Peptides

<p>The [FITC]-Ahx-(KKEEE)3K carrier peptide contains the fluorescent label fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), where the isothiocyanate can generate a stable thiourea linkage through reacting with the amine group present on protein molecules. The Ahx group (1,6-aminohexanoic acid) is used as a spacer to N-terminally link the FITC to the (KKEEE)3K carrier peptide. The (KKEEE)3K peptide sequence has shown significant specific renal targeting, thus giving it kidney-specific drug carrier properties. In particular its ability to target drugs to the proximal tubule cells of the kidney suggests potential to aid in the treatment of renal diseases.</p>

<p>Truncated version of SBP1, the fragment of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) peptidase domain (PD) α1 helix important for the interaction of ACE2 with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS coronavirus receptor binding domain (SARS-CoV-2-RBD). Unlike SBP1, SBP2 does not associate with the spike RBD protein.This peptide has a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification and contains a polyethylene glycol spacer (PEG4).</p>

<p>Alpha-synuclein (1-13) is derived from the alpha-synuclein intrinsically disordered protein which is found in neurons and presynaptic terminals. Encoded by the SNCA1/PARK1 gene alpha-synclein is structurally composed of 140 amino acids, making up the three domains: N-terminal membrane binding domain, a hydrophobic non-amyloid-β component domain and a hydrophilic C-terminal domain. Usually alpha-synuclein plays a role in protecting neurons from apoptotic stimuli and is involved in synaptic vesical trafficking.Accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates can lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. It is further involved in the fibrilisation of amyloid β and tau which play a major role in Alzheimer disease. Amyloid fibrils are formed from alpha synuclein monomers within the cytosol and when bound to membranes these monomers can undergo conformational changes to form protofibrils and then ring like oligomers. This can result in the formation of transmembrane pores which disrupts the membrane, calcium homeostasis and signalling.In familial Parkinson disease the SNCA1 gene, can be subjected to point mutations such as A30P, E46K and A53T, or over expression. These can result in the increased aggregation of alpha-synuclein.</p>

<p>1D,6L-Lanthionine vasopressin</p>

<p>SCO-spondin is a large multi-domain glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix, widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS). SCO-spondin is expressed and secreted in early development by the subcommissural organ (SCO), an ependymal differentiation of the brain. SCO-spondin is part of the Reissner's fiber (RF), a thread-like structure in the spinal cord and is involved in axonal pathfinding, development of brain commissural fibres and spinal cord regeneration in vertebrates. SCO-spondin also interferes with several developmental processes including: neuronal development- axonal pathfinding- neuronal survival- neurite extension- neuronal aggregation, and fasciculation.SCO-spondin has several conserved domains, including 26 thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSR), nine low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) type A domains, two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, and N- and C-terminal von Willebrand factor (vWF) cysteine-rich domains. The TSR motifs are highly important in many of SCO-spondins neuronal responses.NX210 corresponds to part of the SCO-spondin TSR sequence, it can increase adhesivity and neuritic outgrowth and is involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. NX210 can increase cell survival and induce neurite outgrowth.</p>

<p>This is a truncated exendin-4 peptide, the original peptide was identified in Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exendin-4 is an incretin mimetic, an analog of glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1), it stimulates insulin secretion and modulates gastric emptying to slow the entry of ingested sugars into the bloodstream. Exendin-4 is resistant to cleavage by plasma DPP-IV unlike GLP-1. This gives it a longer half-life and duration of action than GLP-1, as well as greater potency in vivo. Exendin-4 increases insulin sensitivity and improves glucose tolerance and is currently used for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in its synthetic form Exenatide.Exendin-4 also promotes the production and proliferation of β-cells leading to regeneration of the pancreas. It is a ligand to the exendin receptor and increases pancreatic acinar cell cAMP levels. However, the GLP-1 analog was found to have a toxic effect by inducing hypotension due to relaxation of the cardiac smooth muscle.</p>

