Peptides

<p>SAMS peptide was originally designed as a selective substrate for mammalian 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) for use in kinase assays. However it is also able to be phosphorylated by the yeast AMP homologue- sucrose non-fermenting 1 kinase (SNF1) and SNF1-related kinases (SnRK1) in plants.The conserved family of kinases containing SnRK1, SNF1 and AMPK plays an important role in regulating cellular energy homeostasis.</p>

<p>(RXR)4XB is a cationic membrane-penetrating peptide and is effective in delivering phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides (PMOs) into eukaryotic cells such as Escherichia coli. It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Transportan is an amphipathic 27 amino acid peptide that was generated from 12 functional amino acids of galanin and 14 amino acids of mastoparan connected via a lysine residue. Transportan has been functionally characterised as a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) that does not appear to be mediated by endocytosis. All cell types tested were permeated by transportan, initially localising to the outer membrane it then travels to cytoplasmic membrane structures and eventually perfuses to the nucleoli. This CPP has been used for numerous applications and assays to great effect including indirect immunofluorescence and drug delivery.TP reveals some characteristic features of both galanin and mastoparan since it inhibits the binding of galanin to GALR-1 receptor as well as modulates the activity of G proteins due to the inhibition of GTPase activity.</p>

<p>Ghrelin is involved in several physiological processes, including feeding and lipid accumulation, stress response, anxiety, cardiac performance, immunity and inflammation, taste sensation, reward-seeking behaviour, regulation of glucose metabolism and thermogenesis, memory, motivation and learning.Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that typically has a serine at the third residue and relies on modification with a fatty acid to give ghrelin its functional activity. In its modified form, ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the pituitary gland's growth hormone receptor (GHS-R) and stimulates growth hormone release. Rat/mouse ghrelin differs from the human form at positions 11 and 12 (RV) in rats to (KA) in humans.Ghrelin acts on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus as an orexigenic agent to stimulate appetite. Ghrelin is produced in the stomach as a precursor peptide preproghrelin, cleaved to ghrelin. Ghrelin circulates in the blood and can cross the blood-brain barrier. Levels of ghrelin respond to fasting conditions and allow signals about the energy status to be transmitted from the peripheral organs to the central nervous system to maintain energy homeostasis.Ghrelin is a valuable target for treating conditions such as anorexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, cardiopathy, neurodegenerative disorders, renal and pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory disorders and metabolic syndrome.</p>

<p>There are three members of the p160 family of steroid receptor coactivators, SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3. These steroid receptor coactivators control the functional output of numerous genetic programs and serve as pleiotropic rheostats for diverse physiological processes. Coactivator proteins interact with nuclear receptors in a ligand-dependent manner and augment transcription.This peptide contains a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification.</p>

<p>A hydroxyproline glycine peptide in acid form. This peptide is a substrate for prolyl dipeptidase. Ingestion of the Hyp-Gly dipeptide can improve skin conditions. Hyp-Gly ingestion improves facial skin moisture and elasticity and reduces facial aging. Additionally, Hyp-Gly enhances fibroblast proliferation.</p>

<p>Glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 1 is a post-translationally modified version of proglucagon. GLP-1 (1-37) is a naturally produced analog of GLP-1. Unlike truncated GLP-1, GLP-1 (1-37) does not alter food intake in rat models or pancreatic insulin secretion. GLP-1 (1-37) can induce insulin production in developing adult intestinal cells via upregulation of the ngn3 gene and its downstream targets. This can restore glucose homeostasis when implanted into diabetic mice. GLP-1 (1-37) may offer a  future treatment for diabetes mellitus. GLP-1 (1-37) can also inhibit chemokine-induced migration of human CD4-positive lymphocytes, an early step in atherogenesis. This raises the possibility that GLP-1 (1-37) is part of a novel mechanism to modulate vascular disease.</p>

<p>ANP (7-23) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in the cardiovascular remodelling process.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in proANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-14) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.The Histone H3 (1-14) lysine 4 has been trimethylated and contains 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Kinetensin was originally isolated from pepsin-treated plasma, and it shares some sequence homology with the C-terminal end of neurotensin (NT), having four of its nine amino acids in common with NT. Kinetensin is a potent histamine releaser and therefore may serve as an inflammatory mediator, it also has a role as a human metabolite and can increases vascular permeability. Kinetensin can be cleaved by ACE2.</p>

