Peptides

<p>Vasculotide</p>

<p>Adrenomedullin (ADM), is a free circulating peptide of the amylin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) super-family. It is widely expressed in virtually all human tissues and is involved in regulation of endothelial barrier function- vascular tone- immunoregulation- cellular proliferation and apoptosis. ADM is implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseased states including: sepsis- heart failure- inflammatory bowel disease- diabetes- eye pathologies and many cancers. ADM levels are often increased during these diseased states often correlating with disease severity and mortality. ADM is therefore of interest as a target for these diseases. ADM also displays potent antimicrobial action against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.The 52 amino acid ADM is produced by multiple cleavage steps from the original 85 amino acid long preprohormone (prepro-ADM). ADM exerts its effects by ligation of receptor complexes consisting of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) combined with a specific receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP). Interaction of ADM with its receptor occurs through its C-terminal moiety.</p>

<p>Temporin L is a highly potent anti-microbial peptide (AMP) active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Temporins are a large family of short, linear, AMPs produced in the skin of frogs belonging to Rana species, but are also found in wasp venom. Temporin L was originally isolated from the frog Rana temporaria and has the highest anti-microbial potency among tested temporins, especially against Gram-negative bacteria.Temporin L increases bacterial inner membrane permeability in a dose-dependent manner without destroying cell integrity. At low peptide concentrations, the inner membrane becomes permeable to small molecules but this does not kill the bacteria. At high concentrations, larger molecules, but not DNA, leak out, resulting in cell death. Temporin L has a different mode of action to many AMPs as it does not lyse the cells but instead forms ghost-like bacteria shells.</p>

<p>CMV pp65 (415-429) (HLA-B7) is a CEF (cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and influenza virus) control peptide that is derived from the Cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV is capable of infecting a wide range of human cell types, where the body's primary immune response to CMV is innate, and relies on inflammatory cytokines and costimulatory molecules in order to control the spread of the virus. CMV pp65 (415-429) (HLA-B7) is defined as a CEF control peptide due to its antigenic properties. Clinically, these peptides are suitable epitopes for CD8+ T cells and can be used to stimulate the release of IFNg. HLA-B7 refers to the cell HLA type that this peptide acts on.</p>

<p>[Cy3B]-LifeAct (Abp140 1-17) contains the 17amino acid peptide Lifeact derived from amino acids 1-17 of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae actin binding protein, Abp140. These first 17 amino acids of Abp140 are crucial in allowing Lifeact to localise to actin filaments (F-actin) and therefore it can be used as a cytoskeletal marker. On application, lifeact can be used in the study of plant development and pathogen defence as filamentous actin within the plant actin cytoskeleton is important in key processes such as cell division, membrane trafficking and stomatal movements.The addition of the Cy-Dye fluorophore, Cy3B allows the location of the LifeAct (Abp140 1-17) to be detected. Cy3B is described as being conformationally locked meaning it is less likely to undergo photo-isomerization and one of its main applications is within DNA related studies.</p>

<p>Farnesylated a-factor is a post-translationally modified mating pheromone derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The addition of a farnesyl group to the C-terminus is crucial for the biological activity of the a-factor.During the mating of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the haploid state of yeast can be either α-type or a-type. Mating pheromones produced by these haploid cells can induce two different cell types to mate. The α-factor is released from α-type cells and bind to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Ste2p on a-cells, whereas the a-factor is released from a-type cells and binds to the GPCR Ste3p on α-cells.</p>

<p>FLAG tag with a GGC linker (Cy3B)</p>

<p>PLP(178-191) corresponds to amino acids 178 to 191 of the mouse ProteoLipid Protein (PLP).</p>

<p>Substrate peptide for histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes for use in assaying HDAC activity. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of enzymes which are highly evolutionary conserved across all eukaryotes. HDACs modify histones by removing acetyl groups from the tail regions. Histone deacetylation is generally associated with reduced gene expression due to a more compact chromatin state less accessibility for transcription factors (TFs). HDACs are essential for many physiological processes including development and cellular homeostasis. They also play an important role in disease states, including neurodegenerative disorders, genetic diseases and cancers.This peptide is the fluorogenic substrate for assaying histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in a two-step enzymatic reaction. The assay consists of the initial lysine deacetylation by HDAC followed by the release of the fluorescent group by trypsin. Fluorescence can be detected upon fluorophore release.</p>

