Peptides

<p>Vasculotide</p>

<p>Adrenomedullin (ADM), is a free circulating peptide of the amylin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) super-family. It is widely expressed in virtually all human tissues and is involved in regulation of endothelial barrier function- vascular tone- immunoregulation- cellular proliferation and apoptosis. ADM is implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseased states including: sepsis- heart failure- inflammatory bowel disease- diabetes- eye pathologies and many cancers. ADM levels are often increased during these diseased states often correlating with disease severity and mortality. ADM is therefore of interest as a target for these diseases. ADM also displays potent antimicrobial action against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.The 52 amino acid ADM is produced by multiple cleavage steps from the original 85 amino acid long preprohormone (prepro-ADM). ADM exerts its effects by ligation of receptor complexes consisting of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) combined with a specific receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP). Interaction of ADM with its receptor occurs through its C-terminal moiety.</p>

<p>Temporin L is a highly potent anti-microbial peptide (AMP) active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Temporins are a large family of short, linear, AMPs produced in the skin of frogs belonging to Rana species, but are also found in wasp venom. Temporin L was originally isolated from the frog Rana temporaria and has the highest anti-microbial potency among tested temporins, especially against Gram-negative bacteria.Temporin L increases bacterial inner membrane permeability in a dose-dependent manner without destroying cell integrity. At low peptide concentrations, the inner membrane becomes permeable to small molecules but this does not kill the bacteria. At high concentrations, larger molecules, but not DNA, leak out, resulting in cell death. Temporin L has a different mode of action to many AMPs as it does not lyse the cells but instead forms ghost-like bacteria shells.</p>

<p>CMV pp65 (415-429) (HLA-B7) is a CEF (cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and influenza virus) control peptide that is derived from the Cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV is capable of infecting a wide range of human cell types, where the body's primary immune response to CMV is innate, and relies on inflammatory cytokines and costimulatory molecules in order to control the spread of the virus. CMV pp65 (415-429) (HLA-B7) is defined as a CEF control peptide due to its antigenic properties. Clinically, these peptides are suitable epitopes for CD8+ T cells and can be used to stimulate the release of IFNg. HLA-B7 refers to the cell HLA type that this peptide acts on.</p>

<p>[Cy3B]-LifeAct (Abp140 1-17) contains the 17amino acid peptide Lifeact derived from amino acids 1-17 of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae actin binding protein, Abp140. These first 17 amino acids of Abp140 are crucial in allowing Lifeact to localise to actin filaments (F-actin) and therefore it can be used as a cytoskeletal marker. On application, lifeact can be used in the study of plant development and pathogen defence as filamentous actin within the plant actin cytoskeleton is important in key processes such as cell division, membrane trafficking and stomatal movements.The addition of the Cy-Dye fluorophore, Cy3B allows the location of the LifeAct (Abp140 1-17) to be detected. Cy3B is described as being conformationally locked meaning it is less likely to undergo photo-isomerization and one of its main applications is within DNA related studies.</p>

<p>Farnesylated a-factor is a post-translationally modified mating pheromone derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The addition of a farnesyl group to the C-terminus is crucial for the biological activity of the a-factor.During the mating of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the haploid state of yeast can be either α-type or a-type. Mating pheromones produced by these haploid cells can induce two different cell types to mate. The α-factor is released from α-type cells and bind to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Ste2p on a-cells, whereas the a-factor is released from a-type cells and binds to the GPCR Ste3p on α-cells.</p>

<p>FLAG tag with a GGC linker (Cy3B)</p>

<p>PLP(178-191) corresponds to amino acids 178 to 191 of the mouse ProteoLipid Protein (PLP).</p>

<p>Substrate peptide for histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes for use in assaying HDAC activity. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of enzymes which are highly evolutionary conserved across all eukaryotes. HDACs modify histones by removing acetyl groups from the tail regions. Histone deacetylation is generally associated with reduced gene expression due to a more compact chromatin state less accessibility for transcription factors (TFs). HDACs are essential for many physiological processes including development and cellular homeostasis. They also play an important role in disease states, including neurodegenerative disorders, genetic diseases and cancers.This peptide is the fluorogenic substrate for assaying histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in a two-step enzymatic reaction. The assay consists of the initial lysine deacetylation by HDAC followed by the release of the fluorescent group by trypsin. Fluorescence can be detected upon fluorophore release.</p>