<p>GSS-acid is a tripeptide consisting of a glycine residue followed by two serine residues. GSS-acid was synthesised from the dipeptide glycyl-L-serine (GS-acid)- the dipeptide GS-acid is also available in our catalogue. GSS-acid has a net charge of 0 and has diverse biological and chemical uses.</p>

<p>The synthetic canonical Flag sequence has been shown to be most effective with the Asp-Tyr-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Asp motif triplicated for applications in protein analysis followed by the eight amino acids at the C-terminus of the classic FLAG sequence (Asp-Tyr-Lys-Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys). Due to the hydrophilic nature of the peptide the Flag tag typically resides on the surface of the recombinant protein thus minimising any effects on the function or transport of the fusion protein. The tag can be used in conjunction with other tags such as HA or myc depending on the application. FLAG is an artificial antigen to which high affinity monoclonal antibodies have been raised, therefore allowing for highly effective protein purification by affinity chromatography as well as accurate localisation of FLAG tagged proteins within living cells, or Western blots. FLAG peptide can be used to effectively purify complexes with multiple proteins as its mild purification procedure tends not to disrupt such complexes. It can be used to obtain proteins of sufficient purity for x-ray crystallography. The 3 x Flag peptide provides powerful detection and purification of recombinant proteins that has been characterised in numerous applications including affinity chromatography, binding assays and structural analysis.</p>

<p>Tetanus Toxin P30 (947-967) is a protein that is derived from the single-chain polypeptide neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. The neurotoxins produced by Clostridium tetani are among the most potent molecules known to humankind. Once in the body, the toxin binds to the basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction. From here, the toxin is transported to inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord, where it prevents the release of neurotransmitters, which causes spastic paralysis.</p>

<p>Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strains produce N-formylmethionyl containing peptides. Peptides starting with an N-formylated methionyl group constitute a unique hallmark of bacterial as well as mitochondrial metabolism, and professional phagocytes of our innate immune system recognise this microbial/mitochondrial pattern as a danger signal that guides innate immune cells.All PSMα peptides have the same basic functions and promote virulence through effects on discrete neutrophil functions (i.e. chemotaxis) and by being cytotoxic at higher concentrations. PSMα2 and PSMα3 can both bind to FPR2 and trigger superoxide release in neutrophils at low nanomolar concentrations. In addition, at high nanomolar concentrations they display cytotoxicity selectively on apoptotic neutrophil membranes and this occurs in an FPR2 independent manner.</p>

<p>BCL6 encodes a transcription factor that represses genes necessary for the terminal differentiation of lymphocytes within germinal centers, and the misregulated expression of this factor is strongly implicated in several types of B cell lymphoma. The homodimeric BTB domain of BCL6 (also known as the POZ domain) is required for the repression activity of the protein and interacts directly with the SMRT and N-CoR corepressors that are found within large multiprotein histone deacetylase-containing complexes.</p>

<p>ARF peptide, is the alternative frame (ARF) tumour suppressor protein which is expressed on the occurrence of oncogenic stimuli. It functions to prevent abnormal cell proliferation through inhibiting the p53 ubiquitin ligase protein Mdm2 from degrading p53. This results in the increased stability of the p53 tumour suppressor causing G1 cell cycle arrest. Additionally mouse ARF proteins can localise E2F1 and c-Myc transcriptions factors to the nucleolus therefore they are no longer able to activate S-phase promoting target gene. Again this results in cell cycle arrest, ultimately preventing tumour cell growth. It is evident that if the expression of the ARF peptide is inhibited tumour formation is more likely to occur.</p>

<p>Fragment of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) peptidase domain (PD) alpha1 helix, a domain important for the interaction of ACE2 with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS coronavirus receptor binding domain (SARS-CoV-2-RBD). SBP1 associates with the SARS-CoV-2-RBD with nanomolar affinity and can potentially block the key mechanism by which SARS CoV-2 initiates entry into human cells.This peptide has a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification and contains a polyethylene glycol spacer (PEG4).</p>

