Peptides

<p>Substance P (SP) is a peptide that is highly conserved across the animal kingdom and is involved in a number of inflammatory and growth promoting processes. SP has a net positive charge at physiological pH, it is an amphiphilic peptide with positively charged residues at the N-terminus and hydrophobic residues at the C-terminus, this controls how it interacts with cell membranes. SP is relatively stable in plasma (several hours) but has a short half-life in tissues (seconds/minutes).SP is encoded by the TAC1 gene and is a member of the tachykinin peptide hormone family. SP is expressed by many cell types including: neurons- astrocytes- microglia- epithelial cells- endothelial cells- immune cells such as T cells and macrophages- dendritic cells and eosinophils and some stem cells and progenitor cells. The huge variety of cell types expressing SP suggest it is involved in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological functions.SP mediates its functions by interacting with members of the neurokinin (NK) family of G protein-coupled receptors with high selectivity. Among these, SP binds to NK1R with the highest affinity, this receptor is expressed in a wide range of tissue types.[5-FAM]-Substance P contains 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Biotin-PEG2-Claudin-3 is derived from the tight junction protein Claudin-3 which is encoded by the CLDN3 gene located on chromosome 7q11.23 and can be found within epithelial cell to cell contacts. Structurally, the Claudin family are transmembrane proteins containing two extracellular loops and are involved in maintaining cell polarity and controlling paracellular ion flux.During cancer research reduction in the number of Claudins has been associated with tumour formation. This could be explained using Claudin role in maintaining cell detachment and migration although cancers such as breast and prostate have shown to overexpress both Claudin- 3 and Claudin-4. Similarly in ovarian cancer overexpression of Claudin 3 and 4 is thought to increase the motility of tumour cells and their survival through basement membrane degrading matrix metalloproteinase activation.Both Claudin 3 and 4 have potential to be used as diagnostic markers and their two extracellular loops may be used as targets for antibodies. As receptors for the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, Claudin 3 and 4 may have further use in targeting the enterotoxin as a therapeutic for ovarian cancers.This peptide has a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification and contains a polyethylene glycol spacer (PEG2).</p>

<p>GPS1573 is a potent and dose-dependent peptide antagonist of adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) -stimulated melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R). Along with GPS1574, GPS1773 is an ACTH analogue and as such antagonises MC2R in the nanomolar range.The clinical relevance of GPS1573 is related to Cushing's disease and syndrome, which are both associated with a hypercortisolemic state. Selective antagonism of MC2R using GPS1573 may be a novel treatment modality for Cushing's disease and syndrome.</p>

<p>Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by β cells of the pancreatic islets that regulates carbohydrates metabolism. It is a heterodimer of an A-chain and a B-chain, which are linked together by disulfide bonds. Insulin stimulates the absorption of glucose from the blood into fat, muscle and liver cells where it is converted into either glycogen or fat.Insulin is secreted in the blood as a response to high level of blood glucose resulting in enhanced glucose uptake and metabolism in the cells so to reduce blood glucose levels. Circulating insulin also affects the synthesis of proteins in many tissues. Low blood insulin levels result in catabolism, particularly of reserve body fat. A decrease or absence of insulin activity results in diabetes mellitus, a condition of high blood sugar level (hyperglycaemia).N-terminal chain B labelled with AF488. AF488 dye is a bright, green-fluorescent dye with excitation maxima around 490 and emission maxima around 525. AF488 dye is pH-insensitive over a wide molar range.</p>

<p>This C-terminal Sortagging peptide acts as a (oligo)glycine nucleophile in the final steps of a sortagging protein labelling reaction. This reaction results in the [Lys(5-TAMRA)]- fluorescent moiety being attached to the C-terminus of the target protein or peptide.A substrate peptide containing the LPXTG motif is recognised and cleaved by the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) from Staphylococcus aureus. The catalytic cysteine residue in the active site of SrtA, serves as a nucleophile to cleave the peptide bond between threonine and glycine of the substrate peptide. Cleavage results in the formation of a thioacyl intermediate between the substrate peptide and SrtA. This intermediate is then resolved by the N-terminus of this (oligo)glycine nucleophile peptide, resulting in the creation of a new peptide bond that links the substrate peptide to this peptide and its fluorescent dye.  This method of protein labelling is known as sortagging.5-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (5-TAMRA) is a widely used fluorescent dye which excites at 546 nm and emits at 579 nm.</p>