<p>Influenza virus budding from infected cells requires membrane remodelling, is a multistep process with many proteins involved. Therefore there are numerous stages and proteins that could be antiviral targets if the mechanism can be better understood.The matrix 2 (M2) protein has recently been shown to be essential for completion of membrane scission at the end of buddinng. Initially, proteins aid membrane curvature, including matrix 2 (M2) protein, a bud forms, and finally membrane scission occurs to release the bud at the neck from the membrane occurs- M2 amphipathic helix domain in the cytoplasmic tail is essential for completion of scission to release the virus bud. The residues 44-62, provided here, have been identified as the motif responsible for allowing the scission mechanism to occur. Work is ongoing to understand the exact molecular mechanism by comparison to other scission proteins such as Arf1, Epsin1. Use of this M2 peptide motif may provide functional knowledge of virus budding and lead to novel antiviral drugs.</p>

<p>Tet-20, is a synthetic cathelicidin-derived peptide. It was tested as infection-resistant coating for medical devices. When tethered on an implant surface Tet-20 exhibited broad antimicrobial activities both in vivo and in vitro. It can stop biofilm formation and appears to be non-toxic to eukaryotic cell. Tet-20 antimicrobial peptide is often sued as a control peptide and has antifouling.</p>

<p>CD8+ T-cell (cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)) responses are important in the control of viral replication. Inducing a sustained HIV-1 specific CD8+ T-cell response is the target for vaccine development by using conserved HIV-1 epitopes. The HIV gag gene encodes p17 and p24. P17 Gag is a matrix protein that is vital to HIV life cycle, use of p17 Gag epitopes is a possibility for HIV therapies. P17 Gag targets viral RNA to the nucleus and Gag polyproteins to the cell membrane- p17 Gag accumulates in the extracellular space of tissue while interacting with receptors on various cell types to deregulate cell function.CTL recognition epitope of p17 Gag is identified as residues 77-85 to activate the immune response. Within Gag p17 is the conserved/persistently recognised epitope KIRLRPGGK (amino acids 18-26). This sequence has been used as an effective epitope in immunological assays to assess CTL response work has also shown patients targeting conserved or variable Gag epitopes including Gag p17 (18-26) effects the strength of CD8+ T-cell response and disease progression.</p>

<p>Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a widely used biomarker of various differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC)- Tg is a substrate for thyroid hormone production. Detection and quantification of serum thyroglobulin levels remain challenging due to Tg's size, heterogeneity, and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb). Immunoassays offer the opportunity to tailor DTC treatments, but many patients are TgAb positive, excluding them from analysis during regression.Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) can overcome immunoassay issues by digestion of Tg to a tryptic peptide removing the interference from TgAbs. The addition of a doubly charged peptide precursor ion, FSP peptide, allows easy detection of Tg-FSP by an anti-FSP antibody that is reliable and quantifiable.</p>

<p>Endogenous peptide GPR83 agonist derived from processing of precursor protein, proSAAS. It is widely expressed in a number of species where it is involved in feeding, stress modulation and addiction and reward circuits.</p>

<p>Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) is a melanocortin family neuropeptide which plays important roles in metabolic and immune homeostasis. It is formed from the cleavage of adrenocorticotropic hormone, the cleavage product of proopiomelanocortin hormone. alpha-MSH is expressed ubiquitously to varying degrees in a wide variety of cells including the hypothalamus, monocytes and retinal pigment epithelial cells. alpha-MSH is a non-selective agonist of melanocortin receptors.alpha-MSH is a suppresser of inflammation from both innate and adaptive immune pathways, it is involved in hair and skin pigmentation (through MC1 receptor activation), has reproductive functions, cardio protective functions and regulates food intake and energy metabolism. The N-terminal of the peptide is protected by an acetyl group.</p>

<p>α-Gliadin (58-73) is derived from Gliadin peptides, the component of wheat involved in the gastrointestinal symptoms of wheat allergy and Celiac Disease (CD). During wheat allergies histamines and leukotrienes are secreted due to gliadin peptide sequences cross-linking two IgE molecules on mast cells and basophils.The glutamine and proline rich peptides of which Gliadin is composed of are resistant to proteolysis during digestion, leaving them active in the gastrointestinal tract. Subsequently these are deamidated by tissue transglutaminase and can bind to HLA-DQ2 or DQ8. As a result in patients with the autoimmune disease CD, there is a Th1-mediated inflammatory immune response against these gliadin peptides.Gliadin can exert additional effects on the intestinal microbiota and ileal barrier function. It has been found that gut microbiota members such as Bifidobacterium and lactobacillus have the ability to digest and inactivate gliadin peptides hence reducing their inflammatory effects in the gastrointestinal system.</p>