<p>Portion of EBV</p>

<p>Shepherdin is an antagonist of the interaction between the apoptosis protein, survivin, and the molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). The sequence of shepherdin corresponds to the site where Hsp90 binds to survivin. Shepherdin therefore has high affinity for Hsp90 and thus disrupts survivin binding and acts as an inhibitor of Hsp90 ATPase function by competing with ATP.The survivin-Hsp90 complex is a regulator of cell proliferation and cell viability in cancer tissue. Shepherdin has anti-cancer properties and can significantly suppress the growth of lung cancer cell lines and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) by inducing apoptosis.</p>

<p>Survivin is an intracellular tumour-associated antigen that is part of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. Survivin expression increases as cells age but becomes over-expressed in cancer cells. Expression is also important during embryonic development and tissue regeneration. With roles in aging, apoptosis, and cancer, there is considerable interest in understanding the function of Survivin. Survivin expression is regulated by TGF-β and increased following intestinal inflammation during the healing process.The high expression of Survivin in cancer cells has led to the search for a vaccine that induces epitope-specific CD8+ T cells. The epitope TFKNWPFL restricted to H-2 Db was identified using prediction algorithms and MHC class I binding assays. The epitope was delivered to mice by intradermal electroporation (EP). The Survivin epitope induced a  CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response as shown by IFN-staining- they also showed an activated effector phenotype as CD44 and CD107 were upregulated. The Survivin vaccine was able to confer protection against melanoma in mice and suppress angiogenesis. This Survivin epitope could be a vital step in creating a human vaccine that generates CD8 CTLs with specific functional cytotoxic activity against tumour cells.The sequence provided here aligns to residues 21-28 of the Survivin epitope, the initial residue of the epitope has been omitted as it is not conserved between mice and human sequences.</p>

<p>Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide found in mammalian brains, primarily in neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the peri-locus coeruleus and the principle sensory 5 nucleus of the trigeminus. NPS in involved in several neuroendocrine, behavioural and inflammatory responses, including: reducing anxiety in mice- suppressing appetite and inducing wakefulness and hyperactivity. NPS treatment can be used to improve fear extinction in mice and limit fear memory retrieval after fear reduction training, thus making it an interesting target for treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. NPS exerts its actions by binding to a G-protein coupled receptor, NPSR.</p>

<p>CBL-B (239-247) Light.</p>

<p>The cyclic tridecapeptide Compstatin, binds to and selectively inhibits the interaction between C3 and convertase, hence preventing the formation of C3a and C3b and activation of the complement system. Compstatin has the ability to form β-turns and hydrophobic clusters which are crucial for its inhibitory properties. When binding between C3 MG4 and MG5 domains, located within the MG-ring of the β-chain, Compstatin undergos a conformational change which is believed to prevent C3 from binding to C3 convertase through steric hindrance. Consequently the complement cascade is inhibited.The complement cascade is an important feature of the immune system. C3b, produced from the interaction of C3 and C3 convertase, binds to pathogens and somatic cells and signals for their removal from the body. However the increased activation of the complement system can result in diseases, associated with Alzheimers, strokes, heart attacks and autoimmune diseases. Therefore Compstatin can be used as a therapeutic agent within medicine.</p>

<p>The activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) is believed to play a role in hyperalgesia, asthma and hypertension. TRPV1 is important for neuronal pain detection as well as the detection of heat, capsaicin, protons and the neurotransmitter anandamide.- The scaffold protein AKAP79 targets kinases to phosphorylate TRPV1, however it has been shown that inflammatory intermediates prostaglandin-E2 or bradykinin can activate these kinases creating a route for inflammation to cause hyperalgesia.This product is composed of the TRPV1 interacting residues of AKAP79 reordered into a scrambled sequence and conjugated to the cell penetrating TAT domain at the N-terminus. The scrambled peptide was shown in vivo to have no effect on TRPV1 algesia and thus is a vital control for research work. This product is a vital tool for research into suitable TRPV1 antagonists. The scrambled-TAT peptide is available for purchase in both an acid and amide form, this is the C-terminal amide form.</p>