<p>Fragment of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) peptidase domain (PD) alpha1 helix, a domain important for the interaction of ACE2 with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS coronavirus receptor binding domain (SARS-CoV-2-RBD). SBP1 associates with the SARS-CoV-2-RBD with nanomolar affinity and can potentially block the key mechanism by which SARS CoV-2 initiates entry into human cells.</p>

<p>SMAC/DIABLO-[Cys(AF647)] is a pro-apoptotic peptide that is derived from the mitochondrial protein known either as Second Mitochondria-Derived Activator of Caspases (Smac) or Direct IAP Binding Protein with low isoelectric point, pI (DIABLO). During apoptosis the mitochondria has increased permeability to Smac/DIABLO, which causes the protein to diffuse into the cytosol. Here, Smac/DIABLO adheres to Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and prevents them from binding to caspases, which in turn accentuates apoptosis.This peptide has a C-terminal cysteine linker labelled with AF647, which is a bright, far-red-fluorescent dye with excitation between 594 nm and 633 nm.</p>

<p>[AF488] 6xHis Tag, composed of a hexa-histidine tag and the fluorescent dye, Alexa Fluor 488 (AF488).</p>

<p>Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that utilizes autoinducing peptide (AIP) signals to regulate virulence. Methods to intercept bacterial quorum sensing (QS) aim to find novel anti-virulence treatments.Auto-inducing peptide (AIP) is a cyclic thiolactone quorum sensing peptide from Staphylococcus aureus which is responsible for activating the agr response. AIP is released from the bacteria and its extracellular concentration is then sensed by a two-component system on the bacterial surface, AgrC and AgrA. AgrC is the membrane histidine kinase receptor and AgrA is a response regulator- upon binding of AIP, AgrC phosphorylates AgrA.AIP accumulates during growth activating an AgrC and AgrA cascade when it reaches a critical signal level. This cascade activates P2 and P3 promoters which autoactivate the agr system and upregulate RNAIII transcription. RNAIII regulates the expression of virulence factors including toxins, super-antigens, and exo-enzymes. Extensive research to identify AIP:AgrC inhibitors aims to find therapeutics against pathogens.AgrD is the precursor peptide of AIP, and AgrB is an integral membrane endopeptidase essential to biosynthesize AIP. This AIP system is conserved among many Gram-positive bacteria. S. aureus strains are categorized into four groups (I-IV) according to their AIP signal and cognate extracellular receptor, AgrC. Each group is associated with a certain disease profile, and S. aureus group-III strains are responsible for toxic shock syndrome. AIP-III the conserved thiolactone macrocycle of the AIP family with an extended N terminal. Alanine scanning has identified a key trifactor of hydrophobic residues in the thiolatone ring that allow recognition by AgRC and the anchor point on the exocyclic tail needed for receptor activation. This knowledge is key for the design of novel AIP:AgrC inhibitors.</p>

<p>Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is a gastrointestinal peptide hormone with multiple roles in relation to metabolism. The primary role of GLP-1 is increasing insulin secretion in the presence of high plasma glucose levels, in addition, GLP-1 also suppresses glucagon secretion from the pancreas. GLP-1 slows down gastric emptying and regulates appetite, both valuable in reducing food intake and body weight. These roles of GLP-1 make it a useful target in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).GLP-1 exerts its effects by binding to and activating the class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR):  GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Receptor activation in turn activates signalling pathways which culminates in insulin secretion via CAMP and Ca2+ signalling.Recently evidence has increased for GLP-1 playing a cardio-protective role as well as regulating immune responses and even in kidney function. GLP-1 may also exert neuroprotective and neurotropic effects as it can decrease endogenous levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) and prevent Aβ-induced cell death.This peptide contains N-terminal 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) protein superfamily and is expressed exclusively in the central nervous system on the surface of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocyte processes. MOG is expressed at the onset of myelination, and therefore is a potential marker for oligodendrocyte maturation.MOG contains an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, a cytoplasmic loop, a membrane-associated region and a cytoplasmic tail.  MOG may function as a cell surface receptor or cell adhesion molecule.  Fifteen different alternatively spliced isoforms have been detected in humans. These are present either on the cell surface, the endoplasmic reticulum in the endocytic system, or in secreted form.The secreted form of MOG may trigger autoimmunity if released into the cerebrospinal fluid and periphery. MOG is thought to be a key target for autoantibodies and cell-mediated immune responses in inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and is therefore widely studied in this field.The MOG (35-55) fragment is the most potent auto-antigenic region of MOG, and the most effective at inducing experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model that resembles MS. This peptide has a free carboxylic acid at the C-terminus, an amide version is also available in our catalogue.</p>