<p>Pro B-type natriuretic peptide (Pro-BNP) is secreted from cardiac myocytes and cleaved into BNP and the remaining part of the prohormone N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP). When the heart fibres become stretched more BNP and NT-proBNP are released to try and compensate for the increased pressure. During heart failure the walls of the atria become over stretched and thus increase the levels of NT-proBNP detectable. NT-proBNP has a longer half-life than BNP and therefore is detectable at higher levels in blood plasma than BNP. NT-pro-BNP is believed to be cleared by renal excretion, but this is not confirmed. As a diagnostic tool, NT-proBNP (47-76) has become very useful in helping diagnose heart failure and provide a prognosis. The measurement of NT-proBNP (47-76) has been incorporated into management and guidelines of clinical settings. As a research tool it still provides valuable data such as symptoms onset in relation to NT-proBNP levels and how inflammation effects the level of BNP as well as the BNP/ NT-proBNP ratio.</p>

<p>The cyclic pentapeptide cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-[D-Phe]-Lys) is a highly potent and selective inhibitor for the alphavβ3 integrin receptor. A related compound, cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-[D-Phe]-Val), is a promising anticancer drug candidate- it inhibits angiogenesis and induces apoptosis in vascular cells.Cyclic RGD-containing peptides are selective antagonists of integrins, proteins that play important roles in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In a suitably labelled form, these peptides may serve as useful tools for diagnostic imaging and peptide targeted therapy of some types of cancer.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-22) is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.</p>

<p>Amino acids 1-17 of human adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH, also known as corticotropin, is a tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and member of the melanocortins peptide family. ACTH is cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is often produced in response to biological stress. ACTH acts to increase the production and release of cortisol via its interaction with the ACTH receptor- ACTHR, also known as melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R). Receptor activation increases the intracellular concentration of cAMP via adenylyl cyclase.Abnormal ACTH levels in the body has been linked to primary adrenal insufficiency/Addison's disease, Cushing's disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency.</p>

<p>Portion of HCMV</p>

<p>Histone 4 (H4) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) which are fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. Due to the high lysine and arginine content, histones have a net positive charge and therefore electrostatically interact with negatively charged DNA. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Like other core histones, H4 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, the histone tail, which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.Gene transcriptional activation or inactivation is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA within to be either accessible to the transcription machinery or inaccessible. H4's lysine rich tail plays a role in the higher order chromatin folding.Modifications allow histones to contribute to gene regulation, chromosome condensation and DNA repair. In yeast, methylation of R3 of Histone 4 results in the recruitment of histone acetyl transferase to the chromatin and the acetylation of Histone 4 K5.</p>

<p>Post-transmembrane region (PTM) from the envelope protein (E) of the coronavirus- Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV). This protein region is involved in direct membrane binding, with the C-terminal hydrophobic residues of this peptide, thought to be most relevant for membrane binding. After replication, coronaviruses (CoVs) assemble on intracellular membranes, the coronavirus envelope protein (E) is involved in virus assembly and release. E proteins have been located in the endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and Golgi of infected cells but are not thought to traffic to the cell surface of infected cells. CoV E is a small hydrophobic protein which is conserved between coronaviruses. E consist of a short hydrophilic amino terminal region, a hydrophobic transmembrane region and a carboxy-terminal region. CoV E protein is an integral membrane protein.E has been considered a therapeutic target for SARS-CoV-2.</p>

<p>LL-13-37 is an active fragment of the LL-37 peptide which has been shown to have anti-fungal properties against Candida albicans.LL-37 is a member of the large cationic family of anti-microbial peptides called cathelicidins which have broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity and are expressed in many species. The only cathelicidin found in humans is LL-37- this is produced in epithelial cells, by proteolytic cleavage from the C-terminal of the hCAP-18 protein. LL-37 can be processed into different forms of anti-microbial peptides. As well as its anti-microbial properties LL-37 also has anti-cancer properties and regulates many aspects of the innate immune system- overexpression of LL-37 has been linked to autoimmune diseases such as asthma and psoriasis.</p>

