of many mono- and dicotyledon plants and share a common compact structure that renders the proteins highly resistant to proteolysis.Ara h 6 contains multiple disulphide-bridged cysteine residues, resulting in a tightly coiled, heat-stable, protease resistant core structure that may be important for allergenicity. In mouse models Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 are the main cause of effector responses such as mast cell degranulation and anaphylaxis.This peptide represents a tryptic peptide of Ara h 6. The phenylalanine residue at position 11 of this peptide is isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (9) and nitrogen-15 (1), giving this peptide a mass increase of 10 compared to the unlabelled peptide.</p>

<p>TAT-Beclin Scrambled is a peptide derived from a region of Beclin 1, which interacts with a newly identified negative regulator of autophagy, GAPR-1 (also called GLIPR2) to act as a potent inducer of autophagy. Autophagy is an essential process that maintains cellular homeostasis and carries out lysosome-mediated degradation of unwanted proteins in the cytoplasm. It is often examined when looking at disease pathways because of this regulatory function. While the immune system initiates the removal of viruses and pathogens through the autophagic pathway, some viruses (such as HIV) are able to evade this process.TAT (47-57) is present due to its properties as a cell penetrating cationic peptide (CPP). It derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As a CPP, TAT (47-57) is able facilitate the delivery of the Beclin scrambled protein across the plasma membrane.This peptide contains a GG linker between the C-terminus of TAT (47-57) and the N-terminus of Beclin 1.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 Spike (976-984)</p>

<p>Amphipathic alpha-helical cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are rapidly bactericidal and have broad spectrum activity. As AMPs have non-specific modes of action involving membrane disruption, bacteria are less likely to develop resistance to them (unlike traditional antibiotics). KLAL is a model compound to form amphipathic helices that are able to bind to membranes and increase the membrane permeability. KLAL model peptides may also form a β-structure under appropriate conditions. Peptide is labelled with an N-terminal 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Residues 1-14 of the plasma glycoprotein angiotensinogen (ANG). ANG is a macromolecular precursor of angiotensin I and subsequent angiotensin family members. Angiotensins regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. ANG is selectively cleaved by the aspartic protease, renin, to initiate the angiotensin-processing cascade.This region represents the renin cleavage site of ANG, also known as renin substrate.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (421-435) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. The nucleoprotein has a critical role in virus assembly and RNA transcription. The nucleoprotein is essential in the formation of helical ribonucleoproteins and in regulating viral RNA synthesis. The nucleoprotein can also regulate infected host cellular mechanisms. It is highly expressed during infection and may induce protective immune responses against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.The nucleoprotein residues MSDNGPQNQRNAPRITF (1-17) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>SSG-acid tripeptide consists of two serines and one glycine residue, this was synthesised from the dipeptide L-Seryl-L-glycine- the dipeptide SG-acid is also available in our catalogue. SSG-acid has a net charge of 0, it can act as a Bronsted base by accepting a hydron from a donor thus giving it diverse biological and chemical uses.Glycosylated SSG tripeptide was found to act as a competitive ATPase inhibitor produced by the fungal pathogen Mycosphaerella pinodes, named Supprescin A.</p>

<p>The crude venom of the wasp Polybia paulista consists of 30% polybia-MPII. Polybia-MPII is a mastoparan, it is rapidly distributed around the organism point of inoculation via the circulation. As a secretagogue, polybia-MPII has myotoxic action and minor neurotoxic effects. Polybia-MPII has been injected sub-cutaneously and intra-muscularly into mice for pathology and immunohistochemistry assays.As an antimicrobial agent, polybia-MPII is highly effective, with a lower haemolysis rate compared to other mastoparans. Polybia-MPII also shows considerable anti-fungal activity.</p>

<p>Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin is a key regulator of growth hormone and insulin release and adrenal secretion however the role galanin plays is not clear. Administration of galanin to animal models leads to inhibition of insulin secretion but this is not replicated in humans.N-terminal galanin fragments naturally occur in vivo, but their relevance is unclear. Some N-terminal fragments reduce metabolic and functional disorders in experimental heart damage. Their relative abundance varies, with fragment (13-20) being one of the lowest quantities detected. The physiological relevance of the galanin fragment (13-20) and its affinity to the various Gal receptors has yet to be made clear. Binding assays and displacement assays in rat brain tissue have been performed with similar N-terminal galanin fragments to try and elucidate their function. Using N-terminal fragments such as galanin (13-20) can help clarify the role of full-length galanin in various roles, such as during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. This may highlight new agonists/antagonists for the galanin GalR receptors that can be therapeutic targets.</p>

