Peptides

<p>123B9.</p>

<p>Cathelicidin-related anti-microbial peptide (CRAMP), is the mouse homologue of the human LL-37 antimicrobial peptide and shares 67% sequence identity with LL-37.CRAMP-18 is the anti-bacterial sequence derived from CRAMP, it possesses potent anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains with no haemolytic activity. As well as displaying direct anti-microbial activity, CRAMP-18 also binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neutralise LPS activity.CRAMP is a cationic peptide, encoded for by the Camp gene and is highly expressed in bone marrow. Its expression is up-regulated by infectious and inflammatory signals and it is secreted by cells such as neutrophils, epithelial cells, and macrophages.</p>

<p>PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors are a group of checkpoint inhibitors being developed for the treatment of cancer.PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are critical in regulating T cell activation, tolerance and immunopathology. PD-1 is an immune checkpoint and guards against autoimmunity through two mechanisms. First, it promotes apoptosis of antigen-specific T-cells in lymph nodes. Second, it reduces apoptosis in regulatory T cells. Several types of cancer cells overexpress PD-L1 in order to escape from the PD-1/PD-L1 immunosurveillance mechanism. In this way, Human PD - L1 inhibitor V could be used in the treatment of cancers that overexpress PD-L1.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the variable region on the heavy chain of immunoglobulin (Ig) which is part of the fragment antigen binding (Fab) fragment of antibodies. Ig or antibodies are made up of two heavy and two light chains both of which have a constant region and a variable region. The variable region, the antigen binding site, is composed of three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from the variable heavy chain and three CDRs from the variable light chains. The amino acid sequences of the variable region differ between each antibody allowing Ig to bind to specific antigens.The variable regions are encoded by a variety of V, D and J gene segments. During somatic recombination different combinations from the V, D and J varieties can be joined together. Consequently this gives rise to a diverse variable region.The Ig heavy chain can be classed as being either: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD or IgE each of which change the function of the antibody.</p>

<p>Albumin (318-328) Bovine is derived from the globular protein Albumin and is found in the blood plasma of humans (known as Human Serum Albumin, HSA) where it serves to maintain plasma pressure and nutritional balance. Another role it carries out is the transportation of bound molecules through the blood. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), composed of 583 amino acids, is very similar to HSA thus allowing BSA to be used as a successful model and a standard protein in laboratory experiments.Although BSA and HAS share homology in their three domains, I, II and III, BSA contains 2 tryptophan whereas HAS only contains 1 tryptophan residue.In agriculture the presence of the albumin protein has been used to assess the health of cows to ensure that a suitable quality of milk and meat are produced. Moreover it is important to detect bovine albumin in food and pharmaceutical products due to it being an allergenic protein.</p>

<p>T regulatory cell epitopes (Tregitopes) are a set of natural T cell epitopes derived from immunoglobulin G. These peptides are Treg-activating and show some promise in prophylactic and therapeutic studies in type 1 diabetes mellitus: which is associated with effector T cell (Teff) destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-islet cells. In non-diabetics, self-reactive T cells are deleted during thymic development, rendered anergic, or converted into natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) that suppress autoimmune responses.Tregitopes are processed and presented by MHC class II molecules. They can suppress effector T cell responses, and up-regulate Treg-associated cytokines and chemokines. Tregitopes help stimulate 'antigen-specific adaptive tolerance induction' (ASATI) to modulate antigen-specific transplant rejection and to reduce immune responses to allergens in vitro and in vivo. Tregitope 289 is also available in our catalogue.</p>

<p>ANP (1-23) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in cardiovascular remodelling.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in pro-ANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.</p>

<p>G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56/ ADGRG1) is a novel and evolutionarily conserved regulator of peripheral nerve development and function, with important implications for human health and disease.During Schwann cell (SC) development, GPR56-dependent RhoA signalling promotes timely radial sorting of axons. In the mature peripheral nervous system (PNS), GPR56 is localised to distinct SC cytoplasmic domains. Here it is required to establish proper myelin thickness, and facilitate organisation of the myelin sheath.</p>