<p>Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. These PAR-activating proteases therefore represent PAR agonists. This PAR-1 agonist peptide represents the sequence of the 'tethered ligand' and is therefore capable of activating the receptor independently of N-terminal proteolysis. TFLLR-NH2 is more selective to PAR-1 than the PAR-1 agonist SFLLRN-NH2.Activation of PAR-1 induces platelet aggregation and IL-6 release from monocytes and T cells, as well as several other cellular pathways including those involved in allergic inflammation, neurogenic inflammation and the potentiation of NMDA receptor activity in the hippocampus.</p>

<p>This C-terminal Sortagging peptide acts as an (oligo)glycine nucleophile in the final steps of a sortagging protein labelling reaction. This reaction results in the [Cys(AF680)]- fluorescent moiety being attached to the C-terminus of the target protein or peptide.A substrate peptide containing the LPXTG motif is recognised and cleaved by the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) from Staphylococcus aureus. The catalytic cysteine residue in the active site of SrtA serves as a nucleophile to cleave the peptide bond between threonine and glycine of the substrate peptide. Cleavage results in the formation of a thioacyl intermediate between the substrate peptide and SrtA. This intermediate is then resolved by the N-terminus of this (oligo)glycine nucleophile peptide, resulting in the creation of a new peptide bond that links the substrate peptide to this peptide and its fluorescent dye.  This method of protein labelling is known as sortagging.C-Terminal Sortagging-[Cys(AF680)] contains the AF680 fluorescent dye- AF680 is a bright green dye with excitation at 633 nm, well suited for flow cytometry and imagery. AF680 is particularly photostable, allowing better detection of low abundance conjugates.  C-Terminal Sortagging-[Cys(AF680)] acid is provided here. However, the amide version is also available.</p>

<p>CHKtide is a synthetic peptide substrate for checkpoint-kinase-1 and 2 (CHK1/CHK2) as well as salt-inducible kinase (SIKs) for use in kinase assays. CHKtide has been derived from CDC25C which is phosphorylated by CHK1/CHK2 in one of the DNA repair pathways. SIKs are serine/threonine kinases that are part of a complex network that regulate sodium homeostasis and blood pressure.The serine residue at position 5 of this peptide has been phosphorylated.</p>

<p>The HLA-DRB1*1501 peptide, is encoded by the disease-associated MHC allele histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*1501 which is present on the MHC region of chromosome 6. The increased frequency of the HLA-DRB*11501 haplotype found in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients, may contribute to the MS phenotype through disrupting T cell repertoire selection and through the presentation of self-peptides which can be targeted by the body's autoimmune response. Moreover studies investigating the accumulation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) as a factor producing Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenicity, found that HLA-DR alleles such as DRB1*1501 demonstrate immunogenic properties. It is evident that the DRB1*1501 halotype is associated with strong Aβ-T cell responses resulting in the large production of IFN- γ and IL-17. Therefore the HLA-DRB1*1501 peptide would be beneficial in studies exploring the phenotypes of autoimmune-diseases like MS and AD.</p>

<p>Plasma membrane calcium pumps (PMCA) play integral roles in calcium homeostasis and calcium signalling. There are four PMCA isoforms (1-4), their expression and localisation are varied amongst cell types and diseased tissue. Therefore, identification of specific inhibitors of each PMCA is underway to aid understanding of the individual roles the PMCAs play. Use of phage libraries and mutagenesis has allowed rapid screening of possible peptides. A PMCA inhibitor of importance found by screening and mutagenesis is caloxin 1C2. Caloxin 1C2 has been shown to have a 10 found higher affinity for PMCA4 than any other isoforms suggesting it is a suitable selective inhibitor for PMCA4 activity. The allosteric inhibitor is already being used in research to help understand the specific function of PMCA4 in tissues. Since changes in the levels of activity and expression of the PMCA isoforms have been linked to several conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, clarifying the function of PMCA4 with the use of caloxin1C2 inhibitor could provide new treatments in the future.</p>