<p>Sakamototide is phosphorylated by members of the 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family of kinases as is therefore ideal for use in kinase assays to test the activity of AMPK family members. The AMPK family includes- salt inducible kinases (SIKs), NUAK's, sucrose non-fermenting (Snf1)-related kinase (SNRK), microtubule affinity regulating kinases (MARKs) and brain specific kinase/BR serine/threonine kinase (BRSK). The kinase activity of AMPK and AMPK-related kinases, is dependent on its phosphorylation at Thr175 by the upstream kinase LKB1 (also known as STK11).</p>

<p>Fibrinogen is a large plasma glycoprotein with a complex structure, and one of the most abundant proteins in blood. Fibrinogen is important in fibrin clot formation, haemostasis, and inflammatory responses. Increased plasma fibrinogen indicates a proinflammatory state and is a risk factor for vascular inflammatory diseases including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Fibrinogen cleavage products act as inflammatory activators in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma.The conversion of monomeric fibrinogen into polymeric fibrin is mediated by thrombin, which binds to fibrinogen and catalyses cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB). Fibrinopeptide B is protected from modifications such as carbamylation by pyroglutamination of the N-terminal amino acid.</p>

<p>Spexin is a neuropeptide that is conserved amongst humans and rodents. Spexin activates galanin2/3 receptors, inducing a different active conformation of GalR2 to galanin. The broad distribution of spexin suggests multiple physiological roles including as a regulating factor in obesity and energy metabolism. Spexin is ubiquitously expressed in human tissue, however, a correlation has been found with obesity and age. Obese patients had significantly lower levels of circulating spexin than those with a healthy weight range. The significance of this suggests spexin regulates appetite, feeding behaviour, and energy expenditure. Spexin also specifically inhibits the uptake of long-chain fatty acids by adipocytes.Spexin is a central modulator of cardiovascular and renal function and can elicit central nervous system behavioural responses. As spexin levels decrease with age there is research to understand if it plays a role in age-related pathophysiology of cardiometabolic conditions. Spexin is also being considered an early biomarker for cardiovascular disease due to the magnitude with which it decreases as the pathophysiology progresses.</p>

<p>Thrombin is the main effector of the coagulation cascade- it is a serine protease. Thrombin binds to active protease activated receptor (PAR) which belongs to a subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). Thrombin activation of mouse PAR-4 reveals an amino terminus sequence of GYPGKF. This is the natural ligand for PAR-4. GYPGKF binds internally to the receptor and leads to signalling activation. Identification of GYPGKF as a PAR-4 agonist has allowed better understand of the function of PAR. Addition of GYPGKF to PAR-4 expressing cell lines achieved 55% of the maximal response of thrombin. GYPGKF can provide understanding of PAR-4 and a template for more potent agonists.</p>

<p>Histone 4 (H4) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) which are essential for compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. Due to the high lysine and arginine content, histones have a net positive charge and therefore electrostatically interact with negatively charged DNA. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Like other core histones, H4 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, the histone tail, which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.Gene transcriptional activation or inactivation is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA within to be either accessible to the transcription machinery or inaccessible. H4 lysine rich tail plays a role in the higher order chromatin folding.Acetyl-Histone H4 (1-21)-has an uncharged C-terminal amide and is protected from N-terminal modifications by a covalently bonded acetyl group.</p>

<p>Setd8 is a member of the SET domain containing family of proteins and is the sole methyltransferase that catalyses monomethylation of lysine 20 on histone H4 (H4K20me1). This histone modification is involved in regulating DNA replication, chromosome condensation and gene expression.Setd8 is widely expressed and in addition to modifying histone H4, it can modify non-histone proteins, including p53. Setd8 has been shown to play a role in maintaining skin differentiation and is dysregulated in multiple cancer types.</p>

<p>Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD. Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>SMAC/DIABLO [Lys(5-FAM)] is a pro-apoptotic peptide that is derived from the mitochondrial protein known either as Second Mitochondria-Derived Activator of Caspases (Smac) or Direct IAP Binding Protein with low isoelectric point, pI (DIABLO). During apoptosis the mitochondria has increased permeability to Smac/DIABLO, which causes the protein to diffuse into the cytosol. Here, Smac/DIABLO adheres to Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and prevents them from binding to caspases, which in turn accentuates apoptosis.This peptide has a C-terminal lysine linker labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used, green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>A Chemerin-9 peptide derived from chemerin, a protein that is involved in a variety of functions such as autocrine, angiogenic, reproductive and chemotactic processes. Chemerin-9 binds to the chemerin receptor 23 (G-protein coupled receptor) and causes the receptors internalisation.</p>