<p>Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been used as a model in rhesus monkeys to understand human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral life cycle and lead towards drug development. HIV specific CD8+ T-cell (cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)) responses are important in the control of viral replication. Inducing a sustained HIV-1 specific CD8+ T-cell response is the target for vaccine development by using conserved HIV-1 epitopes. The HIV gag gene encodes p17 and p24. Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core of the virus that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex. SIV encode a homologous Gag peptide, this allows use of rhesus monkey models to better understand the immune response to SIV/HIV.A CTL recognition epitope of SIV p24 Gag, residues TPYDINQML, activates the immune response. SIV Gag peptides have been used as effective epitopes in immunological assays to assess CTL response. Stimulation of rhesus monkey cells with TPYDINQML epitope triggers CD8+ T lymphocytes to produce soluble factors (β-chemokines) that inhibit SIV replication. Further work may lead towards a HIV vaccine using the Gag epitopes.</p>

<p>Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane glycoprotein found in all prostate tissue- androgen levels negatively regulate its expression. PSMA expression correlates with cancer aggressiveness and represents an independent indicator of poor disease outcomes. PSMA is being explored as a clinical biomarker to allow differentiation of aggressive prostate cancers from other cases using imaging and RT-PCR.The epitope PSMA (35-40) is from the splice isoform PSMA-1. There has been progress in generating PSMA targeting radioligands as a therapy for various cancers. θ and β radiation probes such as 177Lu-PSMA-617 have been developed and shown in trials to be clinically effective treatments against metastatic prostate cancer. Other studies have tested the PSMA targeting radioligands efficacy against triple-negative breast cancer cells. Further work with the PSMA (35-40) epitope could help progress the outlook for these aggressive cancers.</p>

<p>Galanin is a widely distributed neuropeptide in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral regions and endocrine system. Galanin has a role in energy homeostasis. Central injections of galanin to the amygdala led to food intake in rats. Galanin also acts in the CNS to inhibit neurotransmitter release, such as acetylcholine. Galanin has been implicated in numerous neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy.Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 which are G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of potassium ions.The galanin active N-terminal fragment (1-16) has been identified as a highly potent agonist for the galanin receptors.  This has become a basis for galanin-based peptides, which are neuroactive. These are being investigated as a potential source for anticonvulsant neuropeptides as a therapeutic for conditions such as epilepsy. A library of galanin fragments has allowed screening of their properties to be assessed. Galanin fragments have different affinities for GalR receptors. Galanin (1-13) has been shown to act as a high-affinity receptor antagonist in competitive receptor displacement tests using rats. Numerous chimeric peptides have been generated with galanin (1-13) to generate peptides for studying galinergic signalling. Examples of chimeric peptide tools used with galanin (1-13) are the neuropeptide Y fragment (named M32) and a bradykinin fragment (called M35).</p>

<p>HLA-A*02 is a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele which is part of the HLA-A group of human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) leukocyte antigens (HLA). HLA-A is a human MHC class I cell surface receptor and is involved in presenting short polypeptides to the immune system. These polypeptides are typically 7-11 amino acids in length and originate from proteins being expressed by the cell. Cytotoxic T cells in the blood "read" the peptide presented by the complex and should only bind to non-self peptides. If binding occurs, a series of events is initiated culminating in cell death via apoptosis. Melanoma-associated antigen 1 (MAGE-A1) is part of a well-characterized group of cancer/testis antigens (CTA) that are encoded as a separate cluster on the X chromosome. MAGE-I antigens are mainly expressed in highly proliferating cells, such as cancer cells and therefore may be ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy. Expression of MAGEs has been reported several types of cancer including: lung- breast- thyroid- colon- stomach- liver and bladder where MAGE-A is considered to be a poor prognostic factor.This peptide corresponds to part of the MAGE-A1 sequence which is presented on the MHC class I antigen HLA-A*02.</p>

<p>Histone H3.3 is a replication-independent histone variant, which replaces canonical histone H3.1/2 outside of S phase. H3.3 is expressed throughout the cell cycle, as well as in quiescent cells and is referred to as the 'replacement histone'. H3.3 is largely deposited in a DNA synthesis-independent fashion by a distinct set of chaperones proteins. H3.3 accumulates in post mitotic cells, such as cerebral cortical neurons and is incorporated at sites of UV damage where it protects against sensitivity to UV light. H3.3 deposition occurs on DNA sequences that are transiently nucleosome-free, such as during transcription and DNA repair, therefore serving as a marker for regions of high transcriptional activity. H3.3 is also enriched in heterochromatic subtelomeric and pericentromeric regions. H3.3 plays important roles in many developmental contexts such as in stem cells, during fertilization and reproduction and during reprogramming of genomes following fertilization or somatic cell nuclear transfer. Mutations in histone H3.3 are common events in certain cancers.</p>

