Peptides

Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-pNA is a peptide that is derived from the human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) precursor protein. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in vitro by inducing apoptosis. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-pNA binds to and activates caspase 3, which leads to cleavage of the proapoptotic protein Bid into Bax and Bak, leading to mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and cell death. The peptide also inhibits DNA synthesis in HL60 cells and hemocytes. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-pNA also inhibits proliferation of K562 cells through proteolytic degradation of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl2L11.

<p>A dimeric RGD peptide for click chemistry (PEG3 = 11-amino-3,6,9-Trioxaundecanoic acid). This product is available as a trifluoracetate salt.</p>

<p>H-Arg-Gly-Tyr-Val-Tyr-Gln-Gly-Leu-OH is a peptide that can be used as a research tool to study protein interactions. It is also an excellent pharmacological tool for the study of ion channels, receptors, and ligands. The peptide has been shown to have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.</p>

<p>Cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Glu) is a peptide linker that is synthesized using solid phase synthesis. It has been shown to be cytotoxic to cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, with an IC50 of less than 15 μM in three different types of cancer cell lines. Cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Glu) has a high uptake rate, which may be due to its ability to bind to the amino acid residue glutamic acid on the surface of cancer cells. This peptide also has a prognostic value for pancreatic cancer, as patients with increased levels of Cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Glu) have a poorer prognosis.</p>

L-Penicillamine (L-Pen) is a metabolite of penicillin and is the toxic from of penicillin’s two enantiomers L-Pen and D-Pen. While D-Pen is a clinically useful metal chelator protein with its ability to help treat Wilson’s diseases and possible Alzheimer’s disease, L-Pen can result in neuritis and marrow damage. It is important therefore that methods are developed, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, to identify and eliminate the presence of L-Pen. One such method is using a chiral molecular imprinting technique.

H-Cys(Trt)-2-ClTrt-Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a resin for peptide synthesis. It is an acid-labile thiolated polystyrene resin with a low degree of substitution. The resin has been shown to be stable in the presence of strong acid, and can be used for the synthesis of peptides. This product contains 1% DVB as a protective colloid, which resists hydrolysis by acids and bases.

<p>[N-Me-Asp1]-Angiotensin II is a peptide that belongs to the peptides and biochemicals group. It is an angiotensin II antagonist, which means that it blocks the action of Angiotensin II on its receptors. This peptide can be used as a vasoconstrictive agent in the treatment of hypertension.</p>

The myelin sheath which is located in both the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System is crucial for neural insulation and the salutatory conduction of nerve impulses. When this myelin sheath is destroyed neurodegeneration and conduction failure occur and theses occurrences can be observed in demyelinating diseases in the CNS such as: acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis and within the PNS: Guillain–Barré syndrome and Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease.Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) from which this product is derived is the second most abundant protein in myelin. It has been found to be an intrinsically disordered protein and depending on the environmental conditions it can change its conformation. It also folds into ⍺-helical structures which allow MBP to bind tightly to lipid bilayer surfaces. MBP also interacts with other proteins, namely cytoskeletal proteins and calmodulin and may be involved in signalling pathways. Although more research needs to be carried out, it is thought that MBP significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. As MBP is an autoantigen it can be recognized and cleaved by autoantibodies and is a substrate for the immunoproteasome. Additional research has found that post-translational modifications of MBP such as the removal of arginine are increased and may be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Therefore this protein derived from MBP can be used to mimic Neurodegenerative disease phenotypes in research and animal models. One-Letter Formula: LSRFSWGAEGQRPGFGYGG

<p>A truncated analog of Obestatin, a 23 amino acid gastrointestinal peptide, encoded for by the ghrelin gene and is known to reduce food intake through supressing appetite. This peptide has been found to influence the pancreas, cardiovascular system and adipose tissues as well as the gastrointestinal system. One study showed that when high-fat diet fed rats were given chronic administration of obestatin it prevented the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Consequently Obestatin has the potential to be used in preventing obesity-related diseases.</p>

<p>Mob-S-Mercaptoproprionic acid is a reagent that can be used to synthesize peptides. It is also a Building Block for the synthesis of other molecules. Mob-S-Mercaptoproprionic acid is hydrolyzed to form the corresponding carboxylate and mercaptoacyl amide, which can be used in peptide synthesis by condensation with an amino acid.</p>

