Antimicrobici

<p>Levamisole is a synthetic imidazothiazole derivative belonging to the family of anthelmintic drugs. It is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists that binds to nAChRs on the neuromuscular junctions of parasitic worms, mimicking the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This excessive stimulation of nAChRs leads to persistent depolarization of muscle cells and spastic paralysis to expel of the worms. Levamisole exhibits broad-spectrum activity against various roundworms, whipworms, hookworms, and threadworms.</p>

<p>Clindamycin-2-phosphate is a lincosamide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating serious bacterial infections like skin and respiratory infections.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; inhibitor of cytomegalovirus-terminase complex</p>

<p>Colistin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic efficient mostly against gram-negative bacteria. Colistin interacts with the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and induces a transfer of divalent cations of calcium and magnesium from the negatively charged phosphate groups. This causes the disruption of the outer membrane and release of lipopolysaccharides. It is commonly used against Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas, and none-fermentative gram-negative bacteria as well as for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter strains.</p>

Inhibitor of viral neuraminidase enzyme, effective against influenza A and B viruses. This antiviral compound inhibits neuraminidase-mediated cleavage of host cell sialic acids, which interact with newly synthesised virions from the host cell. This prevents virion budding from the host, resulting in inhibition of virion release and viral infection overall.

Valacyclovir is a guanine nucleoside antiviral drug that is used to treat herpes exacerbations. This drug inhibits DNA polymerase and prevents viral DNA synthesis. Valacyclovir is the L-valine ester of acyclovir.

<p>Taniborbactam is a groundbreaking boronic acid-based beta-lactamase inhibitor, which is a chemically synthesized compound designed to enhance the efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics. Its mode of action involves the irreversible inhibition of a wide range of beta-lactamase enzymes, including both serine and metallo-beta-lactamases, which are responsible for the antibiotic resistance in many bacterial pathogens. By binding to the active sites of these enzymes, Taniborbactam prevents them from hydrolyzing the beta-lactam ring, thus restoring the antibacterial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics.</p>

<p>Pristinamycin is a streptogramin antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating staphylococcal and streptococcal infections, including MRSA.</p>

<p>Anti-malarial quinine analogue; effective against Covid-19 infection in vitro</p>

Labeled analogue of Chloramphenicol; interferes with protein synthesis

<p>Fleroxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal infections.</p>

<p>Lysostaphin is an antimicrobial enzyme with a mode of action that cleaves the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus. It is used for treating staphylococcal infections and in research applications.</p>

<p>Ninhydrin is a chemical reagent, which is a saturated triketone compound utilized extensively in biochemical analysis and forensic science. It is synthesized through the dehydrogenation of related organic compounds and is often encountered in its crystalline form.</p>

<p>Terconazole is an azole antifungal agent with action on fungal cell membranes by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis and is used for treating vaginal yeast infections.</p>

Polyhexamethylene biguanidine, also known as PHMB or polyhexamide, is a highly water soluble and hydrolytically stable polymeric material. The presence of multiple hydrogen bonding and chelation sites within PHMB renders it of potential interest in the field of supramolecular chemistry. PHMB shows activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is widely used across several sectors, typically as the hydrochloride salt, in a variety of disinfectant solutions and antiseptics. PHMB is also available as a solid in neat.The polymerization degree is 12~16, and the M.W is about 3200

<p>Anhydrooxytetracycline hydrochloride is a useful research chemical. Buy Anhydrooxytetracycline hydrochloride from Cymit Quimica for a variety of research applications.</p>

<p>Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic that is used against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria by binding the D-alanyl-D-alanine moiety of the peptidoglycan cell wall precursor, inhibiting the peptidoglycan synthesis and disrupting its cross linking. It also inhibits particle formation when it reacts with human plasma, which can lead to hemolysis and hemagglutination. The absorption spectrum for vancomycin hydrochloride shows maxima at 230, 260, 290, and 320 nm, which are characteristic for this compound. Vancomycin has been used in several studies for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.</p>

<p>Benznidazole is an antiprotozoal agent and is used for the treatment of Chagas disease. It generates free radicals that damage the DNA and other cellular components of the parasite.</p>