<p>Bcl-2-modifying factor (Bmf) belongs to the BH3-only class of Bcl-2 family proteins (along with Bim). Bmf has pro-apoptotic activity and can trigger mitochondrial apoptosis via inhibition of CAP-dependent protein synthesis, it is also involved in B cell development and anoikis. Bmf activity is regulated by dynein light chain (DYNLL) 1 and 2, via inducing its homo-dimerization and leading to the formation of ternary complexes (such as Bim-DYNLL-Bmf).</p>

<p>Insulin receptor (IR) substrate 1 (IRS-1) peptide is a highly selective substrate for certain kinase sub-families- such as receptor tyrosine kinases (which includes IR). IRS-1 is also a very good substrate for the cytoplasmic kinases JAK-1, 2, and 3.IRS-1 is a large ubiquitously expressed protein, vital for propagating insulin action. IRS-1 is activated by phosphorylation of multiple tyrosine residues via an activated IR. Activated IRS-1 then acts as a docking site for downstream signalling proteins which contain a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain (such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), and SHP-2). In addition to its role in metabolic signalling, IRS-1 also propagates proliferative and anti-apoptotic signals and is overexpressed in most cancers.</p>

<p>With the rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria like P. aeruginosa, the hunt for low toxicity inhibitors is paramount. A crucial part of their virulence/life cycle is cleavage of signal peptides. Type I signal peptides have a C-terminal hydrophilic domain containing a signal peptidase cleavage site commonly found in P. aeruginosa proteins that are cleaved by type I signal petidases (SPases). P. aeruginosa LasB, a type I signal peptide, is a crucial enzyme for bacterial invasion, it degrades elastin and thus aids tissue invasion, without cleavage by a SPase the protein is inactive. This peptide is an ideal candidate for enzymatic assay work in to SPase inhibitor investigations.Here we provide the substrate LasB sequence with the EDANS-Dabcyl donor quencher pair suitable for SPase inhibitor assays with FRET microscopy analysis. When this peptide is intact, fluorescence from the fluorophore (donor) EDAN is undetectable due to the proximity of the acceptor (quencher) Dabcyl. However, upon cleavage the fluorescence of the EDANS moiety, as measurably by excitation/emission 340/490nm, can be detected due to separation from the Dabcyl quencher.</p>

<p>The heptapeptide Alexamorelin is a member of the Growth Hormone secretagogues (GHS) family. These are synthetic molecules which act through the central nervous system to stimulate the secretion of somatotrophs, prolactin, adrenocorticotrophin and cortisol. Alexamorelin has also been shown to inhibit 125I-Tyr-Ala-HEX binding in tissues. Due to their stimulation of growth hormone release, they are known as non-approved pharmaceuticals and are a concern to sport's drug testing organisations.</p>

<p>Melittin is a 26-residue peptide originally isolated from venom of the European honeybee. Melittin is a cationic, hemolytic peptide from honey bee venom. Melittin lowers the surface tension at the plasma membrane and causes cell lysis. Melittin exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Melittin has been extensively used as a model peptide for observing membrane lipid-protein interactions.</p>

<p>TAT (48-60) amide is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The 48-60 region of the TAT peptide is an arginine-rich bascic domain which as a whole has three domains that function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively.This peptide has an uncharged C-terminal amide.</p>