<p>Influenza virus budding from infected cells requires membrane remodelling, is a multistep process with many proteins involved. Therefore there are numerous stages and proteins that could be antiviral targets if the mechanism can be better understood.The matrix 2 (M2) protein has recently been shown to be essential for completion of membrane scission at the end of buddinng. Initially, proteins aid membrane curvature, including matrix 2 (M2) protein, a bud forms, and finally membrane scission occurs to release the bud at the neck from the membrane occurs- M2 amphipathic helix domain in the cytoplasmic tail is essential for completion of scission to release the virus bud. The residues 44-62, provided here, have been identified as the motif responsible for allowing the scission mechanism to occur. Work is ongoing to understand the exact molecular mechanism by comparison to other scission proteins such as Arf1, Epsin1. Use of this M2 peptide motif may provide functional knowledge of virus budding and lead to novel antiviral drugs.</p>

<p>Tet-20, is a synthetic cathelicidin-derived peptide. It was tested as infection-resistant coating for medical devices. When tethered on an implant surface Tet-20 exhibited broad antimicrobial activities both in vivo and in vitro. It can stop biofilm formation and appears to be non-toxic to eukaryotic cell. Tet-20 antimicrobial peptide is often sued as a control peptide and has antifouling.</p>

<p>CD8+ T-cell (cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)) responses are important in the control of viral replication. Inducing a sustained HIV-1 specific CD8+ T-cell response is the target for vaccine development by using conserved HIV-1 epitopes. The HIV gag gene encodes p17 and p24. P17 Gag is a matrix protein that is vital to HIV life cycle, use of p17 Gag epitopes is a possibility for HIV therapies. P17 Gag targets viral RNA to the nucleus and Gag polyproteins to the cell membrane- p17 Gag accumulates in the extracellular space of tissue while interacting with receptors on various cell types to deregulate cell function.CTL recognition epitope of p17 Gag is identified as residues 77-85 to activate the immune response. Within Gag p17 is the conserved/persistently recognised epitope KIRLRPGGK (amino acids 18-26). This sequence has been used as an effective epitope in immunological assays to assess CTL response work has also shown patients targeting conserved or variable Gag epitopes including Gag p17 (18-26) effects the strength of CD8+ T-cell response and disease progression.</p>

<p>Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a widely used biomarker of various differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC)- Tg is a substrate for thyroid hormone production. Detection and quantification of serum thyroglobulin levels remain challenging due to Tg's size, heterogeneity, and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb). Immunoassays offer the opportunity to tailor DTC treatments, but many patients are TgAb positive, excluding them from analysis during regression.Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) can overcome immunoassay issues by digestion of Tg to a tryptic peptide removing the interference from TgAbs. The addition of a doubly charged peptide precursor ion, FSP peptide, allows easy detection of Tg-FSP by an anti-FSP antibody that is reliable and quantifiable.</p>

<p>Endogenous peptide GPR83 agonist derived from processing of precursor protein, proSAAS. It is widely expressed in a number of species where it is involved in feeding, stress modulation and addiction and reward circuits.</p>

<p>Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) is a melanocortin family neuropeptide which plays important roles in metabolic and immune homeostasis. It is formed from the cleavage of adrenocorticotropic hormone, the cleavage product of proopiomelanocortin hormone. alpha-MSH is expressed ubiquitously to varying degrees in a wide variety of cells including the hypothalamus, monocytes and retinal pigment epithelial cells. alpha-MSH is a non-selective agonist of melanocortin receptors.alpha-MSH is a suppresser of inflammation from both innate and adaptive immune pathways, it is involved in hair and skin pigmentation (through MC1 receptor activation), has reproductive functions, cardio protective functions and regulates food intake and energy metabolism. The N-terminal of the peptide is protected by an acetyl group.</p>

<p>Kemptide is a synthetic substrate of the PKA catalytically active subunit (PKAc), and can bind along with ATP to PKAc. It contains 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Sal-like4 (SALL4) derived peptide able to antagonise the SALL4-NuRD complex in hepatocellular carcinoma, turning SALL4 from a dual transcription repressor-activator to a singular transcription activator. Displays antitumour effects in xenograft mouse models.</p>