<p>Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of kinases that regulate the cell cycle and gene transcription. Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) forms a trimeric complex with cyclin H and MAT1, which functions as a Cdk-activating kinase (CAK) and promotes cell cycle progression. CDK7 is an essential component of the transcription factor TFIIH, involved in DNA repair. CDK7 is also implicated in mRNA processing, transcription activation, pause induction, and pause release.Cyclin-dependent kinases play key roles in cancer development and metastasis. CDK7 is over expressed in many types of cancer such as breast cancer and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). High CDK7 expression is often seen in more advanced stage tumours, is associated with poor prognosis and is correlated with poor response to endocrine treatment. This peptide contains an N-terminal biotin tag for simple detection and purification.</p>

<p>Venom peptidomes and proteomes have the potential for significant inroads to novel drug discovery. The non-disulphide bridge peptides (NDBPs) have become a particular focus due to their large range of apparent structures as well biological activity while retaining high specificity.Within the peptidome AcrAP2 was identified in the NDBP as having antimicrobial and bactericidal activity. The nascent peptide contains a predicted hydrophobic region, this was altered to lysine residues generating a hydrophilic region, AcrAP1a. This cationic enhancement markedly increases their antibacterial potency against bacteria and yeast. Furthermore, at all concentrations it inhibited proliferation of the cancer cell lines tested. The duality of AcrAP2a on growth modulation in cancer cell lines as well as having potent antimicrobial activity suggests it is a useful analogue for further research in bacteria and eukaryotes.</p>

<p>LRRKtide (also called moesin) is a peptide substrate for leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). The sequence of LRRKtide has been derived from the ERM proteins: Ezrin (amino acids 561-573), radixin (amino acids 558-570) and moesin (amino acids 539-553). These proteins influence cytoskeletal dynamics by anchoring the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. LRRK2 phosphorylates LRRKtide at its Thr558 site.LRRK2 is a large, ubiquitous protein of unknown function. LRRK2 has GTPase and kinase activity, and is located in multiple areas of the cell where it is found associated with intracellular membranes and vesicular structures. Its multiple cellular locations suggest that LRRK2 may be involved in several cellular pathways. LRRK2 is also found in most organs and mutations in LRRK2 have been identified in Parkinson's disease.This peptides has a non-amidated C-terminal end.</p>

<p>Teduglutide is a GLP-2 analogue, in which the alanine at position 2 has been substituted with glycine making the peptide resistant to degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)- Teduglutide therefore has a longer half-life than GLP-2 (2-3 hours for teduglutide vs 7 min for GLP-2). Teduglutide has high bioavailability after subcutaneous administration, suggesting that teduglutide has enhanced biological activity, relative to native GLP-2.GLP-2 is a gut hormone produced in the enteroendocrine L cells of gastrointestinal tract by the cleavage of the 160-amino-acid proglucagon molecule. GLP-2 is secreted following the ingestion of food and carries out its activities via the GLP-2 G-protein coupled receptors (GLP-2Rs). GLP-2 has a range of roles within the cell, including: anti-inflammatory effects- promoting the expansion of the intestinal mucosa- stimulating intestinal blood flow- inhibiting gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying- increasing intestinal barrier function and enhancing nutrient and fluid absorption.</p>