<p>β-Amyloid 1-10 (Aβ1-10) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and α-secretase.-Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then α-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival. Biotin is C-terminally linked to the peptide via ethylenediamine-for convenient detection and purification. Alternative β-Amyloid fragments and labels are also available, please refer to our peptide catalogue for availability.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (321-335) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Annexin A1 (2-12) is derived from the Annexin A1 protein which is a member of the Ca2+ dependent phospholipid binding protein family of Annexins A1 to A13. Structurally Annexin is comprised of a C-terminal core region and an N-terminal region. Calcium binding sites featured in the core region allow Annexin A1 to bind to cell membranes to induce membrane aggregation in a calcium dependent manner. Furthermore Annexin A1's N-terminal region performs extracellular signalling through forming complexes with SH2 domain containing proteins. Different lengths of the Annexin family's N-terminus contributes to how the Annexins effect key processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, growth and differentiation.Annexin A1 can be categorised as being both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory. One example of how Annexin A1 demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties is through activating the formyl peptide receptor family's (FGRs) downstream cascade. Consequently the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are phosphorylated, causing subsequent transcription factors involved in the regulation of T cells to generate anti-inflammatory effects. Another is through inhibiting phospholipase A2 which prevents the release of inflammatory factors and the formation of arachidonic acid precursors. This property has contributed to inflammation studies such as where the inhibition of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins by Annexin A1 was used to investigate leukocyte aggregation.During its anti-inflammatory role Annexin A1 uses the active peptide Ac2-26 located on its N-terminus. It is evident Annexin A1 can be labelled as being pro-inflammatory due to it inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, following its phosphorylation by PKC. This results in its translocation into the nucleus of BV-2 microglial cells.</p>

<p>Galanin (1-30) (human) is an endogenous neuropeptide with endocrine, metabolic and behavioural effects. Galanin has a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, insulin and somatostatin release, and synaptic neurotransmission.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 which are G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied concerning Alzheimer's disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.Galanin (1-30) has been used as an agonist for the GalR2 receptor in vitro for calcium mobilisation assays to understand the role Galanin/GalR2 play in multiple sclerosis.Galanin (1-30) is provided with an N-terminal 5-FAM, a widely used green fluorescent reagent ideal for peptide labelling and detection. The excitation/emission for this reagent is 490 nm/520 nm.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues NLNESLIDL (1192-1200) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Selective peptide ligand for FRalpha, demonstrating specific binding to FRalpha expression cells and tumour targeting ability in vivo.</p>

<p>PFR-[AMC]</p>

<p>Galanin is a neuropeptide synthesised and released by the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Galanin is expressed in most LC neurons in rodents and humans. Galanin has been shown to inhibit LC activity by hyperpolarising LC neurons, suppressing their spontaneous firing rate, and enhancing alpha2-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative feedback. Galanin is also a potent trophic and neuroprotective factor throughout the nervous system.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied concerning Alzheimer's disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.Galanin is provided here with an N-terminal 5-TAMRA, a widely used red fluorescent reagent ideal for peptide labelling and detection. The excitation/emission for this reagent is 555 nm/580 nm. Cymit Quimica Laboratories Ltd is a custom peptide provider. If you desire an alternate dye, please contact us to request a custom synthesis.</p>

<p>Isotocin is a nonapeptide of the arginine vasopressin-oxytocin family produced exclusively in the preoptic area (POA) of teleosts. As a homologue of mammalian oxytocin, studying fish nonapeptides has shown that Isotocin mediates social and reproductive behaviour in fishes. Functional isotocin is stored in granules at the axon terminal with a carrier peptide, neurophysin. Stimuli leads to isotocin dissociation, to be released into the bloodstream or to cross over into the brain. It binds to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which subtype isotocin binds to defines the following physiological action. It, like other nonapeptides, is a neuromodulator in the CNS, but when distributed by the bloodstream, it acts as a peripheral hormone, such as regulating osmoregulation. Isotocin levels are sex-dependent and linked to the reproductive cycle.HPLC is a sensitive method to detect bioavailable isotocin and other nonapeptides. Measurement of mRNA levels of isotocin has been important to demonstrate the cyclical changes to regulate the endocrine calendar and diurnal rhythm. The level of isotocin is also considered a biomarker for aggression in behavioural indicators of fish welfare studies.</p>

<p>Alyerserin-2c is a C-terminally α-amidated 17 residue cationic anti-microbial peptide (AMP). Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) are produced by the innate immune system and are expressed when the host is challenged by a pathogen. The Alyerserin family of peptides was first identified in norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions of the midwife toad-Alytes obstetricans-(Alytidae). Alyteserin-2a, 2b and -2c show some sequence identity with bombinin H6, a peptide from the skins Bombinatoridae family of frogs.Alyteserin-2c is most potent against the Gram-positive bacteria-Staphylococcus aureus and has weak haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes.Alyteserin contain at least 50% hydrophobic amino acids. Hydrophobic residues contribute to the insertion of the peptide into the hydrophobic membrane core which results in membrane disruption and death of the pathogen. Due to their mechanism of action it is thought to be less likely for resistance to develop towards these peptides compared to conventional antibiotics.</p>