<p>TAT-TRPV1 (736-745) is a cell-permeable TRPV1 fragment (capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1), that can inhibit the interaction of TRPV1 and A-kinase anchoring protein 79 (AKAP79). TAT- TRPV1 (736-745) consists of amino acids 736-749 from the TRPV1 C-terminal domain, combined with amino acids 47-57 of TAT to promote uptake across neuronal cell membranes. TAT-TRPV1 (736-745) inhibits both the first and the second phase of pain behaviour in the formalin test, implying an effect on both acute and inflammatory pain.A-kinase anchoring protein 79 (AKAP79) is a protein that targets kinases to TRPV1. Inflammation causes hyperalgesia but can be reduced when TRPV1 is blocked. a key region on AKAP79, amino acids 326-336, is responsible for its interaction with TRPV1. TAT-TRPV1 (736-745) promotes uptake across the cell membrane and TRPV1 (736-745)  inhibited inflammatory hyperalgesia in mice. TAT-TRPV1 (736-745) did not affect pain thresholds in the absence of inflammation. These results suggest that antagonizing the TRPV1-AKAP79 interaction will be a useful strategy for inhibiting inflammatory hyperalgesia and TAT is an effective delivery system.</p>

<p>N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ligand-gated ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate excitatory synaptic transmission and play important roles in many aspects of nervous system function including: synaptic plasticity- learning and memory- neuronal development and circuit formation. NMDARs have been implicated in various neuronal disorders. NMDARs are heteromers consisting of an obligate NR1 subunit and most commonly one or two kinds of NR2 subunits or occasionally NR3 subunits. NR2B is the predominant subunit found in the postnatal brain, however over time the number of NRA2 subunits increase and eventually outnumber NR2B subunits in a process known as the NR2B-NR2A developmental switch. The greater ratios of the NR2B subunit in post-natal brains leads to NMDA receptors which remain open longer compared to those with more NR2A subunits, this may be related to the greater memory abilities in the immediate postnatal period compared to late in life. NR2B improves synaptic plasticity and memory when over-expressed in neurones. The involvement of NMDAR in the central nervous system (CNS) has become a focus area for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and ischemic neuronal cell death.The TAT peptide is present due to its properties as a cell penetrating cationic peptide (CPP). It derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As a CPP, TAT is able facilitate the delivery of NR2B (C-ter) across the plasma membrane.</p>

<p>The hormone Calcitonin, reduces the amount of serum calcium during hypercalcemia and is released from the C-cells of the thyroid gland. Within its structure it contains a disulphide bridge between cysteine 1 and 7 and a proline at its carboxy terminal.Calcitonin is used therapeutically in the treatment of hypercalcemia diseases such as Paget disease, Sudeck atrophy, bone metastases and vitamin-D intoxication.The level of calcitonin in the plasma can also be used as a marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma, while procalcitonin is used to diagnose sepsis.</p>

<p>T regulatory cell epitopes (Tregitopes) are a set of natural T cell epitopes derived from immunoglobulin G. These peptides are Treg-activating and show some promise in prophylactic and therapeutic studies in type 1 diabetes mellitus: which is associated with effector T cell (Teff) destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-islet cells. In non-diabetics, self-reactive T cells are deleted during thymic development, rendered anergic, or converted into natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) that suppress autoimmune responses.Tregitopes are processed and presented by MHC class II molecules. They can suppress effector T cell responses, and up-regulate Treg-associated cytokines and chemokines. Tregitopes help stimulate 'antigen-specific adaptive tolerance induction' (ASATI) to modulate antigen-specific transplant rejection and to reduce immune responses to allergens in vitro and in vivo. Tregitope 289 is also available in our catalogue.</p>

<p>ANP (human) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in cardiovascular remodelling.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in pro-ANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.At the N-terminus Azhx, 6-azidohexanoic acid, is present.</p>

<p>protein transduction domain PTD-5 is a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). PTD-5 is well characterised for its ability to carry conjugates into the cell with high efficiency and induce low toxicity. Several papers have demonstrated the efficacy of PTD-5 as a CPP- PTD-5 was also conjugated to KLA to produce a pro-apoptotic peptide named DP1 which is selective for mitochondrial and bacterial membranes.PTD-5 is labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide). Azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular Click reaction. Alkyne-PTD-5 allows various applications, particularly for protein conjugation, modification, and drug delivery.</p>