<p>Fragment 498-514 of the BCL6-interacting co-repressor (BCoR) C-terminally labelled with biotin.</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. The nucleoprotein has a critical role in virus assembly and RNA transcription. The nucleoprotein is essential in the formation of helical ribonucleoproteins and in regulating viral RNA synthesis. The nucleoprotein can also regulate infected host cellular mechanisms. It is highly expressed during infection and may induce protective immune responses against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.The nucleoprotein residues DKDPNFKDQVILLNK (341-355) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>C-terminal telopeptide is produced when type I collagen in the bone is degraded and so released into the blood. Within collagen structure, made up of a triple helix of 3 amino acid chains, C-telopeptide is located at the C-terminus, and at the N-terminus there is an N-telopeptide. Both the N and the C-telopeptides are involved in the formation of collagen enzymatic cross links which are crucial for Collagen properties in the connective tissues of the body such as the bone and skin. Collagen properties allow connective tissues to be strong, stiff and maintain their structural integrity. Furthermore collagen acts as a scaffold for other extracellular matrix proteins.Due to the presence of C-telopeptide in the blood following the degradation of type 1 collagen, C-telopeptide can be used to monitor the progression of bone diseases where the pathogenesis commonly involves bone degradation.</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. Also known as the nucleocapsid protein, it is an abundant RNA-binding protein critical for viral genome packaging. These factors make nucleoprotein a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the nucleoprotein sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. Nucleoprotein (56-70) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Nociceptin is a potent anti-analgesic, effectively counteracting the effect of pain-relievers. A neuropeptide that modulates nociception, it acts by binding the nociceptin receptor (NOP). Nociceptin does not bind to μ, θ´, or K opioid receptors and thus lacks the addictive potential. Administration of nociceptin leads to sensations of pain and is associated with memory, learning, eating, and anxiety.</p>

<p>Histone 4 (H4) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) which are essential for compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. Due to the high lysine and arginine content, histones have a net positive charge and therefore electrostatically interact with negatively charged DNA. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Like other core histones, H4 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, the histone tail, which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.Gene transcriptional activation or inactivation is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA within to be either accessible to the transcription machinery or inaccessible. H4's lysine rich tail plays a role in the higher order chromatin folding.</p>

<p>The HSA (549-558) peptide is derived from human serum albumin (HSA), a protein present in the blood plasma. It is involved in the transportation of compounds through the blood stream, the maintenance of osmotic blood pressure and could be used to improve drug delivery.</p>

<p>Fluorescently labelled substrate for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main protease (SARS-CoV Mpro). The substrate sequence is derived from residues P4-P5' of the SARS-CoV Mpro N-terminal autoprocessing site which has the sequence AVLQSGFRK. SARS-CoV Mpro is a key antiviral target.This peptide contains an N-terminal a 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (5-TAMRA), a widely used fluorescent dye which excites at 546 nm and emits at 579 nm and a black hole quencher 2 (BHQ-2) group. This Mpro substrate is used in Mpro inhibition assays. The compound being tested for its inhibitory capacity of Mpro is added alongside [5-TAMRA]/[Lys(BHQ-2)]-CoV, after a set time period, the amount of fluorescence released is read as a percentage inhibition by a plate reader.The fluorescence from 5-TAMRA is efficiently quenched by resonance energy transfer to the BHQ-2 group when the peptide is intact, however upon cleavage of the peptide by Mpro, 5-TAMRA and BHQ-2 are separated, allowing fluorescence to be detected. This therefore represents a useful tool for investigating Mpro activity.</p>

<p>Cathelicidin-related anti-microbial peptide (CRAMP) is the mouse homologue of the human LL-37 anti-microbial peptide. CRAMP possesses potent anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains with no haemolytic activity. As well as displaying direct anti-microbial activity, CRAMP also binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neutralise its activity. CRAMP is encoded for by the Cramp gene which is highly expressed in bone marrow and up-regulated by infectious and inflammatory signals, CRAMP is secreted by cells such as neutrophils epithelial cells and macrophages. This peptide represents the mature, extended, form of CRAMP, longer than the 34 amino acid peptide originally isolated from the bone marrow of mice. CRAMP (1-39) has enhanced anti-microbial activity compared to CRAMP (6-39).</p>