<p>Substrate peptide for adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and related kinases, for use in kinase assays. The peptide sequence is based on the cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor alpha (amino acid 15-23).Protein kinase A (PKA) also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase is a family of serine/threonine protein kinase enzymes whose activity is regulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP). PKA is involved in a plethora of roles within the cell including: regulation of glycogen, sugar and lipid metabolism and roles within adipocytes and hepatocytes, nucleus accumbens neurons, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and in memory formation.</p>

<p>Pip6a is part of a novel series of transduction peptides termed Pips (PNA/PMO internalisation peptides). Pip peptides were designed around an original R6-penetratin cell penetrating peptide (CPP) and are able to transport PNA/PMO molecules across cell membranes. Pip peptides can be covalently conjugated to PNAs/PMOs to deliver them to a variety of adult tissues, including liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, diaphragm, and heart.Due to its ability to target the heart, pip6a has important implications for the development of therapeutic antisense oligonucleotide therapy using PMOs for diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). DMD causes progressive muscle weakening and often results in cardiac failure and death. Pip6a has also been studied for delivery of antisense oligonucleotide therapy in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).</p>

<p>This C-terminal Sortagging peptide acts as a (oligo)glycine nucleophile in the final steps of a sortagging protein labelling reaction. This reaction results in the (AF647) fluorescent moiety being attached to the C-terminus of the target protein or peptide.Sortase A (SrtA) from Staphylococcus aureus has become a valuable tool via sortase-mediated ligation of various substrates for bioconjugation. SrtA recognises the LPxTG motif as a substrate. Cleavage results in a thioester intermediate between the peptide and SrtA. The thioester is resolved by the N-terminus of a nucleophile, usually with two glycines at the start, creating a new bond. In bacteria, SrtA aids surface proteins being ligated into the peptidoglycan cross-bridge. The peptidoglycan of S. pyogenes provides an N-terminal alanine residue for the ligation reaction. AAA-C(AF647) is a nucleophile for SrtA S. pyogenes- the sortase-mediated ligation reaction results in protein labelling with a C-terminal Alexa Fluor 647 fluorescent dye. Alexa Fluor 647 has a maximum emission of 668 nm when excited at 650nm. AAA-C(AF647) has the potential to be used for a wide variety of purposes, as has been demonstrated with other SrtA ligations such as intracellular ligation of protein in living cells.</p>

<p>The alpha factor pheromone arrests yeast in the G1 phase of their cell cycle, this allows the opposite mating type cells to synchronise. Alpha factor mating pheromone induces the expression of mating genes, changes in nuclear architecture, and polarizes growth toward the mating partner. STE2 encodes the alpha factor pheromone transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) found on mating-type-A cells in yeast. Alpha factor binds Ste2 and activates prototypic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. The dose of pheromone exposure differentially activates the MAPK Fus3 for alternate effects. A high dose of alpha factor leads to growth arrest and schmooing formation for mating, a lower dose causes elongated cell growth.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3), which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Like the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing many lysine and arginine residues, they have a positive net charge which interacts electrostatically with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone-modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Histone tails can undergo multiple modifications, including acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation.  The purpose of the modifications is believed to alter chromatin function/structure.  Lysine 4 of Histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 has been tri-methylated, lysine 9 has been acetylated, and serine 10 has been phosphorylated. This peptide is labelled with the Aurora Fluor 647 fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>(KFF)3K is a cationic cell penetrating peptide which can be conjugated to PNA oligomers to aid in their penetration of the bacterial cell wall to function as anti-microbials. (KFF)3K is labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide).</p>