A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of SULT1B1 antibody, catalog no. 70R-2607

<p>Liver-Expressed Antimicrobial Peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a peptide that belongs to the family of antimicrobial peptides. LEAP2 is a potent activator of ion channels, which are membrane proteins that regulate the passage of ions through the cell membrane. LEAP2 can also inhibit protein interactions by binding to receptors and ligands on the surface of cells. LEAP2 has been shown to be a receptor for Ligand-gated ion channels, which are involved in many cellular processes such as neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, and hormone release.<br>LEAP2 can be used as an inhibitor of the hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in neurons. These channels are important for regulating neuronal excitability and inhibiting neuronal activity following action potentials.</p>

<p>H-Leu-2-ClTrt-Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a resin that has been used to synthesize peptides. It can be used as a building block for many other chemical reactions, such as cross-linking and oxidation. This resin is typically used in the synthesis of peptides with an amino acid sequence of H-Leu-2-ClTrt and contains 1% DVB. The resin can be used for the synthesis of small organic molecules, such as antibiotics, with a molecular weight between 500 and 2000 Da.</p>

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) and Related Peptides are a group of peptides that have a role in the regulation of skin pigmentation. One such peptide is Nle4, D-Phe7]-ß-MSH-amide, which is an agonist of melanocortin receptors. It has been shown to stimulate the proliferation and cause the differentiation of melanocytes in vitro, as well as to increase the number of melanocytes in vivo.

Endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRP) agonist which is secreted in both peripheral and central neurons. It is a potent vasodilator and can function in the transmission of nociception as well as acting as an appetite suppressant and contributing to gastric acid secretion.  It also has a function in temperature homeostasis, increases heart rate, and can play a role in the release of the pituitary hormone.

<p>Met-Leu-pNA (Hydrochloride Form) is a peptide that binds with high affinity to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, an ion channel protein. It is used in research tools and as an inhibitor. The peptide has been shown to inhibit the activity of the receptor by competitive inhibition, preventing binding of glutamate, which normally activates the ion channel. This inhibition leads to a decrease in neuronal excitability and decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines.</p>

This resin is a building block for peptide synthesis that can be used as a solid support in solid phase peptide synthesis. It has been used in the synthesis of a number of biologically active molecules. The resin is prepared by coupling an amine and thiol in the presence of triethylamine and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. The resin contains 1% DVB, which serves as the protecting agent for the amino acid side chain during coupling reactions.

A synthetic tarantula spider toxin sourced from the chinese earth tiger tarantula, Chilobrachys jingzhao. This product has the following disulfide bonds: Cys1-Cys4, Cys2-Cys5, Cys3-Cys6 and is available as a trifluoroacetate Salt.

Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA). It mimics the GLP-1 hormone, released in the gut in response to eating.  Semaglutide can enhance insulin secretion and suppress glucagon section in a glucose-dependent manner. It also increases gastric emptying time and reduces intestinal motility. This combination leads to a decrease in appetite. Semaglutide has a long half-life allowing weekly subcutaneous application. Semaglutide also has positive effects on heart, liver, and lung function. Semalgutide also slows the progression of the effects of Alzheimer’s disease. This is a heavy isotype-labelled version of semaglutide that is suited to peptide quantification by mass spectrometry. This allows it to be used as an internal standard for quantification of semaglutide. There are two phenylalanine residues isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (9) and nitrogen-15 (1); one valine is labelled with carbon-13 (5) and nitrogen-15 (1); two leucine residues labelled with carbon-13 (6) and nitrogen-15 (1). This semaglutide peptide has a mass increase of 40 compared to the unlabelled peptide.25nmol = 0.1mg

<p>Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP20) was originally identified for being able to stimulate lactin release. However, that is not considered its function anymore, it is reclassified as a neuropeptide with a role in energy balance, and an inhibitor of appetite. PrRP20 is considered a central neuromodulator found within the A1 and A2 noradrenergic neurons and neurons of the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. PrRP20 binds with high affinity to the G protein coupled receptor GPR10. Binding can lead to activation of numerous signalling pathways including activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK1/2) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB).  Not much is known about the binding mechanism and activation of GPR10. Use of PrRP20 and its analogs have aimed to provide greater insight to the binding and activation of GRP10 to better understand how this effects energy balance. With new links being made between diabetes and obesity with Alzheimer's disease it raises the question of whether PrRP20 and GP10 may be a factor in the disease development due to the colocalization in the same brain regions. Further study may lead to novel therapies for obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease in the future.</p>