<p>The optimal proteolytic substrate for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1). MALT1 is an arginine-specific protease which cleaves after the C-terminal arginine residue. This peptide can be used to test MALT1 protease activity with the addition of an appropriate C-terminal tag.MALT1 has both adaptor and protease functions and is involved in controlling antigen receptor-mediated signalling to nuclear factor KB (NF-KB). When activated, MALT1 forms a complex with B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 (BCL10) and caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11(CARD11)/CARD-containing MAGUK protein 1 (CARMA1), which results in NF-KB nuclear translocation. The protease function of MALT1 promotes gene transcription by inactivating negative regulators of NF-KB and JNK signalling, such as A20, RELB and CYLD. MALT1-dependent cleavage of the RNAse MCPIP1 (also known as Regnase-1) is then thought to lead to the stabilization of the resulting transcripts.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (246-260) is an epitope candidate with various predicted HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Octreotide is a synthetic somatostatin analogue used for the treatment of acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumours. In clinical settings, Octreotide is used for the treatment of vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumours, growth hormone producing tumours, and pituitary tumours. Octreotide also displays efficacy in the treatment of cluster headaches, acute haemorrhage from liver cirrhosis, malignant bowel obstruction, and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Octreotide exerts its organ protective effects through several mechanisms, including its ability to decrease the levels of endotoxin and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1β, and by inhibiting hepatocellular apoptosis. Octreotide also exerts a protective effect in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) injury, which often occurs after complex liver surgeries such as major resection or transplantation.</p>

<p>PTD-4 cell penetrating peptide labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide).</p>

<p>Portion of EBV</p>

<p>Neurokinin B (NKB) is a member of the tachykinin family of peptides that include substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), endokinins and haemokinins. NKB is encoded by TAC3 in humans and Tac2 in rodents and along with the neuropeptide kisspeptin plays an essential role as gatekeeper of puberty.NKB plays a stimulatory role in luteinising hormone (LH) release in a number of species, likely mediated via the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in a kisspeptin-dependent manner (NKB appears to play a critical role in the control of kisspeptin release). NKB may contribute to the regulation of reproductive functions by metabolic cues. NKB binds with highest affinity to the G-protein coupled neurokinin-3 receptor NK3R also known as tachykinin receptor 3 (TACR3)</p>

<p>Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS.Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.Supplied as the TFA salt</p>

<p>BMAP-27 is a member of the cathelicidin family and is a potent inhibitor of microbial growth, however at higher concentrations it is also cytotoxic to mammalian cells. BMAP-18 has rapid bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli.BMAP-18 has low toxicity to mammalian cells, insect cells and the tsetse bacterial symbiont Sodalis glossinidius while retaining an ability to kill a variety of species and life cycle stages of pathogenic kinetoplastid parasites including African trypanosomes, fish trypanosomes and Leishmania parasites. BMAP-18 also has immunomodulatory activity.</p>

<p>Amino acids 6-39 of the cathelicidin-related anti-microbial peptide (CRAMP), the mouse homologue of the human LL-37 anti-microbial peptide.CRAMP possesses potent anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains with no haemolytic activity. As well as displaying direct anti-microbial activity, CRAMP also binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neutralise its activity.CRAMP is a cationic peptide, encoded for by the Camp gene and is highly expressed in bone marrow. Its expression is up-regulated by infectious and inflammatory signals and it is secreted by cells such as neutrophils epithelial cells and macrophages.This peptide contains N-terminal 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used, green fluorescent tag</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP7 is part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase heterotetramer for mediating coronavirus RNA synthesis. NSP7 and NSP8 form a channel to confer processivity on RNA polymerase. In addition, NSP7 aids in stabilising NSP12 regions involved in RNA binding and is essential for a highly active NSP12 polymerase complex. These factors make NSP7 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP7 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP7 (6-20) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>This peptide represents part of the capsid protein, which forms the shell, of adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8). This peptide has high major histocompatibility (MHC) affinity, and the MHC restriction has been identified as a H-2 Dd binder. This epitope can therefore simulate CD8+ T cells and can elicit a robust response from interferon γ (IFN-γ), a cytokine critical for innate immunity and adaptive immunity against viral, and some bacterial and protozoal infections.CD8+ T cells (often called cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or CTLs) are generated in the thymus and express the dimeric co-receptor, CD8, on their surface. CD8+ T cells can recognise peptides presented by MHC class I molecules, which are found on all nucleated cells. CD8+ T cells are important for defence against intracellular pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, and for tumour surveillance, however, they can also contribute to excessive immune responses that leads to immune-mediated damage.AAV8 is a non-disease causing virus that can infect humans and can integrate into the host cell genome. Gene therapy vectors have been created using AAV8 which can persist in an extrachromosomal state without integrating into the genome of the host cell and show promise in recent human clinical trials.</p>