Peptides

<p>GIP (1-30) Human amide is derived from the Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones. While GIP is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, its main role is to stimulate insulin secretion - in a glucose-dependent mechanism. Therefore, GIP is referred to as a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide.GIP is derived from a 153-amino acid pro-protein encoded by the GIP gene. It is synthesised by K cells, which are found in the mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract. GIP receptors are seven-transmembrane proteins found on β-cells in the pancreas. These β-cells are those that are able to simultaneously detect glucose and release insulin as a result to GIP binding.The clinical relevance of GIP is related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)- studies have found that T2DM diabetics are unresponsive to GIP and have lower levels of GIP secretion after a meal when compared to non-diabetics. In research involving knockout mice, it was found that absence of the GIP receptors correlates with resistance to obesity.</p>

GG-[AMC]

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. Also known as the nucleocapsid protein, it is an abundant RNA-binding protein critical for viral genome packaging. These factors make nucleoprotein a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the nucleoprotein sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. Nucleoprotein (266-280) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Pantinin-1 is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) identified from the venom of the scorpion Pandinus imperator. Pantinin-1 possess strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungus, and weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria, with very low haemolytic activities against human red blood cells.</p>

<p>Apoptosis can be triggered by permeabilization of the mitochondrial membrane leading to leakage of cytochrome c. Work shows this mitochondrial pathway to apoptosis involves pro-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family including Bak that directly permeabilise the mitochondrial membrane leading to leakage and catastrophic cell damage. The activities of apoptotic proteins are held in check by antiapoptotic paralogs, including Bcl-2. The interactions between these proteins are modulated by BH3-only proteins. BH3 proteins have 9 -15 amino acid BH3 domain and act as direct activators or sensitizers of pro-apoptotic proteins including Bak. PUMA has been identified as a BH3 protein, but its role is less clear. PUMA BH3 peptide provided here is the full 15 residue domain shown to act as a direct activator of Bak activity leading to caspase activity and apoptosis. A direct interaction with Bak has been demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Critical data of PUMA and Bak regulation has not been well established. Further work with this peptide may help to clarify the function and role of the PUMA BH3 domain as a direct Bak activator.</p>

The native form of GLP-1 in humans is the GLP-1 (7-36) amide. GLP-1 (7-36) amide is highly unstable (half-life <-2 minutes) due to proteolytic degradation by the serine protease, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). DPP-IV cleaves the N-terminal histidine and alanine residues from GLP-1 to generate two equipotent forms: GLP-1 (9-37) and GLP-1 (9-36) amide. This degradation mitigates against the therapeutic use of GLP-1 itself, therefore DPP-IV-resistant peptide analogues have been developed and licensed for clinical use.Contains a sulfo-Cyanine5 fluorescent dye, an analogy of Cy5® and one of the most popular fluorophores. Sulfo-Cyanine5  is a red emitting fluorescent dye which is highly hydrophilic and water-soluble. Compatible with various equipment such as plate readers, microscopes, and imagers.

<p>Leptin is a member of the adipocytokines or adipokines group of cytokines primarily produced in adipose tissue. Leptin is a hormone involved in multiple endocrine functions, bone metabolism and thermoregulation, and a cytokine promoting inflammatory responses. There are elevated levels of leptin found in people with obesity. This contributes to the state of low-grade inflammation that makes those individuals more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes, degenerative disease and autoimmune disease. Reduced levels of leptin, found in malnourished individuals, have been linked to an increased risk of infection and reduced cell-mediated immunity.Leptin binds to leptin receptors (ObRs), of which there are at least six isoforms (ObRa, ObRb, ObRc, ObRd, ObRe, and ObRf). Leptin-related analogs such as (93-105) fragment can mimic the interaction and activation of the ObR to improve their anti-obesity effects. Peptide vectors with a linker to a leptin fragment were patented as new leptin agonists with an improved permeability through the blood-brain barrier. Administration of leptin or leptin (93-105) to rats was shown to raise the blood levels of aldosterone and corticosterone. The use of the (93-105) fragment has allowed a better understanding of full-length leptin and its function in its various roles.</p>