<p>Raltegravir is an antiretroviral agent, which is a synthetic integrase inhibitor sourced from pharmaceutical research. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of the HIV-1 integrase enzyme, which is essential for the viral replication process. By blocking the strand transfer step of the integration of viral DNA into the host cell genome, Raltegravir prevents the proliferation of the virus within the host.</p>

<p>Dapivirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with action on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and is used for preventing HIV infection through vaginal rings.</p>

Potent and selective inhibitor of influenza A and B sialidases. Zanamivir belongs to the class of drugs known as neuraminidase inhibitors. This compound is a sialic acid analogue that occupies viral neuraminidase active site, inhibits enzyme’s hydrolytic activity and cleavage of sialic acid residues from host cell surface glycans. It therefore prevents shedding newly produced virions from infected cell surface and reduces infection of surrounding cells. In in vitro studies with influenza A and B virus isolates, zanamivir inhibited the plaque formation by 50% in canine cells (MDCK) with concentrations between 0.004 and 0.014 μM and 0.02 and 16 μM, respectively. Zanamivir hydrate is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready to use products for assay development, screening or other R&D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.

<p>Doxorubicin Impurity B is a chemical impurity of doxorubicin with no direct therapeutic action but used in research and quality control.</p>

<p>Quinolone antibiotic; antimalarial</p>

<p>Oligomycin C 97% is a macrolide antibiotic with action on mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibition and is used for research on oxidative phosphorylation and cellular metabolism.</p>

Gentamycin sulphate is the salt form of the broad-spectrum antibiotic gentamycin (a.k.a. gentamicin). Gentamycin is active against clinically relevant bacteria, such as: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and is used to fight infections from Staphylococcus, Citrobacter and Enterobacteriaceae species. Gentamycin is a natural mixture of four congeners, one of which is gentamicin C2a. Gentamycin has been included in biomedical implantable materials, such as, bone grafts, to reduce the risk of infection.

<p>Dual inhibitor of topoisomerase I and II</p>

<p>Rifaximin is a rifamycin antibiotic with action on bacterial RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription and is used for treating travelers' diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy.</p>

Paromomycin sulfate is an antibiotic used for culture media to control bacterial contamination of mediums and other laboratory substances. Most Gram-negative bacteria strains are sensitive to paromomycin sulfate, showing a low sensitivity (≀10%) in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens. Paromomycin sulfate is also used in the treatment of colorectal cancer by blocking DNA synthesis through inhibition of protein synthesis in susceptible cells. This can result in reduced damage in colon tumor cells within the body, although it may have neurotoxic effects on brain tissue. Furthermore, it has anti-inflammatory properties when given orally or intravenously at therapeutic doses. Acridine orange can be used to identify sulfuric acid resistant gram.

<p>Gentamicin C1a pentaacetate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic derivative, which is synthesized through the acetylation of the hydroxyl groups in gentamicin C1a. This compound is derived from the fermentation products of Micromonospora species, a genus of actinobacteria. Its mode of action is similar to that of standard aminoglycosides, primarily involving the binding to bacterial 30S ribosomal subunits. This binding interferes with protein synthesis by causing misreading of mRNA, ultimately leading to the inhibition of protein production and bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; NS3/4A protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Milbemycin oxime is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent with action on glutamate-gated chloride channels in parasites and is used for preventing heartworm and treating intestinal worms in animals.</p>

<p>Nitrofurantoin is an antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic chemical compound with bactericidal activity. Its source is synthetic, originating from the nitrofuran class of compounds. Nitrofurantoin's mode of action involves the inhibition of essential bacterial enzymes. It is reduced by bacterial flavoproteins to active intermediates, which subsequently alter or disrupt ribosomal proteins, DNA, and other vital macromolecules within bacterial cells, thereby inhibiting key metabolic processes.</p>

<p>Cefazolin sodium is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections and surgical prophylaxis.</p>

Ceftriaxone disodium hemiheptahydrate is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C. This compound is sourced from the fungus Acremonium, which is known for its role in deriving crucial β-lactam antibiotics. Ceftriaxone acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, specifically targeting the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This action disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linking, leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.