<p>Substrate peptide for Cathepsin G, a serine protease belonging to the chymotrypsin superfamily which acts as a physiologic regulator of platelet activation and thrombus formation. Cathepsin G also has antimicrobial activity and is involved in chemotaxis, apoptosis, the immune response and inflammation and hydrolysis of extracellular matrix proteins. Cathepsin G can cleave protease activated receptor-4 (PAR4) and is a potential target for novel anti-thrombotic therapies.This peptide contains the FRET pair: 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM) and 6-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (6-TAMRA). 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), which is present at the N-terminus of this peptide, is a widely used green fluorescent tag which excites at 495 nm and emits at 517 nm. 6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (6-TAMRA), which is attached at the C-terminus, is a widely used fluorescent dye which excites at 546 nm and emits at 579 nm. In the intact peptide 6-TAMRA acts as a quencher of the fluorescence of 5-FAM therefore no fluorescence can be detected. However hydrolysis of the peptide between the donor/acceptor pair allows the fluorescence of 5-FAM to be recovered, enabling the quantitative measurement of enzymatic activity.Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) peptides are convenient tools for the study of peptidase specificity and enzymatic activity.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the HIV transactivator of transcription protein. TAT is a cationic cell-penetrating peptide.</p>

<p>Trans-Cinnamoyl-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Lys-Phe-NH2 is a cardiac peptide that belongs to the class of PAR4 and PAR1 receptor agonists. It has been shown to be an endogenous agonist of both PAR4 and PAR1 receptors, which are involved in blood pressure regulation. Trans-Cinnamoyl-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Lys-Phe-NH2 has been shown to activate these receptors in vivo, leading to increased blood pressure. Additionally, it has been shown to have a cardioprotective effect by decreasing myocardial infarct size in rats.</p>

<p>Caloxin 2A1 is a peptide that has been shown to activate the receptor for bradykinin, a peptide hormone that causes vasodilation. The activation of this receptor by Caloxin 2A1 leads to the opening of ion channels in the cell membrane, which causes an influx of calcium ions into the cell. This influx activates enzymes that break down proteins and increases the permeability of blood vessels. Caloxin 2A1 also inhibits ligand-induced activation of phospholipase C. Caloxin 2A1 binds to an antibody against bradykinin, which can be used as a research tool or as a means to measure levels of bradykinin in blood plasma.<br>Caloxin 2A1 has a molecular weight of 543 g/mol and CAS number 350670-85-8.</p>

<p>E-64-d is a research tool that is used in cell biology, pharmacology, and biochemistry to study protein interactions. E-64-d is an activator, ligand, or receptor for ion channels and has been shown to inhibit the activity of high purity K+ channels. This peptide binds to the extracellular loop of voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv1.2) and inhibits the opening of these channels by blocking their access to ATP. E-64-d also binds to an antibody as a competitive inhibitor of the antigen binding site on the antibody.</p>

<p>Eptifibatide is a drug that is used in the treatment of congestive heart failure, acute coronary syndrome and peripheral artery disease. It is a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor that binds to integrin receptors on platelets and prevents them from binding to fibrinogen. This prevents blood clotting and reduces the risk of stroke or heart attack. Eptifibatide has been shown to be effective for the treatment of bowel disease, infectious diseases, and experimental models of myocardial infarcts. The drug has significant cytotoxicity, which may be due to its ability to inhibit cell proliferation by blocking protein synthesis at the ribosome level.<br>Eptifibatide has been shown to have a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues located in its amino-terminal region. This bond stabilizes the molecule in solution and ensures that it remains active until it reaches its target site.</p>

<p>Fibronectin Adhesion-Promoting Peptide is a polyclonal antibody that recognizes fibronectin, a glycoprotein found in the extracellular matrix. Fibronectin promotes cell adhesion and proliferation by binding to collagen. This antibody can be used to detect fibronectin in tissues from patients with cancer. It may also be used as a tool for identifying cancer cells that have metastasized to other sites in the body.</p>

<p>Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys-MCA is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that belongs to the class of peptides. This drug has been shown to inhibit the activity of histone deacetylases and can be used for the treatment of diabetes. Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys-MCA is an enzyme substrate, which means it is not active when taken orally. It must be administered intravenously or intraperitoneally in order to be metabolized by enzymes in the body.</p>

<p>MCA conjugated molecule targeting furin</p>

<p>CART (Rat, 55-102) is an antibody that binds to the CART receptor. It can be used in research and as a cell biology tool for protein interactions, such as studying the biological effects of peptides. CART (Rat, 55-102) is a high-purity product that has been extensively characterized.</p>