<p>Indolicidin is a natural cationic cathelicidin family anti-microbial peptide (AMP) with a very wide killing spectrum which includes: Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, protozoa and HIV.  It is also an immune system modulator and an inhibitor of aminoglycoside antibiotic-resistance enzymes.Indolicidin contains 5 tryptophan residues (39% of peptide content)- the highest tryptophan proportion ever seen in a peptide or protein.When indolicidin interacts with biological membranes it assumes a wedge- shaped conformation, with the hydrophobic tryptophan residues in the trough of the wedge, and positively charged regions flanking them at each end. If fully extended, indolicidin is able to span both lipid bilayers despite only consisting of 13 amino acid residues. This is possible because indolicidin adopts an approximate poly-l-proline type II helix conformation, which is characterized by very high helical pitches.The exact mode of action of indolicidin is still unknown. At bactericidal concentrations the peptide appears to translocate through the membrane into the cytosol where it may bind to nucleic acids, whereas at higher concentrations it is membranolytic.</p>

<p>Peptide identified through phage display that binds to colorectal cancer cell line RKO cells, as well as other cancer cells including Caco-2, HCT 116 and HCT-15, but not to normal cells, possibly through targeting the monocarboxylate transporter 1, which has been implicated in colorectal cancer progression and prognosis.</p>

<p>Translation elongation factor thermo unstable (EF-Tu), is a highly conserved protein in bacteria which is essential for the synthesis of new proteins through translation in the ribosome. EF-Tu is also a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) protein. PAMPs are elicitors of plant defences and are recognised by pattern recognition receptors in the plant. In Arabidopsis thaliana EF-Tu is recognised by EF-Tu Receptor (EFR), a leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinase XII family member.Elf18 represents the N-terminal of EF-Tu, the region specifically recognised by Arabidopsis. This N-acetylated peptide is a strong inducer of plant defence responses and results in the biosynthesis of ethylene in leaves which triggers resistance to subsequent infection by pathogenic bacteria.</p>

PTH 1-34, is a biologically active peptide fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PHT 1-34 has been shown to enhance bone fracture healing by promoting osteogenesis. PTH 1-34 also has chondrogenic properties.PTH is an 84-amino-acid polypeptide hormone (PTH 1-84) which is secreted by the parathyroid glands along with its fragments (such as PTH 1-34 and PTH 7-84). PTH increases calcium and decrease phosphate levels in the blood and the abundance of PTH-derived peptides is regulated by blood calcium levels. PTH inhibits the bone growth-promoting activity of osteoblasts and induces osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium and phosphate ions into the blood. PTH binds to and activates the receptor parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1). PTHR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which regulates mineral ion homeostasis, bone turnover and skeletal development.It contains 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.

<p>This peptide contains an N-terminal a 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (5-TAMRA), a widely used fluorescent dye which excites at 546 nm and emits at 579 nm and a black hole quencher 2 (BHQ-2) group.The fluorescence from 5-TAMRA is efficiently quenched by resonance energy transfer to the BHQ-2 group when the peptide is intact, however upon cleavage of the peptide by Mpro, 5-TAMRA and BHQ-2 are separated, allowing fluorescence to be detected. This therefore represents a useful tool for investigating Mpro activity.</p>

<p>Galanin is a neuropeptide synthesised and released by the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Galanin is expressed in most LC neurons in rodents and humans. Galanin has been shown to inhibit LC activity by hyperpolarising LC neurons, suppressing their spontaneous firing rate, and enhancing alpha2-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative feedback. Galanin is also a potent trophic and neuroprotective factor throughout the nervous system.Galanin is widely distributed from the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors  which are inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Some N-terminal fragments naturally occur in vivo but their relevance is unclear. The physiological relevance of the galanin fragment (2-12) and its affinity to the various GalR receptors has yet to be made clear. Binding assays and displacement assays in rat brain tissue have been performed with similar N-terminal galanin fragments to try and elucidate their function. . The use of N-terminal fragments such as galanin (2-12) can help clarify the function of full-length galanin. This may highlight new agonists/antagonists for the galanin GalR receptors that can be putative therapeutic targets for treatments of conditions such as cardiovascular disease.NMR has used this galanin fragment (2-12) to help characterise the structure of galanin. It shows the critical residues Tyr(9), Leu(10), and Leu(11) for interaction with the galR receptors. They cluster together as collapsed hydrophobic residues irrelevant to forming higher-order structures.</p>