<p>TatCN21 is an inhibitor peptide for the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a ubiquitously-expressed multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase. TatCN21 blocks both autonomous and stimulated CaMKII activity with high selectivity. CaMKII is highly expressed in brain tissue where it regulates several processes including: neurotransmitter synthesis/release, neuronal plasticity- excitability and calcium homeostasis. Glutamate clearance by astrocytes is an essential part of normal excitatory neurotransmission, and accumulation of glutamate in the central nervous system is associated with many neurodegenerative disorders. CaMKII regulates glutamate homeostasis: CaMKII inhibition results in diminished glutamate uptake, dysregulated calcium homeostasis, release of the gliotransmitter ATP and compromise neuronal survival. Loss of CaMKII signalling may be an important factor in excitotoxicity. Peptide was obtained by linking the 11 amino acid human HIV Tat transporter to a 21 amino acid sequence corresponding to the CN21.</p>

<p>TAT-GluR23Y is a cell penetrating peptide that inhibits phosphorylation of AMPA receptor endocytosis.Recent studies have shown that AMPA receptor endocytosis, which is a cellular mechanism underlying the formation of LTD, plays a critical role in facilitating initial extinction of learned fear. Tat-Glur23Y can block regulated AMPA and thereby prevents long-term depression (LTD) in structures such as the nucleus accumbens and dorsal hippocampus.</p>

<p>Acetly-Claudin-9 is derived from the tight junction protein Claudin-9 which is encoded by the CLDN6 gene and can be found within epithelial cell to cell contacts. Structurally, the Claudin family, of which Claudin-9 is a member, are transmembrane proteins containing two extracellular loops and are involved in maintaining cell polarity and controlling paracellular ion flux.Reduction in the number of Claudins has been associated with tumour formation. This may be due to Claudin role in maintaining cell detachment and migration.Claudin-9 has been shown to be overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and has the ability to increase the metastasis of hepatocytes. It further influences the activation of the Stat3 signalling pathway through tyrosine kinase 2. Overall CLDN9 demonstrates itself to be a HCC proto-oncogene.</p>

<p>Bacterial cell invasion begins by initially adhering to mucosa of the oro-intestinal, nasorespiratory, or genitourinary tract by specific adhesins. This leads to colonization of the region and ultimately infection. Studies showed acetyl-adhesin can inhibit binding of S. mutans to salivary receptors and can prevent S. mutans colonising the teeth. This suggests the peptide may be a useful antimicrobial agent against bacterial mucosal colonisation, particularly tooth decay.</p>

<p>CPPs can transport molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins and imaging agents into cells of interest. PR9, Pas non-arginine, is an arginine rich CPP. It is composed of the nona-arginine: R9 and Pas which is a peptide penetrating accelerating sequence and it functions to export molecules out of endocytic vesicles. During a study in which PR9 was in complex with a Quantum dot probe (QD) it was evident that the PR9/QD complex was transported into the cell through endocytosis and co-localises with actins, lysosomes, early endosomes and the nucleus. Due to the non-toxicity of the PR9/QD complex it can be used as a safe vector for biomedical purposes.</p>

<p>Duck liver-derived peptide 3 is a novel bioactive peptide with high antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity is attributed to forming hydrogen bonds between their amino acid residues and free radical molecules. Duck liver-derived peptide 2 increases the activities and mRNA expression levels of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) in HepG2 oxidative damage cell models. Duck liver-derived peptide 3 can reduce the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, thereby inhibiting intracellular oxidative damage. Duck liver-derived peptide 3 has the following activity: immunomodulation, ACE inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, and antioxidant. This peptide may be used in the research for food-derived bioactive peptides for modified-food development.Of the identified duck-liver derived peptides, this is the only peptide in this group that has a proposed site of action as a HLA class I histocompatibility antigen.</p>

<p>Sakamototide is phosphorylated by members of the 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family of kinases as is therefore ideal for use in kinase assays to test the activity of AMPK family members. The AMPK family includes- salt inducible kinases (SIKs), NUAK, sucrose non-fermenting (Snf1)-related kinase (SNRK), microtubule affinity regulating kinases (MARKs) and brain specific kinase/BR serine/threonine kinase (BRSK). The kinase activity of AMPK and AMPK-related kinases, is dependent on its phosphorylation at Thr175 by the upstream kinase LKB1 (also known as STK11).</p>