<p>R9F2 is a specifically designed arginine-rich cell penetrating peptide (CPP) for delivery of antisense molecules (AMOs). Synthetic AMOs are used to interfere with translation and RNA synthesis however their delivery into leukocytes has been an issue. The creation of CPPs such as R9F2 has allowed a new more effective method of delivering AMOs for altering gene expression. The design of the arginine rich peptide with two phenylalanine to the C-terminus allowed better interaction with cell membrane and improved uptake of the cargo. R9F2 has been effectively tested on murine leukocytes to evaluate its efficacy at altering pre-mRNA splicing.R9F2 is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-R9F2 allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV BMLF1</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. The nucleoprotein has a critical role in virus assembly and RNA transcription. The nucleoprotein is essential in the formation of helical ribonucleoproteins and in regulating viral RNA synthesis. The nucleoprotein can also regulate infected host cellular mechanisms. It is highly expressed during infection and may induce protective immune responses against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.The nucleoprotein residues KEDLKFPRGQGVPIN (61-75) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Elabela/Toddler-32  (ELA-32) has been identified as a new endogenous ligand for the apelin G protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Apelin levels have been shown to be reduced in heart failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). ELA-32 delivery could be used to supplement the deficit of apelin. It can be cleaved to shorter forms Elabela/Toddler-21, and Elabela/Toddler-11. Apelin and ELA-32 share almost no sequence homology which is unusual for receptor ligands, it suggests a future for apelin receptor biased agonist design.Exogenous administration of ELA-32 to rats has been shown to compensate for the downregulation of apelin seen in PAH. Further research into the potential of this peptide as an endogenous agonist reducing the severity of PAH could provide vital therapeutics in the future for cardiovascular disease.</p>

<p>Duck liver-derived peptide 2 is a novel bioactive peptide with high antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity is attributed to forming hydrogen bonds between their amino acid residues and free radical molecules. Duck liver-derived peptide 2 increases the activities and mRNA expression levels of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) in HepG2 oxidative damage cell models. Duck liver-derived peptide 2 can reduce the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, thereby inhibiting intracellular oxidative damage. Duck liver-derived peptide 2 has the following activity: renin inhibitor, ACE inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, and antioxidant. This peptide may be used in the research for food-derived bioactive peptides for modified-food development.</p>

<p>Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones. While GIP is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, its main role is to stimulate insulin secretion - in a glucose-dependent mechanism. Therefore, GIP is referred to as a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide. In GIP (Pro 3) the glutamic acid at position 3 has been substituted for a proline.GIP is derived from a 153-amino acid proprotein encoded by the GIP gene and circulates as a biologically active 42-amino acid peptide. It is synthesised by K cells, which are found in the mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract. GIP receptors are seven-transmembrane proteins found on β-cells in the pancreas. These β-cells are those that are able to simultaneously detect glucose and release insulin as a result to GIP binding.The clinical relevance of GIP is related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)- studies have found that T2DM diabetics are unresponsive to GIP and have lower levels of GIP secretion after a meal when compared to non-diabetics. In research involving knockout mice, it was found that absence of the GIP receptors correlates with resistance to obesity.</p>

<p>Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones. While GIP is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, its main role is to stimulate insulin secretion - in a glucose-dependent mechanism. Therefore, GIP is referred to as a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide.GIP is derived from a 153-amino acid pro-protein encoded by the GIP gene and circulates as a biologically active 42-amino acid peptide. It is synthesised by K cells, which are found in the mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract. GIP receptors are seven-transmembrane proteins found on β-cells in the pancreas. These β-cells are those that are able to simultaneously detect glucose and release insulin as a result to GIP binding.The clinical relevance of GIP is related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)- studies have found that T2DM diabetics are unresponsive to GIP and have lower levels of GIP secretion after a meal when compared to non-diabetics. In research involving knockout mice, it was found that absence of the GIP receptors correlates with resistance to obesity.</p>

<p>N-terminal biotin adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH, also known as corticotropin, is a cleavage product from a larger precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). This 39 amino acid-peptide hormone is produced in the anterior pituitary gland upon stimulation by the corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus in response to stress. It stimulates the secretion of steroid hormone, specifically glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex by acting through a cell membrane receptor (ACTH-R). In mammals, the action of ACTH is limited to those areas of the adrenal cortex in which the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol (hydrocortisone) and corticosterone are formed. ACTH has little control over the secretion of aldosterone, the other major steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex.</p>

<p>SGS-acid is a tripeptide consisting of a serine residue followed by a glycine and another serine residue. SGS-acid was synthesised from the dipeptide glycyl-L-serine (GS-acid)- the dipeptide GS-acid is also available in our catalogue. SGS-acid has a net charge of 0, it can act as a Bronsted base by accepting a hydron from a donor thus giving it diverse biological and chemical uses.</p>