<p>C- terminal fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) also known as corticotropin, and competitive antagonist of ACTH receptor (ACTHR), also known as melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R).ACTH is a member of the melanocortins-peptide family, this tropic hormone is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is often produced in response to biological stress. ACTH acts to increase the production and release of cortisol via its interaction with ACTHR. Receptor activation increases the intracellular concentration of cAMP via adenylyl cyclase. Abnormal ACTH levels in the body have been linked to primary adrenal insufficiency/Addison's disease, Cushing's disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency.</p>

<p>The acetylated N-terminal peptide of murine myelin basic protein (MBP) (1-9).</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (581-595) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP13 (576-590)</p>

Substance P (SP) is a peptide that is highly conserved across the animal kingdom and is involved in a number of inflammatory and growth promoting processes. SP has a net positive charge at physiological pH, it is an amphiphilic peptide with positively charged residues at the N-terminus and hydrophobic residues at the C-terminus, this controls how it interacts with cell membranes. SP is relatively stable in plasma (several hours) but has a short half-life in tissues (seconds/minutes).SP is encoded by the TAC1 gene and is a member of the tachykinin peptide hormone family. SP is expressed by many cell types including: neurons- astrocytes- microglia- epithelial cells- endothelial cells- immune cells such as T cells and macrophages- dendritic cells and eosinophils and some stem cells and progenitor cells. The huge variety of cell types expressing SP suggest it is involved in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological functions.SP mediates its functions by interacting with members of the neurokinin (NK) family of G protein-coupled receptors with high selectivity. Among these, SP binds to NK1R with the highest affinity, this receptor is expressed in a wide range of tissue types.[5-FAM]-Substance P contains 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.

<p>BAT3 (340-347) human is derived from BAT3, the human leukocyte antigen B-associated transcript 3 which associates with TIM-3 in T lymphocytes and recruits a Src family kinase.</p>

<p>Portion of Influenza A</p>

<p>CCK Octapeptide sulfated.</p>

<p>Influenza A NP (44-52) (HLA-A1) is a CEF control peptide that is derived from Influenza A. Influenza A is an enveloped negative-strand RNA virus that is capable of interfering with host transcription, which can ultimately cause cell death. The action of the virus particles decreases the downstream gene occupancy of RNA polymerase II, as well as instigating cellular stress, resulting in the failure of polymerase II termination at poly(A) sites. Influenza A NP (44-52) (HLA-A1) is defined as a CEF control peptide due to its antigenic properties. Clinically, this peptide is a suitable epitope for CD8+ T cells and can be used to stimulate the release of IFNg. HLA-A1 refers to the cell HLA type that this peptide acts on.The nucleoprotein (NP) is a structural protein that encapsulates the negative strand of viral RNA. NP plays a critical role in the transition of influenza virus RNA synthesis from transcription mode to replication mode.</p>

Alpha-2-antiplasmin (alpha2AP), a member of the serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) superfamily, is the main inhibitor of the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin as well as an inhibitor of trypsin, elastase, and C protein. It plays a crucial role in reducing plasmin production and activity and thus inhibiting fibrinolysis.alpha2AP is synthesized in the liver and secreted as a single-chain glycoprotein, containing 11-14% carbohydrate, with a methionine (Met) as its N-terminus (Met-alpha2AP). The N-terminus of alpha2AP is involved in the incorporation of alpha2AP into a clot and the C-terminus is involved in the initial interaction of alpha2AP with plasmin(ogen). Circulating alpha2AP undergoes both N-and C-terminal modifications, which alter its activity. Increased concentrations of a2AP are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases.