<p>Penetratin is a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), also known as a protein transduction domain (PTD), of which the first 16 amino acids are derived from the third helix of the Antennapedia protein homeodomain. Penetratin linked to a phosphodiester oligonucleotide is capable of permeating through neuronal cell membranes and down-regulating genes.</p>

<p>Ghrelin is involved in several physiological processes, including feeding and lipid accumulation, stress response, anxiety, cardiac performance, immunity and inflammation, taste sensation, reward-seeking behaviour, regulation of glucose metabolism and thermogenesis, memory, motivation and learning.Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that typically has a serine at the third residue and relies on modification with a fatty acid to give ghrelin its functional activity. In its modified form, ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the pituitary gland's growth hormone receptor (GHS-R) and stimulates growth hormone release.Ghrelin acts on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus as an orexigenic agent to stimulate appetite. Ghrelin is produced in the stomach as a precursor peptide preproghrelin, cleaved to ghrelin. Ghrelin circulates in the blood and can cross the blood-brain barrier. Levels of ghrelin respond to fasting conditions and allow signals about the energy status to be transmitted from the peripheral organs to the central nervous system to maintain energy homeostasis.Ghrelin is a valuable target for treating conditions such as anorexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, cardiopathy, neurodegenerative disorders, renal and pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory disorders and metabolic syndrome.</p>

CPPs can transport molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins and imaging agents into cells of inter-est. PR9, Pas non-arginine, is an arginine rich CPP. It is composed of the nona-arginine: R9 and Pas which is a peptide penetrating accelerating sequence and it functions to export molecules out of endocytic vesicles. During a study in which PR9 was in complex with a Quantum dot probe (QD) it was evident that the PR9/QD complex was transported into the cell through endocytosis where it co-localises with actins, lysosomes, early endosomes and the nucleus. Due to the non-toxicity of the PR9/QD complex it can be used as a safe vector for biomedical purposes.It contains 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.

<p>Portion of EBV</p>

<p>A 26-residue fragment from BH3 only protein Bim, BH3 only proteins constitute a major proportion of pro-apoptotic members of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of apoptotic regulatory proteins and participate in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis and immunity.</p>

<p>Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. These PAR-activating proteases therefore represent PAR agonists. This PAR-2 agonist peptide mimics the sequence of the 'tethered ligand' and is therefore capable of activating the receptor independently of N-terminal proteolysis.PAR-3 is required for intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression in endothelial cells and PAR-3 cooperates with PAR-1 to mediate the effect of thrombin on cytokine production and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-) 1 expression.PAR activation has been linked to inflammation, therefore compounds that mimic or interfere with the PAR-activating processes are attractive therapeutic candidates.</p>

The peptide Sapecin B exhibits antimicrobial properties against gram-positive bacteria. It is originally derived from the sarcophaga peregrine embryonic cell line, NIH-Sape-4.

<p>Suc-LLVY-acid.</p>

<p>Autocamtide-2</p>

<p>a-Gliadin (229-246) is derived from Gliadin peptides, the component of wheat involved in the gastrointestinal symptoms of wheat allergy and Celiac Disease (CD). During wheat allergies histamines and leukotrienes are secreted due to gliadin peptide sequences cross-linking two IgE molecules on mast cells and basophils.The glutamine and proline rich peptides of which Gliadin is composed of are resistant to proteolysis during digestion, leaving them active in the gastrointestinal tract. Subsequently these are deamidated by tissue transglutaminase and can bind to HLA-DQ2 or DQ8. As a result in patients with the autoimmune disease CD, there is a Th1-mediated inflammatory immune response against these gliadin peptides.Gliadin can exert additional effects on the intestinal microbiota and ileal barrier function. It has been found that gut microbiota members such as Bifidobacterium and lactobacillus have the ability to digest and inactivate gliadin peptides hence reducing their inflammatory effects in the gastrointestinal system.</p>