<p>Tumour progression locus 2 (TPL2) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP3 K) and is critical for the production of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in innate immune responses and a potential anti-inflammatory drug target. TPL-2 forms a complex with NF-KB1, p105 and ABIN-2.TPL-2tide is phosphorylated by TPL-2, making TPL-2tide a useful tool for use in kinases assays.</p>

<p>Avi tag is a short 15 amino acid peptide that is capable of biotin modification to the lysine residue without effecting the protein function. The avi tag with biotin is highly specific and stable which makes it an ideal choice for protein interaction studies via purification or detection. Avi tag is more effective than a His tag at protein purification, with these advantages the stabilised version with an N-terminal acetylation is a vital tool in many research fields including drug delivery and DNA-protein interactions.</p>

<p>Pantinin-2, like other pantinin peptides, has high activity against Gram-positive bacteria yet weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Pantinin-2 also displays activity against Candida tropicalis and has relatively mild haemolytic activity against human red blood cells.</p>

<p>Segment 7-38 of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH, also known as corticotropin, is a cleavage product from a larger precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). This 39 amino acid-peptide hormone is produced in the anterior pituitary gland upon stimulation by the corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus in response to stress. It stimulates the secretion of steroid hormone, specifically glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex by acting through a cell membrane receptor (ACTH-R). In mammals, the action of ACTH is limited to those areas of the adrenal cortex in which the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol (hydrocortisone) and corticosterone are formed. ACTH has little control over the secretion of aldosterone, the other major steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex.</p>

<p>Biotin-PEG2-Claudin-9 is derived from the tight junction protein Claudin-9 which is encoded by the CLDN6 gene and can be found within epithelial cell to cell contacts. Structurally, the Claudin family, of which Claudin-9 is a member, are transmembrane proteins containing two extracellular loops and are involved in maintaining cell polarity and controlling paracellular ion flux.Reduction in the number of Claudins has been associated with tumour formation. This may be due to Claudin role in maintaining cell detachment and migration.Claudin-9 has been shown to be overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and has the ability to increase the metastasis of hepatocytes. It further influences the activation of the Stat3 signalling pathway through tyrosine kinase 2. Overall CLDN9 demonstrates itself to be a HCC proto-oncogene.This peptide has a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification and contains a polyethylene glycol spacer (PEG2).</p>

<p>Fluorogenic substrate peptide to assay trypsin-like activity. In its intact state this peptide is non-fluorescent, however when aminomethylcoumarin (AMC) is released upon hydrolysation, fluorescence can be detected. This peptide is therefore a useful tool for analysing trypsin-like enzyme activity.AMC is a fluorescent dye with excitation maxima at around 360 nm and emission maxima at around 450 nm. AMC can be excited with a mercury lamp and observed using a UV filter set.</p>

<p>Recombinant human interferon-β (IFNB) is a therapeutic for certain stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, a significant portion of patients develop neutralising antibodies within 2 years and prevent clinical efficacy of the treatment, this was correlated to a specific rise in IgG. Sequencing of IFNB1 revealed a CD4+ T cell epitope residues (118-132) that contains critical T cell activation residues. The identification of this sequences can now allow it to be manipulated to hopefully provide new interferon treatments that reduces the capacity for induction of neutralising antibodies in MS patients. The IFNB1 (118-132) epitope can be used for immunological investigations such as T cell activation, antibody recognition via immunoassays and immunohistochemistry. This may provide further insights into certain haplotypes correlating to IFNB responses in MS treatment.</p>

<p>Tetanus Toxin P2 (830 - 844) is a protein that is derived from the single-chain polypeptide neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. The neurotoxins produced by Clostridium tetani are among the most potent molecules known to humankind. Once in the body, the toxin binds to the basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction. From here, the toxin is transported to inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord, where it prevents the release of neurotransmitters, which causes spastic paralysis.The P2 protein has antigenic properties that are reflective of the neurotoxin released by Clostridium tetani. Therefore, P2 is a suitable epitopes for CD4+ T cells and can be used to stimulate the release of IFNg, which is a cytokine that promotes macrophage activity and coordinates lymphocyte endothelium interactions.</p>