<p>Bicozamycin is an antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. It inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase.</p>

Anti-viral; HIV protease inhibitor

<p>Mitomycin C is a cytotoxic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis. This product is tested according to USP specification. Mitomycin C has been shown to be effective against resistant mutants and carcinoma cell lines. It also has genotoxic activity and induces statistically significant chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells. Mitomycin C is toxic to the mitochondria, which may be due to its ability to induce mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, leading to apoptosis. Mitomycin C binds to the response element in the genome, causing transcriptional repression of a number of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis. Mitomycin C inhibits squamous carcinoma cells by binding to their DNA and preventing RNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Herbicidin B is a natural herbicidal compound, which is a secondary metabolite produced through the fermentation of certain Streptomyces species. This compound functions as a potent inhibitor of plant growth by interfering with essential physiological processes within the plant cells. The mode of action of Herbicidin B primarily involves disruption of metabolic pathways that are critical for the development and survival of plants, leading to effective control of undesired vegetation.</p>

<p>Ribostamycin sulphate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating bacterial infections like sepsis and pneumonia.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; streptogramin</p>

<p>Emtricitabine is an antiviral drug that is used to treat chronic viral hepatitis, which is caused by the hepatitis B and C viruses. The drug blocks the activity of reverse transcriptase, which is an enzyme necessary for the replication of viral RNA in the body. Emtricitabine has been shown to be effective against acute hepatitis B virus infection and chronic hepatitis B virus infection with or without cirrhosis. It also has been shown to be effective against chronic hepatitis C virus infection with or without cirrhosis.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide</p>

<p>Rifamycin O is a rifamycin antibiotic with action on bacterial RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription and is used for treating tuberculosis and travelers' diarrhea.</p>

<p>1,6'-Di-HABA kanamycin A is a derivative of kanamycin A, an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections by blocking cell wall synthesis or by inhibiting protein synthesis.</p>

<p>iso-Nystatin is an antifungal compound, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces noursei*. This specific strain of actinobacteria produces polyene macrolide antifungals, and iso-Nystatin is a derivative that exhibits similar bioactivity as its parent compound, Nystatin. Its mode of action is based on binding ergosterol, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes. This binding disrupts the membrane's structural integrity, inducing pore formation, which leads to ion leakage and ultimately cell lysis and fungal cell death.</p>

<p>Micafungin, as one of three echinocandina, has been proven to be a successful antifungal therapeutic in treating general Candida fungus infections. The treatment of immunocompromised patients is particularly important as Candida infections cause high mortality rates in patients in intensive care units, receiving chemotherapy, or stem cell transplants. This product acts as an anti-fungal by inhibiting the 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase enzyme. As a result the production of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, which is crucial to the fungal cell wall, is hindered. Thus, the fungal cell wall loses integrity allowing for osmotic instability and cell lysis to occur.</p>

<p>Gentamycin sulphate is the salt form of the broad-spectrum antibiotic gentamycin (a.k.a. gentamicin). Gentamycin is active against clinically relevant bacteria, such as: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and is used to fight infections from Staphylococcus, Citrobacter and Enterobacteriaceae species. Gentamycin is a natural mixture of four congeners, one of which is gentamicin C2a. Gentamycin has been included in biomedical implantable materials, such as, bone grafts, to reduce the risk of infection.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall biogenesis; penicillin class</p>

JNJ-4796 is an antiviral compound with a mode of action that inhibits hemagglutinin-mediated fusion in influenza A viruses. It is used for preventing and treating influenza infections.

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; cephalosporin class</p>

<p>Antibiotic; inhibits bacterial mRNA translation; inhibits monoamine oxidase</p>

Tautomycin is a natural compound classified as a polyketide, which is isolated from the bacterium *Streptomyces spiroverticillatus*. This bacterium is renowned for its ability to produce biologically active secondary metabolites with diverse pharmacological properties. Tautomycin is recognized for its mode of action as a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases, specifically protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). These enzymes play critical roles in cellular processes by regulating phosphorylation states, which control various signaling pathways within the cell.

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Antibacterial used in treatment of UTI and respiratory tract infections</p>

Fosamprenavir calcium is an antiretroviral medication, which is derived from the prodrug of amprenavir. It is synthesized through chemical processes to enhance oral bioavailability and improve pharmacokinetic properties. Through its mode of action, fosamprenavir is converted in vivo to amprenavir, which acts as an inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease enzyme. By inhibiting this enzyme, it prevents the cleavage of the Gag-Pol polyprotein, disrupting viral replication and processing, ultimately leading to the production of immature, non-infectious viral particles.