Exendin-4 is part of a group of peptide hormones, the exendins. These are members of the glucagon superfamily of peptides and are secreted from the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum) venom gland. Exendins stimulate insulin secretion in response to rising blood glucose levels and modulate gastric emptying to slow the entry of ingested sugars into the bloodstream. Exendin-4 increases insulin sensitivity and improves glucose tolerance in humans and animals with diabetes. Exendin-4 is currently used for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus in its synthetic form, Exenatide.Exendin-4 shares 53% sequence homology, and specific activities, with glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1). Enteroendocrine L-cells produce GLP-1 upon nutrient ingestion, its central role relates to insulin secretion. Unlike GLP-1, exendin-4 is resistant to cleavage by plasma dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), resulting in a longer half-life and duration of action than GLP-1, as well as greater potency in vivo. Exendin-4 binds and activates the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). In addition to its role in insulin sensitivity, exendin-4 also has a role in pancreas development and has anti-cancer properties.This exendin-4 contains AF647, a structural analog to Alexa Fluor® 647, a widely used far-red fluorescent dye. Its excitation is ideally suited to 594nm or 633nm. This dye is suited for low abundance targets as it has high initial brightness and a high photostability allowing detection of low abundance peptides. If you desire an alternative dye, please contact us to request a custom synthesis.

<p>Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD. Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>EB1 is a penetratin analogue that was synthesised to be an endosomolytic cell penetrating peptide (CPP). Certain amino acids in the penetratin sequence were replaced with histidine to encourage formation of an alpha helix upon protonation in the acidic endosomes. As a CPP, EB1 has been shown to form a strong interaction with the phospholipid bilayer during insertion with rapid cellular uptake, there is a moderate amount of cell leakage and no significant cytotoxicity.EB1 is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-EB1 allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification and peptide design.</p>

<p>GRGDS peptide</p>

<p>Echinotocin is a neurophysin containing precursor neuropeptide derived from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.</p>

<p>Peptide obtained by linking the 11 amino acid human HIV Tat transporter to a 21 amino acid sequence corresponding to the ADAM10 proline-rich domains.</p>

<p>FdM, ferredoxin maquette is a synthetic peptide which can bind a [4Fe-4S] cluster and contains a bacterial ferredoxin consensus motif (CIACGAC).</p>

<p>Src is a member of the Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs), a large cytosolic, non-receptor, kinase family that controls multiple signalling pathways in animal cells. SFKs play key roles in cell morphology and differentiation, motility, proliferation and survival. Src contains an N-terminal 14-carbon myristoyl group, a unique segment, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a protein-tyrosine kinase domain and a C-terminal regulatory tail. Src is expressed ubiquitously however it is seen at far higher levels in the brain, osteoclasts, and platelets. Src is a proto-oncogene and elevated levels of Src protein are seen in different tumours including: breast- lung- thyroid- glioblastoma- colorectal- pancreatic- prostate- gastric- biliary tract, ovarian and skin cancer. Src levels are often associated with tumour progression, metastasis and a poor clinical outcome and therefore Src has been investigated as a therapeutic target.</p>

<p>TAT-Beclin Scrambled is a scrambled version of the peptide derived from a region of the Beclin 1 protein. The original peptide interacts with a newly identified negative regulator of autophagy, GAPR-1 (also called GLIPR2) to act as a potent inducer of autophagy. Autophagy is an essential process that maintains cellular homeostasis and carries out lysosome-mediated degradation of unwanted proteins in the cytoplasm. It is often examined when looking at disease pathways because of this regulatory function. While the immune system initiates the removal of viruses and pathogens through the autophagic pathway, some viruses (such as HIV) are able to evade this process.The scrambled sequence in this peptide means it can be used as an effective negative control in such experiments because whilst it contains the same amino acids as Beclin-1 (and thus has the same molecular weight), it does not express the same properties as the original peptide.TAT (47-57) is present due to its properties as a cell penetrating cationic peptide (CPP). It derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As a CPP, TAT (47-57) is able facilitate the delivery of the Beclin Scrambled protein across the plasma membrane.This peptide contains a GG linker between the C-terminus of TAT (47-57) and the N-terminus of Beclin Scrambled.</p>

<p>Mucin 10 (153 - 165), EA2.</p>

<p>Synthetic anti-microbial peptide originally identified and isolated form the skin secretions of the midwife toad,-Alytes maurus. Alyteserin-2Mb has 82% homology to alyteserin-2, from the closely related midwife toad-Alytes obstetricans.Alyteserin-2Mb has strong activity against Gram-positive-bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and weak activity against gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and fungi such as Candida albicans.</p>

A potent antimicrobial peptide produced by the catfish Parasilurus asotus in response to epidermal injury. Parasin I is a derivative of catfish histone H2A.