<p>Polybia-MPI is a short cationic alpha-helical amphiphilic anti-microbial peptide which was first isolated from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista. Polybia-MPI displays potent anti-bacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is able to disrupt biofilms. Polybia-MPI also has anti-fungal activity against C. albicans and C. galbrata and selective toxicity toward cancer cells. Polybia-MPI has low toxicity to normal fibroblasts and human red blood cells, showing no haemolytic activity.</p>

<p>εV1-2 is a selective inhibitor of ε protein kinase C.ε protein kinase C is an isoymes of the protein kinase C family, which is a family involved in controlling the function of other proteins via phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues.In vitro studies have shown εV1-2 to exhibit inhibitory properties on endothelial cell proliferation.</p>

<p>Thrombin is the main effector of the coagulation cascade- it is a serine protease. Thrombin binds to active protease activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) which belongs to a subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). However, thrombin generated during cardiopulmonary bypass can activate PAR-1 leading to platelet dysfunction and unwanted bleeding. FLLRN is found to be a potent PAR-1 antagonist. Use of FLLRN and variants has aided the study of platelet aggregation dynamics. Further study may provide a suitable clinical application.</p>

<p>Jelleines are a family of very small (8-9 amino acid residues long) host defence peptides (HDPs) isolated from the royal jelly of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Jelleines do not present any similarity with other HDPs from other honeybees and are produced by the workers and secreted into Royal Jelly and provide abroad-spectrum protection of the bee hive against microbial infections. The Jelleines are not considered cytolytic or directly involved with inflammatory effects.PLEASE NOTE that in several published articles the sequence of Jelleine-3 has been printed as TPFKISLH -NH2, due to a mistake in the original reference: Fontana et al., (2004). The correct sequence, is TPFKISIH -NH2.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV RTA</p>

<p>GGG-C(AF647) C-Terminal Sortagging</p>

<p>FRET peptide substrate for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main protease (SARS-CoV Mpro). The substrate sequence is derived from residues P4-P5' of the SARS-CoV Mpro N-terminal autoprocessing site which has the sequence AVLQSGFRK. SARS-CoV Mpro is a key antiviral target.This peptide contains an N-terminal 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag and the Dabcyl fluorescence quencher. When the peptide is intact, fluorescence is undetectable due to the proximity of the Dabcyl quencher to the 5-FAM fluorophore. However upon cleavage of the peptide by SARS-CoV Mpro, the 5-FAM group and the Dabcyl quencher are separated and fluorescence can be detected. This therefore represents a useful tool for investigating SARS-CoV Mpro activity.</p>

<p>Antagonist peptide of VEGF-A and VEGF-B reproducing two binding regions of VEGF-B (loop 1 and loop3) linked together by a receptor binding region of VEGF-A (loop3). Binds to both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 and inhibits VEGF-A driven proliferation, migration and tube formation in HUVECs. It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3), which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Like the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing many lysine and arginine residues, they have a positive net charge which interacts electrostatically with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone-modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Histone tails can undergo multiple modifications, including acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation.  The modification pattern is believed to alter chromatin function/structure.  Lysine 4 of histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 has been tri-methylated, lysine 9 has been acetylated, and serine 10 has been phosphorylated and labelled with Biotin. This peptide can be used to study the function of this pattern on chromatin availability and histone effectors via crystallisation, pull-down assays and protein blots.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues VFAQVKQIYKTPPIK (781-795) from C have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Lasioglossin-III (Lasio-III) is a naturally-occurring salt-resistant anti-microbial peptide (AMP) found in-Lasioglossum laticeps-(broad-faced furrow bee). Lasioglossin-III has broad spectrum anti-microbial activity and anti-biofilm properties against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria, including strong anti-microbial activity against-E. coli,-S. aureus, and-P aeruginosa-under physiological salt concentration, with low toxicity.AMPs form an important part of the innate immune system in plants, animals and insects-and are reported to be effective even against several antibiotic resistant strains due to differing modes of pathogen killing from those of conventional antibiotics. Lasio-III has a membranolytic mode of action. It can bind both the outer and inner membranes of bacteria. Lasio-III possesses a fast killing ability toward both Gram positive and negative bacteria compared to many other active AMPs.</p>