<p>HLA-A*02 is a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele which is part of the HLA-A group of human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) leukocyte antigens (HLA). HLA-A is a human MHC class I cell surface receptor and is involved in presenting short polypeptides to the immune system. These polypeptides are typically 7-11 amino acids in length and originate from proteins being expressed by the cell. Cytotoxic T cells in the blood "read" the peptide presented by the complex and should only bind to non-self peptides. If binding occurs, a series of events is initiated culminating in cell death via apoptosis. This peptide corresponds to the Hepatitis B variant (HBV) core sequence which is presented on the MHC class I antigen HLA-A*02.</p>

<p>Urumin is a veridical host defence peptide against influenza A virus.The peptide specifically targets the evolutionarily conserved H1 hemagglutinin stalk region of H1-containing influenza A viruses.Urumin has been used against drug-resistant influenza A viruses that are resistant against oseltamivir, zanamivir and peramivir. While its mechanism of action is not fully understood, urumin seems to inhibit viral growth by physically destroying influenza A virions, and is able to protect naive mice from doses of influenza A infection as high as 2 times the LD50. Because of its specific targeting of the hemagglutinin stalk region of the influenza A virus, the mechanism of action of urumin is similar to that of antibodies induced in the body by universal influenza vaccines.</p>

<p>Albumin is a family of globular, water soluble, un-glycosylated proteins commonly found in blood plasma. Albumins generally act as transport proteins that bind to various ligands to transport them around.The most common member of this family is serum albumin. Serum albumin is produced by the liver and is the most abundant plasma protein, it provides oncotic pressure, transports bilirubin, steroids, fatty acids, thyroid hormones and other hormones, and serves as an extracellular antioxidant agent.Too much or too little circulating serum albumin may be harmful. Perturbations in serum albumin concentration is associated with both type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Increase in serum albumin concentration might protect against early glycemic deterioration and progression to type 2 diabetes even in subjects without MetS. Albumin in the urine usually denotes the presence of kidney disease.</p>

<p>The HIV gag gene encodes p17 and p24. P17 Gag is a matrix protein that is vital to HIV life cycle, it targets viral RNA to the nucleus and Gag polyproteins to the cell membrane- p17 Gag accumulates in the extracellular space of tissue while interacting with receptors on various cell types to deregulate cell function.During HIV infection the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is key to attenuating viral replication. CTL recognition epitope of p17 Gag is identified as residues 77-85 to activate the immune response. HIV p17 Gag CTL epitope has been used in IgG titres and has been suggested as a suitable prognostic tool for onset of AIDS. A high affinity of IgG for p17 Gag was correlated to patients remaining in an asymptomatic state. p17 Gag epitope has been shown to induce a strong CTL response in the majority of chronically infected HIV patients. This makes the p17 Gag epitope a target for molecular therapy for HIV treatment and potentially a vaccine development.</p>

<p>Histone 4 (H4) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) which are fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. Due to the high lysine and arginine content, histones have a net positive charge and therefore electrostatically interact with negatively charged DNA. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Like other core histones, H4 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, the histone tail, which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.Gene transcriptional activation or inactivation is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA within to be either accessible to the transcription machinery or inaccessible. H4's lysine rich tail plays a role in the higher order chromatin folding.</p>

<p>Ara h 2 is one of the major allergenic proteins from peanut (Arachis hypogaea) which contains approximately 13 potential allergenic proteins.Ara h 2 is a member of the 2S albumins (conglutinins) belonging to the prolamin superfamily which also includes Ara h 6. 2S albumins contain major food allergens from seeds of many mono- and dicotyledon plants and share a common compact structure that renders the proteins highly resistant to proteolysis.In mouse models Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 are the main cause of effector responses such as mast cell degranulation and anaphylaxis. Ara h 2 has a high predictive value for diagnosis of clinical peanut allergy and is also more potent than Ara h 1 or Ara h 3 in histamine release assays and skin prick tests.This peptide represents a tryptic peptide of Ara h 2.</p>