<p>RGD peptide is an adhesive peptide which can be used in a biomaterial context to attach cells to a range of materials. It is located within extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as the integrin binding domain. The advantage of using RGD peptides over whole ECM proteins is that it reduces the immune reactivity risk.</p>

<p>3xFlag repeats [DYKDDDDK], supplied as the ammonium salt. An epitope for capture and detection containing an enterokinase site [DDDDK].</p>

<p>Activation of the inflammatory response is critical to various infectious agents. Pro-inflammatory cytokines like-IL-1α and IL-1β are upregulated upon the initial detection of infection and bind to IL-1R1 to activate the signalling cascade. However, a hyperinflammatory response can lead to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and conditions such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and ischemia.To maintain homeostasis there are moderators of the inflammatory response. Binding of interleukin IL-1 to IL-1R1 stimulates the inflammatory cascade. Alternately, AF10847 binds to IL-1R1 resulting in significant conformational change of IL-1R1 but its lack of any cytokine activity locks IL-1R1 in an inactive state inhibiting a signalling event. AF10847 has an exceedingly high affinity for IL-1R1 compared to 1α and IL-1β.Extensive searches for lower molecular mass IL-1R antagonists-for oral delivery as a therapeutic for rheumatoid arthritis are being carried out. AF10847 is a 21-mer that has high affinity for the conserved IL-1R1 binding site that is also recognised by IL-1β. The remarkable high affinity of AF10847 for IL-1R1 makes it a perfect candidate for further investigations into novel IL-1R1 inhibitor development.</p>

<p>H3 is a core component of the nucleosome, functioning in DNA compaction and availability to transcription machinery. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodelling. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. There is a wealth of data recording these modifications but understanding their significance is not as clear. H3K23me3, an enriched modification in heterochromatin, is known to bind histone demethylase KDM4A. H3K23me3 is also necessary for timely and accurate meiotic divisions.H3 amino acids 14-34 with lysine 23 trimethylated are provided here with a biotin label for easy use in detection by fluorescence microscopy, ELISA or western blots. Alternatively, it can be purified for protein-protein interactions with the appropriate affinity purification protocol.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 Spike (411-420)</p>

<p>Synthetic host defence peptide derivative with strong anti-inflammatory properties.</p>

<p>Amylin, also known as islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), is a peptide hormone which is deficient in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Amylin is co-secreted with insulin from the pancreatic β-cells. It inhibits glucagon secretion, delays gastric emptying, and thus acts as a satiety agent.  Amylin peptide is capable of forming aggregates, and pancreatic amyloid plaques are present in 90% of patients with DM. Formation of these plaques may be inhibited by insulin via the formation of heteromolecular complexes. Amylin is also involved in adiposity signalling and body weight regulation.Amylin is expressed in the human placenta during pregnancy where it may help regulate food intake by both the mother and foetus, and is involved in foetal development of bone, kidneys and pancreas.</p>

Apolipoprotein A-I enables the efflux of fat molecules from within cells as high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles for transport back into LDL particles or to the liver for excretion. HDLs are one of five major groups of lipoproteins. Increasing concentrations of HDL particles are strongly associated with decreasing accumulation of atherosclerosis within the walls of arteries. Apolipoprotein A-I is often used as a biomarker for prediction of cardiovascular diseases, such that low levels of APOA1 are associated with an increased risk of adverse events in patients with coronary artery disease. In such cases, APOA1 can be used as a biomarker to predict cardiovascular disease progression.This peptide contains a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification.

<p>The PA protein is a subunit of the influenza virus polymerase complex and its endonuclease activity is vital in viral genome replication. As a phosphoprotein it is a casein kinase substrate and its N-terminus is responsible for the activation of a proteolytic process in which co-expressed proteins are degraded.During viral RNA synthesis PA produces 5' capped RNA oligonucleotides due to it cleaving the 5' terminus on pre-mRNA. It is possible that the PA protein could be used as a target in antiviral chemotherapy.</p>

<p>Thrombin receptor inhibitory peptide (TRIP). Thrombin activates members of the PAR family of receptors to initiate a variety of signalling pathways.Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. This peptide mimics the tethered peptide ligand of PAR- 2, but lacks the S42 residue which is important for receptor activation, and therefore acts as a thrombin antagonist peptide.</p>

Recombinant human interferon-β (IFNB) is a therapeutic for specific stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, a significant portion of patients develop neutralising antibodies within two years which prevent the clinical efficacy of the treatment- this was correlated to a specific rise in IgG. Sequencing of IFNB1 revealed CD4+ T cell epitope residues (118-132) that contain critical T cell activation residues. Identifying these sequences allows them to be manipulated to provide new interferon treatments that reduce the capacity to induce neutralising antibodies in MS patients. In addition, the critical residue isoleucine has been mutated to valine and shown to reduce the immunological response to this epitope. This IFNB1 (118-132) epitope can be used for immunological investigations as a deimmunised version of the epitope. In addition, it can be used as a control for T cell activation and antibody recognition via immunoassays and immunohistochemistry. This may provide further insights into specific haplotypes correlating to IFNB responses in MS treatment.