<p>The RGD motif has been found in wide range of eukaryotic proteins allowing cell adhesion to the ECM. The tripeptide RGD is the primary domain to bind integrin found in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including fibronectin, fibrinogen and osteopontin. It has been shown to effectively adhere various cell types to a wide range of biomaterials. This is a key research tool in the flourishing area of tissue engineering and wound healing using synthetic peptides that are either inert or can be potentially beneficial. RGD is a suitable ligand for targeting nanomolecules and cancer drugs to specific tissues due to its biocompatibility and safety.This RGD peptide is supplied with an Aurora Fluor 647 fluorophore attached and produced to research grade quality. Aurora Fluor 647 excitation suited to 594nm and emission peaked at 671nm. The Molecular Probes Alexa Fluor dyes provide a number of benefits including: more intense fluorescence than other spectrally similar conjugates better photostability, allowing more time for image capture availability of conjugates in an array of distinct fluorescent colours from blue to infrared- and pH insensitivity that enables the dyes to remain highly fluorescent over a broad pH range and high water solubility.</p>

<p>Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved and stress inducible. Hsp70 has been found in tumour cell lines to be highly expressed with a higher plasma membrane localisation. This is correlated to the cell sensitivity to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis. Investigation identified that Hsp70 N-terminal extended peptide TKD (450-463) was critical for this to occur. TKD (450-463) with low dose interleukin (IL-2) has the same capacity to induce NK cell proliferation and activity as the full-length protein Hsp70. Excess of Hsp70 and TKD (450-463) both inhibit cytolytic activity by NK cells. Other related sequences tested did not lead to NK cell-mediated lysis. Further study with the TKD (450-463) epitope could elucidate how NK cells are activated by Hsp70s as the mechanism remains unclear.</p>

<p>Pantinin-2, like other pantinin peptides, has high activity against Gram-positive bacteria yet weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Pantinin-2 also displays activity against Candida tropicalis and has relatively mild haemolytic activity against human red blood cells.</p>

<p>Segment 7-38 of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH, also known as corticotropin, is a cleavage product from a larger precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). This 39 amino acid-peptide hormone is produced in the anterior pituitary gland upon stimulation by the corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus in response to stress. It stimulates the secretion of steroid hormone, specifically glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex by acting through a cell membrane receptor (ACTH-R). In mammals, the action of ACTH is limited to those areas of the adrenal cortex in which the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol (hydrocortisone) and corticosterone are formed. ACTH has little control over the secretion of aldosterone, the other major steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex.</p>

<p>Biotin-PEG2-Claudin-9 is derived from the tight junction protein Claudin-9 which is encoded by the CLDN6 gene and can be found within epithelial cell to cell contacts. Structurally, the Claudin family, of which Claudin-9 is a member, are transmembrane proteins containing two extracellular loops and are involved in maintaining cell polarity and controlling paracellular ion flux.Reduction in the number of Claudins has been associated with tumour formation. This may be due to Claudin role in maintaining cell detachment and migration.Claudin-9 has been shown to be overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and has the ability to increase the metastasis of hepatocytes. It further influences the activation of the Stat3 signalling pathway through tyrosine kinase 2. Overall CLDN9 demonstrates itself to be a HCC proto-oncogene.This peptide has a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification and contains a polyethylene glycol spacer (PEG2).</p>

<p>Fluorogenic substrate peptide to assay trypsin-like activity. In its intact state this peptide is non-fluorescent, however when aminomethylcoumarin (AMC) is released upon hydrolysation, fluorescence can be detected. This peptide is therefore a useful tool for analysing trypsin-like enzyme activity.AMC is a fluorescent dye with excitation maxima at around 360 nm and emission maxima at around 450 nm. AMC can be excited with a mercury lamp and observed using a UV filter set.</p>

<p>Recombinant human interferon-β (IFNB) is a therapeutic for certain stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, a significant portion of patients develop neutralising antibodies within 2 years and prevent clinical efficacy of the treatment, this was correlated to a specific rise in IgG. Sequencing of IFNB1 revealed a CD4+ T cell epitope residues (118-132) that contains critical T cell activation residues. The identification of this sequences can now allow it to be manipulated to hopefully provide new interferon treatments that reduces the capacity for induction of neutralising antibodies in MS patients. The IFNB1 (118-132) epitope can be used for immunological investigations such as T cell activation, antibody recognition via immunoassays and immunohistochemistry. This may provide further insights into certain haplotypes correlating to IFNB responses in MS treatment.</p>