<p>ANP (13-26) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in the cardiovascular remodelling process.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in proANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.</p>

<p>KR-12-a5 (6-DL).</p>

<p>Kemptide is a synthetic substrate of the PKA catalytically active subunit (PKAc), and can bind along with ATP to PKAc. It contains 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Sal-like4 (SALL4) derived peptide able to antagonise the SALL4-NuRD complex in hepatocellular carcinoma, turning SALL4 from a dual transcription repressor-activator to a singular transcription activator. Displays antitumour effects in xenograft mouse models.</p>

<p>TAT-TRPV1 (736-745) is a cell-permeable TRPV1 fragment (capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1), that can inhibit the interaction of TRPV1 and A-kinase anchoring protein 79 (AKAP79). TAT- TRPV1 (736-745) consists of amino acids 736-749 from the TRPV1 C-terminal domain, combined with amino acids 47-57 of TAT to promote uptake across neuronal cell membranes. TAT-TRPV1 (736-745) inhibits both the first and the second phase of pain behaviour in the formalin test, implying an effect on both acute and inflammatory pain.A-kinase anchoring protein 79 (AKAP79) is a protein that targets kinases to TRPV1. Inflammation causes hyperalgesia but can be reduced when TRPV1 is blocked. a key region on AKAP79, amino acids 326-336, is responsible for its interaction with TRPV1. TAT-TRPV1 (736-745) promotes uptake across the cell membrane and TRPV1 (736-745)  inhibited inflammatory hyperalgesia in mice. TAT-TRPV1 (736-745) did not affect pain thresholds in the absence of inflammation. These results suggest that antagonizing the TRPV1-AKAP79 interaction will be a useful strategy for inhibiting inflammatory hyperalgesia and TAT is an effective delivery system.</p>

<p>N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ligand-gated ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate excitatory synaptic transmission and play important roles in many aspects of nervous system function including: synaptic plasticity- learning and memory- neuronal development and circuit formation. NMDARs have been implicated in various neuronal disorders. NMDARs are heteromers consisting of an obligate NR1 subunit and most commonly one or two kinds of NR2 subunits or occasionally NR3 subunits. NR2B is the predominant subunit found in the postnatal brain, however over time the number of NRA2 subunits increase and eventually outnumber NR2B subunits in a process known as the NR2B-NR2A developmental switch. The greater ratios of the NR2B subunit in post-natal brains leads to NMDA receptors which remain open longer compared to those with more NR2A subunits, this may be related to the greater memory abilities in the immediate postnatal period compared to late in life. NR2B improves synaptic plasticity and memory when over-expressed in neurones. The involvement of NMDAR in the central nervous system (CNS) has become a focus area for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and ischemic neuronal cell death.The TAT peptide is present due to its properties as a cell penetrating cationic peptide (CPP). It derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As a CPP, TAT is able facilitate the delivery of NR2B (C-ter) across the plasma membrane.</p>

<p>The hormone Calcitonin, reduces the amount of serum calcium during hypercalcemia and is released from the C-cells of the thyroid gland. Within its structure it contains a disulphide bridge between cysteine 1 and 7 and a proline at its carboxy terminal.Calcitonin is used therapeutically in the treatment of hypercalcemia diseases such as Paget disease, Sudeck atrophy, bone metastases and vitamin-D intoxication.The level of calcitonin in the plasma can also be used as a marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma, while procalcitonin is used to diagnose sepsis.</p>

<p>ANP (human) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in cardiovascular remodelling.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in pro-ANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.At the N-terminus Azhx, 6-azidohexanoic acid, is present.</p>