<p>Dasabuvir is a non-nucleoside NS5B polymerase inhibitor with action on hepatitis C virus RNA replication and is used for treating hepatitis C in combination therapies.</p>

Anti-viral; inhibitor of NS5A protein

<p>Cefpodoxime proxetil is a prodrug of cefpodoxime with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and gonorrhea.</p>

<p>Amikacin hydrate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from kanamycin through a semi-synthetic process. It functions by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to errors in the translation process. This disruption is bactericidal, effectively eliminating bacterial pathogens.</p>

<p>Torezolid (Tedizolid) is an oxazolidinone antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.</p>

<p>Tubulysin A is a natural cytotoxic agent, which is derived from myxobacteria. The compound originates from strains such as Archangium gephyra and Angiococcus disciformis, known for their prolific production of secondary metabolites. Tubulysin A exerts its mode of action by disrupting microtubule dynamics, which are essential for cell division and intracellular transport. It specifically binds to the microtubules and inhibits their polymerization, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>A fluoroquinolone antibiotic which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by targeting the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This second-generation fluoroquinolone has a broad spectrum of action and is more effective against Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

Activator of the two-pore domain potassium channel TASK3

<p>Ombitasvir is a NS5A inhibitor antiviral agent with action on hepatitis C virus replication and is used for treating chronic hepatitis C in combination therapies.</p>

Ketoconazole is an azole antifungal compound with a mode of action that inhibits ergosterol synthesis, disrupting fungal cell membranes. It is used for treating fungal infections of the skin and scalp.

<p>Enoxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating urinary tract infections and gonorrhea.</p>

Amrubicin maleate is an anthracycline antibiotic and is used for the treatment of small cell lung cancer. It inhibits topoisomerase II, leading to DNA breaks and cell death

<p>Imidocarb Dipropionate is an antiprotozoal compound with a mode of action that interferes with the glycolysis of parasites like Babesia. It is used for treating infections such as babesiosis in animals.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Emtricitabine is a nucleoside analog that is an antiviral drug used to treat HIV/AIDS. It is a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine, in which the 3' phosphate and 5' hydroxyl groups have been replaced with a fluorine atom and a methoxy group, respectively. Emtricitabine has been shown to inhibit the synthesis of viral DNA by competing for incorporation into the viral DNA strand during the elongation phase of viral replication. Emtricitabine also has anticancer activity, but no other known therapeutic uses.</p>

<p>Zalcitabine (also known as dideoxycytidine or ddC) is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) medication used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. It works by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme essential for replication of the HIV virus, thereby preventing the virus from multiplying and spreading. Zalcitabine is often used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs to effectively treat HIV/AIDS.</p>

<p>Butenafine hydrochloride is a mycological agent that is used to treat tinea. It has been shown to have an antifungal activity in vitro against wild-type strains of c. glabrata. Butenafine hydrochloride inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, which is a vital component of fungal cell membranes, by blocking the conversion of squalene to lanosterol through inhibition of 14alpha-demethylase. It also has antimicrobial properties, which may be due to its ability to inhibit bacterial growth.</p>

Tebipenem pivoxil is a prodrug of tebipenem with enhanced oral bioavailability and similar action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections, particularly in pediatric patients.

<p>Netilmicin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating severe bacterial infections.</p>

Bleomycin A5 is an antitumor antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces verticillus*. Its mode of action involves the induction of DNA strand breaks, primarily by forming complexes with metal ions such as iron, which can generate reactive oxygen species. These species cause oxidative damage to the DNA, leading to single- and double-strand breaks. This DNA cleavage is crucial for its efficacy in inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells.

<p>Cefuroxime axetil is a prodrug of cefuroxime with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections like sinusitis, bronchitis, and gonorrhea.</p>

6-Fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide is a potent RNA polymerase inhibitor, active against both RNA viruses in vitro and in vivo. A four-step approach to the synthesis of 6-Fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide was reported in 2014. 6-Fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide is commercialized and has recently been suggested for the treatment of mild cases of COVID-19.

Polypeptide antibiotic used as a feed additive

<p>Midecamycin is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating respiratory tract and skin infections.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; RNA polymerase inhibitor; sofosbuvir metabolite</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; cephalosporin class</p>