<p>Galanin is a neuropeptide synthesised and released by the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Galanin is expressed in most LC neurons in rodents and humans. Galanin has been shown to inhibit LC activity by hyperpolarising LC neurons, suppressing their spontaneous firing rate, and enhancing alpha2-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative feedback. Galanin is also a potent trophic and neuroprotective factor throughout the nervous system.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3, these G protein-coupled receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 with epilepsy.N-terminal fragments naturally occur in vivo, but their relevance is unclear. Some N-terminal fragments reduce metabolic and functional disorders in experimental heart damage. Using N-terminal fragments such as galanin (3-13) can clarify the function of full-length galanin during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. This may highlight new agonists/antagonists for the galanin GalR receptors that can be putative therapeutic targets.</p>

<p>Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. These PAR-activating proteases therefore represent PAR agonists. This PAR-4 agonist peptide represents the N-terminal sequence of the 'tethered ligand' and is therefore capable of activating the receptor independently of N-terminal proteolysis.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues SVLNDILSR (975-983) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV</p>

<p>Maier8 is a short basic amphipathic peptide that functions as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). Maier8 has been studied in comparison to other CPPs and found to be highly efficient at crossing into the cell without causing cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Maier8 has a long half-life which is vital for effective delivery of the conjugate.Maier8 is labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide). Azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular Click reaction. Alkyne-Maier8 allows a wide variety of applications, particularly for conjugation, modification, and drug delivery.</p>

<p>An inhibitor of E2F1 and 3a transcription, with a D substituted arginine which confers resistance to proteolysis after pre-incubation in serum. Cytotoxic to several malignant cell lines and human prostate and small cell lung cancer xenografts.</p>

<p>Alpha-Casozepine (alpha-CZP) is a tryptic hydrolysate of bovine milk alphas1-casein. The presence of bile salts facilitates alpha-CZP absorption through a Caco2 monolayer. alpha-CZP shows similarities to benzodiazepines with its anxiolytic-like activity but lack the common side effects of habituation or sedation. alpha-CZP binds to the GABAA receptor at the benzodiazepine site.  alpha-CZP binds with a significantly lower affinity than benzodiazepines.Intraperitoneal administration of Alpha-Casozepine (alpha-CZP) to rodents results in anticonvulsant and sleep-protecting effects. Human administration reduces physiological stress symptoms in stressed and control patients. alpha-CZP modulated neuronal activity in brain regions linked to anxiety regulation in mice.</p>

<p>GRGD-acid is a cell adhesive peptide containing the RGD motif. This enables it the ability to increase cell adhesion and rates of cell growth, differentiation and proliferation.When immobilised onto a Poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) surface it has been shown to increase cell adhesion and proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. GRGD could therefore be used in dental implants.This peptide contains a C-terminal Alexa Fluor 647 florescent dye. A cysteine residue has been added to the C-terminus for conjugation of the dye via the cysteine thiol moiety. AF647 is a bright, far-red-fluorescent dye with excitation between 594 nm and 633 nm, and is pH-insensitive over a wide molar range.</p>

<p>Dipeptide consisting of one glycine and one serine residue with diverse uses. Primary metabolite and bronsted base, forms a complex with Cu(II) acting as a tridentate ligand.Primary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically essential and are directly involved in an organism's development, growth, or reproduction.</p>

<p>Fluorogenic substrate peptide to assay the caspase-like peptidic activity of the 20S proteasome. In its intact state this peptide is non-fluorescent, however when the Rhodamine fluorophore is released upon hydrolysation, fluorescence can be detected. This peptide is therefore a useful tool for analysing enzyme activity.The presence of the D-proline residue on the C terminal of the rhodamine molecule ensures one directional rhodamine cleavage which simplifies fluorescence studies. Rhodamine 110 is a laser grade fluorescent dye with excitation maxima at 496 nm and emission maxima at 522 nm.</p>

<p>The CMX-8933 peptide is a fragment of the goldfish brain neurotrophic factor ependymin which can increases the enzymatic activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), increase the phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun proteins, and increase cellular levels of c-Jun and c-Fos mRNAs.</p>