<p>protein transduction domain PTD-5 is a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). PTD-5 is well characterised for its ability to carry conjugates into the cell with high efficiency and induce low toxicity. Several papers have demonstrated the efficacy of PTD-5 as a CPP- PTD-5 was also conjugated to KLA to produce a pro-apoptotic peptide named DP1 which is selective for mitochondrial and bacterial membranes.PTD-5 is labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide). Azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular Click reaction. Alkyne-PTD-5 allows various applications, particularly for protein conjugation, modification, and drug delivery.</p>

<p>Polybia-MPI is a short cationic alpha-helical amphiphilic anti-microbial peptide which was first isolated from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista. Polybia-MPI displays potent anti-bacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is able to disrupt biofilms. Polybia-MPI also has anti-fungal activity against C. albicans and C. galbrata and selective toxicity toward cancer cells. Polybia-MPI has low toxicity to normal fibroblasts and human red blood cells, showing no haemolytic activity.</p>

<p>εV1-2 is a selective inhibitor of ε protein kinase C.ε protein kinase C is an isoymes of the protein kinase C family, which is a family involved in controlling the function of other proteins via phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues.In vitro studies have shown εV1-2 to exhibit inhibitory properties on endothelial cell proliferation.</p>

<p>Thrombin is the main effector of the coagulation cascade- it is a serine protease. Thrombin binds to active protease activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) which belongs to a subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). However, thrombin generated during cardiopulmonary bypass can activate PAR-1 leading to platelet dysfunction and unwanted bleeding. FLLRN is found to be a potent PAR-1 antagonist. Use of FLLRN and variants has aided the study of platelet aggregation dynamics. Further study may provide a suitable clinical application.</p>

<p>Jelleines are a family of very small (8-9 amino acid residues long) host defence peptides (HDPs) isolated from the royal jelly of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Jelleines do not present any similarity with other HDPs from other honeybees and are produced by the workers and secreted into Royal Jelly and provide abroad-spectrum protection of the bee hive against microbial infections. The Jelleines are not considered cytolytic or directly involved with inflammatory effects.PLEASE NOTE that in several published articles the sequence of Jelleine-3 has been printed as TPFKISLH -NH2, due to a mistake in the original reference: Fontana et al., (2004). The correct sequence, is TPFKISIH -NH2.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV RTA</p>

<p>GGG-C(AF647) C-Terminal Sortagging</p>

<p>FRET peptide substrate for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main protease (SARS-CoV Mpro). The substrate sequence is derived from residues P4-P5' of the SARS-CoV Mpro N-terminal autoprocessing site which has the sequence AVLQSGFRK. SARS-CoV Mpro is a key antiviral target.This peptide contains an N-terminal 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag and the Dabcyl fluorescence quencher. When the peptide is intact, fluorescence is undetectable due to the proximity of the Dabcyl quencher to the 5-FAM fluorophore. However upon cleavage of the peptide by SARS-CoV Mpro, the 5-FAM group and the Dabcyl quencher are separated and fluorescence can be detected. This therefore represents a useful tool for investigating SARS-CoV Mpro activity.</p>

<p>Antagonist peptide of VEGF-A and VEGF-B reproducing two binding regions of VEGF-B (loop 1 and loop3) linked together by a receptor binding region of VEGF-A (loop3). Binds to both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 and inhibits VEGF-A driven proliferation, migration and tube formation in HUVECs. It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3), which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Like the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing many lysine and arginine residues, they have a positive net charge which interacts electrostatically with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone-modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Histone tails can undergo multiple modifications, including acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation.  The modification pattern is believed to alter chromatin function/structure.  Lysine 4 of histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 has been tri-methylated, lysine 9 has been acetylated, and serine 10 has been phosphorylated and labelled with Biotin. This peptide can be used to study the function of this pattern on chromatin availability and histone effectors via crystallisation, pull-down assays and protein blots.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues VFAQVKQIYKTPPIK (781-795) from C have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Lasioglossin-III (Lasio-III) is a naturally-occurring salt-resistant anti-microbial peptide (AMP) found in-Lasioglossum laticeps-(broad-faced furrow bee). Lasioglossin-III has broad spectrum anti-microbial activity and anti-biofilm properties against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria, including strong anti-microbial activity against-E. coli,-S. aureus, and-P aeruginosa-under physiological salt concentration, with low toxicity.AMPs form an important part of the innate immune system in plants, animals and insects-and are reported to be effective even against several antibiotic resistant strains due to differing modes of pathogen killing from those of conventional antibiotics. Lasio-III has a membranolytic mode of action. It can bind both the outer and inner membranes of bacteria. Lasio-III possesses a fast killing ability toward both Gram positive and negative bacteria compared to many other active AMPs.</p>