<p>Pancreatastatin is a peptide hormone that inhibits energy metabolism. Pancreatastatin is a biologically active peptide that has been isolated from the pancreas and shown to have effects on the endocrine system, including regulation of feeding behavior. Pancreatastatin is also known as somatostatin and is found in both animals and humans. Pancreatastatin has been shown to inhibit cellular proliferation and decrease tumor size in animal models of cancer, as well as to regulate blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. Pancreatastatin is also used for treating bowel diseases such as colitis.</p>

<p>Dap3-Ghrelin is a Ghrelin related peptide and is the active fragment of Ghrelin that binds to Ghrelin receptors with high affinity and activates the same signaling pathway as endogenous ghrelin. This product can be used in the study of obesity as Ghrelin has been shown to be a hormone that stimulates appetite and meal initiation. It could also play a role in gaining a further understanding into diabetes as Ghrelin has been found to stimulate insulin release.</p>

<p>Boc-Glu(OBzl)-OH is a peptide that inhibits the enzyme adenylate kinase. It binds to the ATP binding site on the enzyme and blocks access of the substrate, ADP, to its catalytic site. This prevents ATP from being converted into AMP, which is needed for cellular energy production. Boc-Glu(OBzl)-OH has been used in research as an inhibitor in cell biology and pharmacology studies.<br>The purified product is supplied at high purity with low endotoxin levels.</p>

<p>This is a synthetic peptide that mimics the endogenous human epidermal growth factor (EGF) and binds to the toll-like receptor. It has been shown to stimulate physiological function in experimental models of bowel disease and cardiac disease, as well as cancer tissues. The peptide also binds to the guanine nucleotide-binding protein, polymerase chain reaction, and inflammatory bowel disease genes. In vivo studies have confirmed that this peptide enhances the production of EGF in maternal blood and stimulates squamous carcinoma growth in an animal model.</p>

<p>inhibitor of chymotrypsin-like activity of the multicatalytic proteinase complex in HT4 cells.  Causes accumulation of ubiquitinylated proteins in neuronal cells.</p>

<p>Boc-Arg(NO2)-OH is an activated molecule that is used as an anticoagulant. It inhibits the serine protease, which has an inhibitory effect on heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and also inhibits platelet aggregation. Boc-Arg(NO2)-OH has been shown to have a potent inhibition of the enzyme that converts prothrombin into thrombin. This effect can be reversed by adding protamine sulfate. The clinical data suggest that this drug may be beneficial for patients with severe or life-threatening conditions who are taking heparin therapy or undergoing surgery and need anticoagulation. The prognosis of this drug is unclear, but it appears to be safe when administered in conjunction with other medications such as aspirin and warfarin.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-OH•H2O including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Uroguanylin (Human) product containing the disulfide bonds: Cys4-Cys12 and Cys7-Cys15 and avaialable in the trifluoroacetate salt form. Uroguanylin is a peptide hormone that is involved in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. It is produced in the intestinal tract, specifically in the lining of the small intestine and colon.<br>Uroguanylin belongs to a family of peptides that includes guanylin and the heat-stable enterotoxins (STs).These peptides all share a similar structure and function, as they bind to and activate the guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) receptor in intestinal cells.<br>Activation of GC-C by uroguanylin leads to an increase in cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels, which in turn activates a variety of downstream signaling pathways. This leads to an increase in chloride and bicarbonate secretion in the intestine, as well as an increase in intestinal fluid secretion. Uroguanylin also stimulates sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to an increase in urine output.<br>Uroguanylin has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. For example, synthetic analogs of uroguanylin are being developed as potential treatments for constipation and other disorders of intestinal motility. Additionally, uroguanylin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.</p>

<p>Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-Gly-OH is a building block for the synthesis of dipeptides. It contains a free amino group and can be used to synthesize peptides containing serine and glycine. This reagent can also be used in the synthesis of other dipeptides, such as Fmoc-Leu-OH, Fmoc-Phe-OH, and Fmoc-Ile-OH.</p>