<p>Aβ has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>The rise of antibiotic resistance has led to the search for new drug alternatives. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been identified as a lucrative area for molecule design. The polar fish Pleuronectes americanus expresses polyalanine peptide (pALA) which has been shown to be an AMP against biofilms, and gram-negative bacteria, while not being toxic to mammalian cells. pALA forms an alpha helical conformation that is effective at permeabilising the gram-negative bacteria membrane inducing fatal cell leakage. pALA provides a suitable model for molecule design to hopefully provide new drugs as we enter the post-antibiotic era.</p>

<p>The GHK tripeptide has many attributes which can positively impact human health. GHK can improve tissue repair, exhibit anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, suppress age related molecules and restore chronic obstructive pulmonary disease fibroblasts.The GHK tripeptide is found in the human plasma and binds copper. It exerts its effects through its ability to up regulate and downregulate 4,000 human genes. Due to its ability to protect and regenerate aspects of human health, GHK-Cu can be used in products for skin and hair.Specifically during skin regeneration GHK-Cu can promote the synthesis of collagen and glycosa-minoglycans, increase the rate of wound healing and the formation of blood vessels.A palmitoyl group is present on the N-terminus.</p>

<p>BNP-32, porcine is an N-terminal six amino acid extended form of BNP and henceforth is designated BNP-32. BNP and BNP-32 are found to be the major forms of BNP family in porcine brain.BNP-32 is a cardiac neurohormone and is secreted from the myoendocrine cells of the ventricles of the heart in response to volume expansion and pressure overload it has natriuretic, vasodilatory and cardiovascular homeostatic effects and suppresses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.</p>

<p>BAM (8-22), the Bovine adrenal medulla 8-22 peptide is synthesised from proekephalin after it has undergone proteolytic cleavage. It can induce what is known as the 'itching' or 'scratching' response through activating, using an opioid independent mechanism, the G-protein coupled receptor MRGPRX1. This subsequently activates the Gαq/11 pathway and the cation channel TRPA1 histamine independent itch pathways.It is believed that BAM 8-22 can contribute to chronic itching in diseases such as cholestasis-related pruritus, in which patients are commonly diagnosed as having a reduction in bile flow.</p>

<p>Secretoneurin (SN) is a sensory neuropeptide derived from secretogranin-II by cleavage. SN is conserved from sharks to mammals, work with models suggests it has diverse and important roles. Use of mouse models suggests SN binds to secretoneurin G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). SN binding stimulates dopamine release from striatal neurons and monocyte migration. SN potently recruits eosinophils in the lungs. Interestingly, in models SN stimulates pituitary luteinizing hormone release.With an array of actions as diverse as that seen with other sensory neuropeptides, there are also numerous inflammatory conditions linked with SN. As mentioned earlier, SN recruits eosinophils in the lungs and thus is being studied for a role in asthma. Study of autoimmune encephalomyelitis suggests SN may be recruited to the inflammatory lesion on the central nervous system. Further evidence to an inflammatory role, SN levels are downregulated in rheumatoid joints, but the relevance has yet to be established. Significant changes are noted in certain forms of dementia and Alzheimer. Many aspects still require work, but SN has the potential to reveal underlying mechanisms of these inflammatory conditions and new therapies.</p>

<p>Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-2)/epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (ErbB-2), is a key receptor linked to metastasis in tumours. The oncogenic ErbB-2 receptor has intrinsic receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity, the receptor is activated by ligand binding which induces receptor dimerization. These RTK complexes can activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways. This peptide has been identified as a substrate for HER-2/ErbB-2 as it is phosphorylated upon receptor activation and therefore acts as a marker for receptor activation in kinases assays. Contains a covalently attached N-terminal biotin tag for convenient detection and purification.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV EBNA 3A</p>

<p>Biotinylated aMp3 is a Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) specific ligand. MAP can cause Johne disease (the wasting disease) in livestock. It is important therefore to detect the presence of MAP in animal milk and faeces.Biotinylated aMp3 can be used (along with aMptD peptides) to detect the viability of MAP cells in infected livestock through combined peptide-mediated magnetic separation phage display due to their high affinity for MAP. The addition of biotin to aMp3 asparagine residue, changes the orientation of aMp3 so that it can bind to the target bacteria with increased stability, thus achieving a high capture efficiency. A similar effect is observed on the addition of biotin to aMptD glycine residue.</p>

<p>WRVYEKC(Dnp)ALK-acid</p>