<p>[5-FAM]-TAT (47-57) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Specifically TAT (47-57) is located within the arginine-rich basic domain 48-60 of the TAT peptide which as a whole has three domains which function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively. Additionally TAT (47-57) can be used to deliver proteins, fluorophores, chelators and DNA to target cells.It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Type I diabetes is an autoimmune condition caused by the destruction of insulin-producing β cells. The initiation mechanism is unclear but involves activating autoreactive T cells against the β-cell-specific antigen, insulin.RIP-B7.1 mice express CD80 on pancreatic β cells and are a model for studying de novo induction of diabetogenic CD8 T cells. Immunization of RIP-B7.1 mice with preproinsulin (ppins)-encoding plasmid DNA induces experimental autoimmune diabetes (EAD). EAD is associated with significant induction of CD8 T cells specific for the (A12-21) restricted epitope leading to the destruction of β cells.The Insulin A Chain (A12-21) epitope is recognised by pancreas-infiltrating CD8 T cells isolated from immunized, diabetic RIP-B7.1 mice as shown by flow cytometry. The Insulin A Chain (A12-21) epitope can also be used to stimulate inducible IFN- expression of ppins-primed CD8 T cells ex vivo as determined by flow cytometry. GFP fusion has shown the expression of insulin A chain (A12-21) epitope in HeLa cells.</p>

<p>Locustatachykinin I(LTK1 or Lom-TK-I) is a potent, rapid and persistent secretion stimulator in locust Malphigian tubules which controls primary urine production, tubule writhing and local sphincter functions.- LTK1 shares sequence homology with mammalian tachykinins such as substance P.- Two putative tachykinin receptors, Drosophila tachykinin-receptor (DTKR) and neurokinin receptor from Drosophila (NK0) have been identified.</p>

<p>Ganglioside GM1-binding peptides p3.</p>

<p>This peptide constitutes the acetylated N-terminal region of murine myelin basic protein (MBP) and displays high affinity for major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). This high MHC affinity is due to substitution of the native lysine at position 4 for a tyrosine. Substitution increases the MHC binding affinity of the peptide by around 1 million fold, therefore creating a superagonist ligand. MBP is an integral component of myelin found in the central nervous system (CNS) vital for the development and stability of the myelin sheath where it plays a role in membrane adhesion. MBP may be targeted by auto-antibodies in diseases such as multiple sclerosis. The low affinity of the native lysine containing MBP 1-9 peptide for MCH class II may result in MBP auto-reactive T cells escaping central-tolerance where self reactive T cells are usually eliminated. MBPs constitute an extraordinarily varied collection of splice isoforms which show a myriad of post-translational modifications.</p>

<p>YSA binds to the extracellular domain of ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) with high affinity and selectivity. YSA binding activates EphA2 and its tumour suppressing downstream signalling pathways (including inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and ERK pathways), and promotes receptor internalisation.EphA2 is highly expressed in many types of solid tumour, and the level of EphA2 expression is positively correlated with malignancy and poor prognosis in some cancer types.YSA has been shown to be an effective targeting peptide of chemotherapeutic drugs to EphA2 expressing tumours. YSA-drug conjugates are able to selectively target EphA2 expressing tumours, both activating tumour supressing downstream signalling pathways, and becoming effectively internalised by cancer cells to further increase the potency of the chemotherapeutic drug. YSA-drug conjugates have been shown to be dramatically more effective at inhibiting tumour growth than chemotherapy alone. Selective tumour targeting with YSA could also reduce the systemic toxicity caused by nonselective and highly toxic chemotherapy agents, and thus reduce adverse side effects of chemotherapy.</p>

<p>Portion of Influenza NP</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the ubiquitin-activating enzyme 3 (UBA3), the catalytic subunit of the NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE).</p>

<p>Angiotensin II (Ang-II) is a key signalling peptide of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) which is involved in regulating blood pressure, cardiovascular function and energy balance. RAS activity is elevated in obesity and is widely studied in relation to lifestyle-related diseases.Ang-II is produced from angiotensinogen (AGT) via the intermediate angiotensin I (Ang-I). AGT is cleaved by the aspartyl-protease, renin, to produce Ang-I, which is then cleaved by the dicarboxyl-peptidase angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACE removes a histidine and a leucine from the C-terminus of Ang-I to form Ang-II.Ang-II exerts its affect by binding to the G-protein-coupled receptors- Ang II type 1 (AT1) and Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptors. Ang-II plays central roles in glucose metabolism and blood pressure. Increased levels of Ang-II have also been associated with Alzheimer's disease, and certain cancers including oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), brain cancers and breast cancers. The effects of Ang-II appear to be supressed by another branch of the RAS- the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway.</p>