<p>The RGD motif has been found in wide range of eukaryotic proteins allowing cell adhesion to the ECM. The tripeptide RGD is the primary domain to bind integrin found in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including fibronectin, fibrinogen and osteopontin. It has been shown to effectively adhere various cell types to a wide range of biomaterials. This is a key research tool in the flourishing area of tissue engineering and wound healing using synthetic peptides that are either inert or can be potentially beneficial. RGD is a suitable ligand for targeting nanomolecules and cancer drugs to specific tissues due to its biocompatibility and safety.This RGD peptide is supplied with an Aurora Fluor 647 fluorophore attached and produced to research grade quality. Aurora Fluor 647 excitation suited to 594nm and emission peaked at 671nm. The Molecular Probes Alexa Fluor dyes provide a number of benefits including: more intense fluorescence than other spectrally similar conjugates better photostability, allowing more time for image capture availability of conjugates in an array of distinct fluorescent colours from blue to infrared- and pH insensitivity that enables the dyes to remain highly fluorescent over a broad pH range and high water solubility.</p>

<p>Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved and stress inducible. Hsp70 has been found in tumour cell lines to be highly expressed with a higher plasma membrane localisation. This is correlated to the cell sensitivity to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis. Investigation identified that Hsp70 N-terminal extended peptide TKD (450-463) was critical for this to occur. TKD (450-463) with low dose interleukin (IL-2) has the same capacity to induce NK cell proliferation and activity as the full-length protein Hsp70. Excess of Hsp70 and TKD (450-463) both inhibit cytolytic activity by NK cells. Other related sequences tested did not lead to NK cell-mediated lysis. Further study with the TKD (450-463) epitope could elucidate how NK cells are activated by Hsp70s as the mechanism remains unclear.</p>

<p>Aβ has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then &amp;γ--secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>Numerous studies have found BMAP-28 to have AMP activity against various bacteria, fungi, and some parasites such as Leishmania. Of note, studies show it inhibits multi-drug resistant (pan-resistant) species of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including Acinetobacter baumanniim, Pasteurella multocida, and MRSA. With the rise in antibiotic-resistant species, BMAP-28 is a useful discovery for creating new more potent analogues.In mammalian studies BMAP-28 induces cancer cell death and prevents growth, via inducing mitochondrial pore opening and depolarisation leading to cell apoptosis making it a target for future cancer treatment.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (551-565) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Herceptide</p>

<p>Substrate for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main protease (SARS-CoV Mpro). The substrate sequence is derived from residues P4-P5' of the SARS-CoV Mpro N-terminal autoprocessing site and was identified by a docking study. This substrate binds to and acts as a competitive inhibitor of SARS-CoV Mpro, (3CLpro).Experiments show that the octapeptide AVLQSGFR is bound to SARS-CoV Mpro through six hydrogen bonds. It is an effective inhibitor of SARS coronavirus with an EC50 of 2.7 x 10-2 mg/L and is able to block replication of the virus. The octapeptide also shows no detectable toxicity in the host cells.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (226-240) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Glucagon like-peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a gut hormone produced in the enteroendocrine L cells of gastrointestinal tract by the cleavage of the 160-amino-acid proglucagon molecule. GLP-2 is secreted following the ingestion of food and carries out its activities via the GLP-2 G-protein coupled receptors (GLP-2Rs). GLP-2 has a range of roles within the cell, including: anti-inflammatory effects promoting the expansion of the intestinal mucosa, stimulating intestinal blood flow, inhibiting gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying, increasing intestinal barrier function and enhancing nutrient and fluid absorption.</p>