<p>Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH is an amido-resin that is used in the industrial preparation of polyamides and as a reactive component for the synthesis of various peptide or protein drugs. The polymerisation reaction leads to the formation of a linear chain with a high molecular weight and low viscosity. Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH has been used as an envisaged component for the synthesis of acetylcholine, messenger RNA, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Trifluoroacetic acid is commonly used as a solvent in this process.</p>

<p>Hypertension is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by an elevated blood pressure and the subsequent damage to the heart, kidneys, and other tissues. Metyrapone is a drug that inhibits the synthesis of corticosteroids from cholesterol in the adrenal glands. It was shown to reduce blood pressure in vivo by blocking the formation of cytosolic calcium and subsequent release of vasopressin. The use of metyrapone as a hypertension treatment has been limited due to its side effects on the liver. A new model system using basic fibroblasts (BF) instead of liver cells has been developed to study this drug's effects on hypertension without causing liver lesions. This model has proven successful for other drugs with similar biological properties, such as Hytrinol, which also blocks corticosteroid synthesis from cholesterol but does not cause liver lesions. The BF system can be used for testing new drugs that are selective for PAR1 receptors, which are</p>

<p>Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH is a chemical compound that belongs to the group of modified amino acids. The synthesis of Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH starts with the reaction of nicotinic acetylcholine, sodium carbonate, and chloride in trifluoroacetic acid. The product is then reacted with a disulfide bond and modified with polymerase chain and saponified. The final modification is achieved by reacting Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH with messenger RNA (mRNA), which produces the desired product. Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH has been shown to have minimal activity, as it does not elute from an ion exchange column under normal conditions. It also has no effect on acetylcholine release in rat hippocampal slices or on morphology when incubated in vitro for 24 hours at 37 degrees Celsius.</p>

<p>Lixisenatide is a peptide hormone that belongs to the class of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. It is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, including those with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 27 kg/m2 or who have had type 2 diabetes for more than 10 years. Lixisenatide reduces postprandial blood glucose levels by delaying gastric emptying and increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release. Lixisenatide has been shown to be effective in reducing cardiovascular events in people with congestive heart failure. Lixisenatide also has water vapor and cardiac effects that are similar to those of GLP-1 agonists.</p>

<p>Boc-D-Ser(Bzl)-OH is a synthetic molecule that can be used in peptide synthesis. It is a potent inhibitor of galactose and tetrazole, and it inhibits the activities of enzymes involved in the synthesis of proteins, such as methionine synthase. Boc-D-Ser(Bzl)-OH has been shown to inhibit atherosclerotic lesions by blocking secretagogue activity and also inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators. This compound has potent inhibitory effects on piperidine.</p>

<p>EDDnp is a potent and selective inhibitor of the proteolytic enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). EDDnp binds to the active site of DPP-IV, which prevents it from cleaving peptides at the carboxy terminus. The inhibition of DPP-IV results in an increase of peptide hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), which are involved in regulating blood glucose levels. In addition, there are high values of EDDnp in human serum and urine, which may be due to its function as a potential biomarker for diabetes. The physiological function of EDDnp is still being investigated.</p>

<p>The enzyme DNP-Arg-Pro-Leu-Ala-Leu-Trp-Arg-Ser (DAPPLE) is a zymogen that is activated by proteolytic cleavage to form an active enzyme. DAPPLE has been shown to cause neuronal death in vitro. The enzyme can be inhibited by the addition of specific inhibitors, such as 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride, which blocks the activity of matrix metalloproteinases. DAPPLE has been found in mammalian ovaries and induces the release of growth factors when it is activated by proteolytic cleavage. The optimum pH for DAPPLE activity is 7.5 and it can be inhibited by the addition of certain drugs, such as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride or sodium azide.</p>

<p>Proangiotensin-12 is a peptide that is used as a research tool for the study of angiotensin II and its receptor. This product is an activator of the receptor and can be used to identify antibodies against the protein. Proangiotensin-12 has been shown to inhibit ion channels, and has also been shown to bind with high affinity to the angiotensin II receptor. This product can be used in pharmacological studies on ligands or receptors.</p>

<p>Boc-Thr(Bzl)-OH is a peptide that can be used as an activator, inhibitor and ligand. It has been shown to activate ion channels and increase the permeability of cell membranes. The high purity of this peptide allows it to be used in research tools such as antibody production, protein interactions, and receptor ligand pharmacology.</p>