Boc-Val-Pro-ValP(OPh)2 is a good inhibitor for HLE (Human Leukocyte Elastase) and porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE).

<p>Tumstatin is an anti-angiogenic matrikine fragment of collagen IV alpha3 subunit and a VEGF antagonist. Matrikines are bioactive extra cellular matrix (ECM) fragments which regulate cellular metabolism and influence ECM deposition and degradation. Airways of people with asthma have an 18-fold reduction in the levels tumstatin in their airway walls. Tumstatin reverses airway inflammation and remodelling in animal models of asthma in a mechanism involving autocrine remodelling of the ECM. The ECM regulates many aspects of cell biology including gene expression and inflammatory pathways. The airways ECM in asthma has been implicated in airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), airway thickening, chronic inflammation and increased angiogenesis. Tumstatin fosters an anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic microenvironment which inhibits neutrophils in the airway tissue by modifying airway smooth muscle (ASM)-derived ECM. Tumstatin is present in endothelial cells, airway epithelial cells and primary lung fibroblasts, but not in primary ASM cells.</p>

Buforin II is a highly potent antimicrobial peptide which was derived from buforin I, a peptide isolated from the stomach of the Asian toad, Bufo bufo garagrizans. Buforin II is an alpha-helical antimicrobial peptide, however it has far stronger antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms compared with other alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides. Buforin II may have a different mode of action to that of other alpha-helical peptides targeting nucleic acids instead of cell membranes.

<p>Biotin-Tat (47-57) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Specifically Biotin-TAT (47-57) is located within the arginine-rich basic domain 48-60 of the TAT peptide which as a whole has three domains which function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively.This peptide has an uncharged C-terminal amide.</p>

<p>Biotinylated aMptD, a Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) specific ligand. MAP can cause Johne disease (the wasting disease) in livestock. It is important therefore to detect the presence of MAP in animal milk and faeces.Biotinylated aMptD can be used (along with biotinylated aMp3) to detect the viability of MAP cells in infected livestock through combined peptide-mediated magnetic separation phage display due to their high affinity for MAP. The addition of biotin to aMptD glycine residue, changes the orientation of aMptD so that it can bind to the target bacteria with increased stability, thus achieving a high capture efficiency. A similar effect is observed on the addition of biotin to aMp3 asparagine residue.</p>

<p>Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD. Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

3CLpro are the key enzymes required by coronaviruses to replicate. They cleave polyproteins to form replicase. This makes 3CLpro a drug target for protease inhibitors with particular interest to COVID-19. Synthetic 3CLpro substrates are being generated for their potential to inhibit the protease activity and thus replication cycle of coronaviruses.When this peptide is intact, fluorescence from the fluorophore (donor) EDAN is undetectable due to the proximity of the acceptor (quencher) Dabcyl. However, upon cleavage the fluorescence of the EDANS moiety, as measurably by excitation/emission 340/490nm, can be detected due to separation from the Dabcyl quencher. This product was shown to be a potent inhibitor of 3CLpro activity therefore, it has the potential to be a vital tool in the fight against SARS-CoV.

<p>Amino acids 1-10 of human adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH, also known as corticotropin, is a tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and member of the melanocortins peptide family. ACTH is cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is often produced in response to biological stress. ACTH acts to increase the production and release of cortisol via its interaction with the ACTH receptor- ACTHR, also known as melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R). Receptor activation increases the intracellular concentration of cAMP via adenylyl cyclase.Abnormal ACTH levels in the body has been linked to primary adrenal insufficiency/Addison's disease, Cushing's disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency.</p>