<p>Tetanus Toxin P2 (830 - 844) is a protein that is derived from the single-chain polypeptide neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. The neurotoxins produced by Clostridium tetani are among the most potent molecules known to humankind. Once in the body, the toxin binds to the basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction. From here, the toxin is transported to inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord, where it prevents the release of neurotransmitters, which causes spastic paralysis.The P2 protein has antigenic properties that are reflective of the neurotoxin released by Clostridium tetani. Therefore, P2 is a suitable epitopes for CD4+ T cells and can be used to stimulate the release of IFNg, which is a cytokine that promotes macrophage activity and coordinates lymphocyte endothelium interactions.</p>

<p>[5-FAM]-TAT (47-57) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Specifically TAT (47-57) is located within the arginine-rich basic domain 48-60 of the TAT peptide which as a whole has three domains which function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively. Additionally TAT (47-57) can be used to deliver proteins, fluorophores, chelators and DNA to target cells.It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Type I diabetes is an autoimmune condition caused by the destruction of insulin-producing β cells. The initiation mechanism is unclear but involves activating autoreactive T cells against the β-cell-specific antigen, insulin.RIP-B7.1 mice express CD80 on pancreatic β cells and are a model for studying de novo induction of diabetogenic CD8 T cells. Immunization of RIP-B7.1 mice with preproinsulin (ppins)-encoding plasmid DNA induces experimental autoimmune diabetes (EAD). EAD is associated with significant induction of CD8 T cells specific for the (A12-21) restricted epitope leading to the destruction of β cells.The Insulin A Chain (A12-21) epitope is recognised by pancreas-infiltrating CD8 T cells isolated from immunized, diabetic RIP-B7.1 mice as shown by flow cytometry. The Insulin A Chain (A12-21) epitope can also be used to stimulate inducible IFN- expression of ppins-primed CD8 T cells ex vivo as determined by flow cytometry. GFP fusion has shown the expression of insulin A chain (A12-21) epitope in HeLa cells.</p>

<p>Locustatachykinin I(LTK1 or Lom-TK-I) is a potent, rapid and persistent secretion stimulator in locust Malphigian tubules which controls primary urine production, tubule writhing and local sphincter functions.- LTK1 shares sequence homology with mammalian tachykinins such as substance P.- Two putative tachykinin receptors, Drosophila tachykinin-receptor (DTKR) and neurokinin receptor from Drosophila (NK0) have been identified.</p>

<p>Ganglioside GM1-binding peptides p3.</p>

<p>This peptide constitutes the acetylated N-terminal region of murine myelin basic protein (MBP) and displays high affinity for major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). This high MHC affinity is due to substitution of the native lysine at position 4 for a tyrosine. Substitution increases the MHC binding affinity of the peptide by around 1 million fold, therefore creating a superagonist ligand. MBP is an integral component of myelin found in the central nervous system (CNS) vital for the development and stability of the myelin sheath where it plays a role in membrane adhesion. MBP may be targeted by auto-antibodies in diseases such as multiple sclerosis. The low affinity of the native lysine containing MBP 1-9 peptide for MCH class II may result in MBP auto-reactive T cells escaping central-tolerance where self reactive T cells are usually eliminated. MBPs constitute an extraordinarily varied collection of splice isoforms which show a myriad of post-translational modifications.</p>

<p>YSA binds to the extracellular domain of ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) with high affinity and selectivity. YSA binding activates EphA2 and its tumour suppressing downstream signalling pathways (including inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and ERK pathways), and promotes receptor internalisation.EphA2 is highly expressed in many types of solid tumour, and the level of EphA2 expression is positively correlated with malignancy and poor prognosis in some cancer types.YSA has been shown to be an effective targeting peptide of chemotherapeutic drugs to EphA2 expressing tumours. YSA-drug conjugates are able to selectively target EphA2 expressing tumours, both activating tumour supressing downstream signalling pathways, and becoming effectively internalised by cancer cells to further increase the potency of the chemotherapeutic drug. YSA-drug conjugates have been shown to be dramatically more effective at inhibiting tumour growth than chemotherapy alone. Selective tumour targeting with YSA could also reduce the systemic toxicity caused by nonselective and highly toxic chemotherapy agents, and thus reduce adverse side effects of chemotherapy.</p>

<p>Portion of Influenza NP</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the ubiquitin-activating enzyme 3 (UBA3), the catalytic subunit of the NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE).</p>