<p>Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a widely used biomarker of various differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC)- Tg is a substrate for thyroid hormone production. Detection and quantification of serum thyroglobulin levels remain challenging due to Tg's size, heterogeneity, and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb). Immunoassays offer the opportunity to tailor DTC treatments, but many patients are TgAb positive, excluding them from analysis during regression.Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) can overcome immunoassay issues by digestion of Tg to a tryptic peptide removing the interference from TgAbs.</p>

<p>14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved from yeast to plants and mammals where they are found in various organs and tissues. 14-3-3 proteins regulate numerous signalling pathways via direct binding to proteins carrying phosphorylated 14-3-3-binding motifs, several hundred binding partners have been identified for 14-3-3 proteins. Their functions include a role in viral infections and innate immunity, protein trafficking, cell-cycle control, apoptosis, autophagy and other cell signal transduction pathways, as well as the associated mechanisms. There are seven 14-3-3 subtypes (alpha/β,γ, ε,η, σ, τ [also called θ] and ζ/δ) in mammals. 14-3-3 ζ has been shown to interact with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) protein X (HBx), E6 oncoprotein, Caspase-2: a protease involved in apoptosis, and to be is involved in the subcellular localisation of the FOXO forkhead transcription factor. 14-3-3 ζ acts as a molecular block that covers the DNA-binding site of FOXO4, thus blocking its interaction with the target DNA. 14-3-3 ζ also participates in the TLR3-TICAM-1 signalling pathway by promoting multimerization of TICAM-1 to form a signalosome. 14-3-3 ζ isoform may also be the target of SARS-CoV-2 in the nervous system.</p>

<p>Portion of Influenza NP</p>

<p>P2-Hp-1935 is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the skin secretions of the Montevideo tree frog (Hypsiboas pulchellus). P2-Hp-1935 displays activity against Gram positive and negative bacteria.</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. Also known as the nucleocapsid protein, it is an abundant RNA-binding protein critical for viral genome packaging. These factors make nucleoprotein a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the nucleoprotein sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. Nucleoprotein (86-100) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Selective peptide ligand for FRalpha, demonstrating specific binding to FRalpha expression cells and tumour targeting ability in vivo. It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Tumour antigens recognised by cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) are a keen area of research to develop antigen-specific cancer therapies. However, hurdles are weak immunogenicity and high rates of degradation in vivo. In the search for a melanoma vaccine, the human tumour antigen Melan-A/MART-1 (27-35) has been used as a model to design peptides with improved characteristics for use in anti-tumour vaccines. The MART-1 fragment provided here has an alanine substituted at position one from MART-1 (27-35) this is a natural variant of MART-1 found in the population. Melan-A specific CTL assays showed this MART-1 fragment A27L to be a superagonist with higher affinity than the parent peptide. Also, the MART-1 fragment is a more stable complex with HLA-A*0201 than the parent peptide as determined by degradation experiments using a functional cytolytic assay. The superagonist activity of the MART-1 fragment and the stability of the peptide may be a considerable step towards an anti-melanoma vaccine.</p>

<p>Cilengitide is a cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif containing peptide that selectively inhibits the integrin alphav subunit. Integrins are cell adhesion molecules which mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and creating a scaffold for tissue organisation. Integrins also act to regulate cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and motility.Integrin alphav can form heterodimers with integrin subunits subunits β1, β3, β5, β6, or β8. Cilengitide is a highly specific antagonist of alphavβ3 and alphavβ5 integrins. It also and shows anti-angiogenic effects and inhibits growth and promotes apoptosis of tumour cells that express integrins, such as glioblastoma.Cilengitide has gone on to phase II trials for cancers such as glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate, breast, lung and head and neck cancers.</p>