<p>Venom peptidomes and proteomes have the potential for significant inroads to novel drug discovery. The non-disulphide bridge peptides (NDBPs) have become a particular focus due to their large range of apparent structures and biological activity while retaining high specificity. Additionally, it has been found that a few site-specific modifications or post-translational modifications can have significant impacts on the potency of their biological effects.Within the peptidome AcrAP1 was identified in the NDBP as having antimicrobial and bactericidal activity. The nascent peptide contains a predicted hydrophobic region, this was altered to lysine residues generating a hydrophilic region, AcrAP1a. This cationic enhancement markedly increases their antibacterial potency against bacteria and yeast. Furthermore, at relatively high concentrations, it inhibited proliferation of several cancer cell lines but at low concentrations in 2 cell lines the growth was significantly promoted. The duality of AcrAP1a on growth modulation in cancer cell lines as well as having potent antimicrobial activity suggests it is a useful analogue for further research in bacteria and eukaryotes.</p>

<p>Panx-1 mimetic inhibitory peptide that blocks pannexin-1 gap junctions. Inhibits P2X7-mediated dye uptake, ATP-mediated IL-1β release and caspase-1 activation without altering membrane current in macrophages. It can also block activation of NMDA receptor secondary currents.</p>

<p>Cyclic DAG peptide targets connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), present in the extracellular matrix, endothelial cells and overexpressed in several brain diseases. CTGF is a matricellular protein that acts as a regulator of several cellular functions, including cell adhesion, migration, mitogenesis, differentiation, and survival. CTGF is up regulated in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain injury, glioblastoma, and cerebral infarction.DAG peptide has been shown to home to the brain in mouse models of glioblastoma, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson's disease when exogenously delivered, making it an attractive target for the treatment of glioblastoma. DAG may be of use as a tool to enhance delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents to sites of brain diseases.</p>

<p>LL-37, also known as CAP-18 for Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide 18, is a 37 amino acid cationic peptide. LL-37 is also a typical linear antimicrobial peptide which can eliminate a wide range of pathogenes, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin peptide reported yet, found in lysosomes of macrophages and leukocytes.<br>LL-37 plays an important role in the first act of defense against local infection and systemic invasion of pathogens at sites of inflammation.<br>LL-37 shows cytotoxicity against bacterial and normal eukaryotic cells and is significantly resistant to proteolytic degradation. Besides its antimicrobial functions, LL-37 also has immunomodulatory roles. LL-37 suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6 in infected monocytes. LL-37 increases cytokine and chemokine liberation from local cells and leucocytes and has chemotactic effects on a large number of immune cells.</p>

<p>Brome mosaic virus (BMV) Gag peptide (7-25) has been utilised as a cell penetrating peptide (CPP). Translocation across the cell membrane with a cargo molecule varies in effectiveness depending on the CPP. BMV Gag (7-25) has a very high efficiency of internalisation which has been linked to the high percentage of arginine residues present.BMV Gag (7-25) is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-BMV Gag (7-25) allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design.</p>

<p>CMV pp65 (415-429) (HLA-B7) is a CEF (cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and influenza virus) control peptide that is derived from the Cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV is capable of infecting a wide range of human cell types, where the body's primary immune response to CMV is innate, and relies on inflammatory cytokines and costimulatory molecules in order to control the spread of the virus. CMV pp65 (415-429) (HLA-B7) is defined as a CEF control peptide due to its antigenic properties. Clinically, these peptides are suitable epitopes for CD8+ T cells and can be used to stimulate the release of IFNg. HLA-B7 refers to the cell HLA type that this peptide acts on.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (476-490) is an epitope candidate with various predicted HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Amino acids 46 to 61 of the hen egg lysozyme (HEL). Lysozyme hydrolyses the bond between-N-acetyl glucosamine and-N-acetyl muramic acid (muramidase activity) leading to degradation of peptidoglycan (PG) in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, it also inactivates certain viruses. HEL enhances phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages, and stimulates proliferation and anti-tumour functions of monocytes.The bacterial defence properties of lysozyme may be related to structural properties and not to its bacteriolytic action. Genetically inactive lysozyme is a potent bactericide against Gram-positive bacteria in the absence of its enzyme activity.</p>