<p>Triptorelin is an agonist of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH-R). Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), based on GnRH agonists and antagonists, is the standard therapeutic approach for prostate cancer (PCa) patients. In castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) GnRH agonists are associated with significant anti-proliferative/pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic effects, mediated by the Gαi/cAMP signalling cascade. The tryptophan residue in this peptide is replaced with the D-amino acids making the peptide resistant to degradation from proteases and therefore increasing the half-life of the peptide in vivo. Peptide is for research purposes only, strictly not for human use.</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. The nucleoprotein has a critical role in virus assembly and RNA transcription. The nucleoprotein is essential in the formation of helical ribonucleoproteins and in regulating viral RNA synthesis. The nucleoprotein can also regulate infected host cellular mechanisms. It is highly expressed during infection and may induce protective immune responses against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.The nucleoprotein residues SWFTALTQHGKEDLK (51-65) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Galanin is a widely distributed neuropeptide in the central nervous system, peripheral regions and endocrine system. Galanin has a role in energy homeostasis. Central injections of galanin to the amygdala led to food intake in rats. Galanin also acts in the CNS to inhibit neurotransmitter release, such as acetylcholine. Galanin has been implicated in numerous neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy.Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors which are inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway- receptor activation leads to a cellular influx of potassium ions.The galanin active fragment (1-16) has been identified as a highly potent agonist for the galanin receptors from binding assays.  This has become a basis for galanin-based peptides, which are neuroactive. These are being investigated as a potential source for anticonvulsant neuropeptides as a therapeutic for conditions such as epilepsy. A library of galanin fragments has allowed screening of their properties to be assessed and used to generate chimeric peptides. Galanin fragments have different affinities for GalR receptors- however, the N-terminal (1-16) residues have been shown to have a conserved affinity for the receptors. This galanin (2-13) peptide is provided in the amide form. The acidic form is also available in our catalogue.</p>

<p>Fluorogenic substrate for thrombin that when in its intact state does not fluoresce, however upon cleavage by thrombin in 2 successive steps, Rhodamine 110 is released to allow fluorescence.Thrombin is a multifunctional serine protease and is the principal enzyme of hemostasis. It catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and activates procoagulant factors V, VIII, XI, and XIII. When bound to thrombomodulin, it activates protein C, an anticoagulant zymogen. Thrombin also activates platelets, regulates endothelial cell function, and has a host of direct actions on other cells. Thrombin has been found to act as a mediator of vascular dysfunction and inflammation in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. Thrombin contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis and diabetes and promotes vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Thrombin is elevated in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and therefore may be a therapeutic target in AD.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP7 is part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase heterotetramer for mediating coronavirus RNA synthesis. NSP7 and NSP8 form a channel to confer processivity on RNA polymerase. NSP7 aids in stabilising NSP12 regions involved in RNA binding and is essential for a highly active NSP12 polymerase complex. These factors make NSP7 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP7 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP7 (31-45) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>DOTA-conjugated somatostatin analogue for labelling with radiometals such as gallium-67 or gallium-68, indium-111, and yttrium-90. Known as DOTA-TATE, this is a useful tool in receptor-mediated tumour imaging and peptide receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy. Binding of DOTA-TATE is detected by scintigraphy even at low level. The high expression of somatostatin receptors allows their successful use as radiolabelled octreotide analogues for tumour tracing in nuclear medicine. Binding of DOTA-TATE can occur at sights of inflammatory or immunologic diseases where increased lymphocyte binding is occurring.A few radioligands have been applied on the basis of peptide receptor recognition in the past. However, an optimal radiopeptide for receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy has yet to be achieved. Ongoing developments may result in peptides more suitable for this kind of receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy. Further work with this DOTA-TATE could provide that vital inroad.</p>

<p>Peptide corresponding to residues 206-214 of murine islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP), the autoantigen targeted by pathogenic CD8+ T cells in non obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Cells that recognize IGRP(206-214) are present in the earliest islet infiltrates of NOD mice and undergo avidity maturation as islet inflammation progresses to overt disease.</p>

<p>Alloferon 1, a member of the Alloferons is extracted from the blood of experimentally infected Callifora vicina fly and demonstrates both antimicrobial and anti-tumour activity . The Alloferons are bioactive, cationic peptides and exhibit the ability to stimulate Natural Killer cell activity and IFN synthesis. Due to studies investigating the effect Alloferon 1 would have on the central nervous system it was shown that Alloferon 1 had no toxic effects and therefore has the potential to be used as an anti-tumour therapeutic.</p>