<p>As an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), IDR-1 acts indirectly on pathogenic bacterial infections. IDR-1 is proposed to function by upregulating monocyte cytokines (interleukins) while also reducing a pro-inflammatory cytokine. IDR-1 has been tested for its ability to aid against the rise of multi-drug resistant bacteria. In mouse models, IDR-1 is protective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Supply of IDR-1 can also attenuate methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-induced pneumonia. The IDR-1 sequence is being studied as a template to hopefully generate more potent synthetic versions.</p>

<p>Connexin43 mimetic peptide which can reduce swelling, astrogliosis, neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death following spinal cord injury ex vivo and in vivo. Reduces mechanical pain hypersensitivity by specifically targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in the spinal cord. Possesses analgesic effects in mouse neuropathic pain models.</p>

<p>Affinity chromatography and protein purification are more successful with highly selective ligands such as short peptides. Phage libraries have been utilised to identify novel peptides for target proteins. IgG1 monoclonal antibody is traditionally purified using protein A but is not ideal due to cost and methodology. EPIHRSTLTALL was found via phage library screening as the most selective ligand possible IgG1, and also highly stable. It binds to the constant region of IgG1 known as humanized anti-Tac (HAT). HAT is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the low-affinity p55 subunit of the interleukin IL-2 receptor.</p>

<p>Amino acids 1-24 of human adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), induces glucocorticoid production by adrenal cells with the same potency as full length ACTH. ACTH, also known as corticotropin, is a tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and member of the melanocortins peptide family. ACTH is cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is often produced in response to biological stress. ACTH acts to increase the production and release of cortisol via its interaction with the ACTH receptor- ACTHR, also known as melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R). Receptor activation increases the intracellular concentration of cAMP via adenylyl cyclase.Abnormal ACTH levels in the body has been linked to primary adrenal insufficiency/Addison's disease, Cushing's disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency.</p>

<p>Galanin is a neuropeptide synthesised and released by the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Galanin is expressed in most LC neurons in rodents and humans. Galanin has been shown to inhibit LC activity by hyperpolarising LC neurons, suppressing their spontaneous firing rate, and enhancing alpha2-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative feedback. Galanin is also a potent trophic and neuroprotective factor throughout the nervous system.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3, which are G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.N-terminal fragments are naturally occurring in vivo but their relevance is not clear. Some N-terminal fragments reduce metabolic and functional disorders in experimental heart damage. Using N-terminal fragments such as galanin (3-13) can clarify the function of full-length galanin during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. This may highlight new agonists/antagonists for the galanin GalR receptors that can be putative therapeutic targets.A C-terminal biotin tag for easy detection and purification has been added to the galanin (3-13) fragment. Cymit Quimica Laboratories Ltd is a custom peptide provider. If you desire an alternate tag, please contact us to request a custom synthesis.</p>

<p>CHKtide is a synthetic peptide substrate for checkpoint-kinase-1 and 2 (CHK1/CHK2) as well as salt-inducible kinase (SIKs) for use in kinase assays. CHKtide has been derived from CDC25C which is phosphorylated by CHK1/CHK2 in one of the DNA repair pathways. SIKs are serine/threonine kinases that are part of a complex network that regulate sodium homeostasis and blood pressure.The serine residue at position 5 of this peptide has been phosphorylated.</p>

<p>Custom research peptide; min purity 95%. For different specs please use the Peptide Quote Tool</p>

<p>(Arg8) Vasotocin (AVT) is a member of the neurohypophyseal hormone family which contains 9 amino acids with the cysteines at positions 1 and 6 linked through a disulphide bridge. Within the central nervous system of lower vertebrates, AVT has been shown to play a role as a neuromodulator and controls reproductive behaviour. Furthermore it regulates osmotic and electrolyte balance and blood pressure within the periphery. In the mammalian brain AVT functions through arginine vasopressin (AVP) or oxytocin receptor cross-reactions. Mice have an AVT reactive receptor specific to AVT and neuropeptide S. This AVT which functions to regulate processes such as sleep and reproduction.</p>

<p>The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle to drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS), in particular for macromolecules such as peptides and proteins. However, certain macromolecules can reach the CNS via a receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) pathway, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is one of the promising receptors for RMT. L57 can therefore be used for the development of RMT-based drugs for the treatment of CNS diseases.</p>

<p>Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD. Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>Hyp3-Bradykinin</p>