Fenilpropanoidi

Carboxylic acid with additional oxygen functions

Polyphenol

Ether phenol

Lactone

Lactone

Sinapaldehyde is a phenolic aldehyde, which is a secondary metabolite derived from lignin biosynthesis in plants. It is primarily sourced from lignin, a complex polymer found in the cell walls of various plants, often extracted through biochemical refinement processes from lignocellulosic biomass. The mode of action of Sinapaldehyde involves its function as an antioxidant, where it participates in redox reactions that mitigate oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals. Its structural characteristics enable it to interact with various biological molecules, contributing to its effectiveness in these reactions.

<p>Coniferyl alcohol is a monolignol compound, which is a significant precursor in the biosynthesis of lignin, a major structural component of plant cell walls. It is primarily sourced from the metabolic pathways of various vascular plants, where it plays a crucial role in lignin polymerization. The mode of action involves its enzymatic conversion into lignin through oxidative coupling reactions catalyzed by peroxidases and laccases. This process contributes to the rigidity and impermeability of the plant cell walls, enhancing the plant's structural integrity and resistance to pathogens.</p>

<p>Trans-Resveratrol-3,4'-disulfate is a sulfate conjugate of resveratrol, which is a natural polyphenolic compound. It is commonly derived from the metabolic processes involving resveratrol, a compound found in the skin of grapes, berries, and peanuts. As a metabolite, it is typically produced in the liver through sulfation, mediated by sulfotransferase enzymes. This conversion enhances the solubility and stability of resveratrol, potentially increasing its bioavailability compared to its parent compound.</p>

<p>3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, which is predominantly found in various plants and herbal sources such as artichokes, echinacea, and certain species of coffee. Its structure consists of quinic acid esterified with two caffeic acid moieties, making it a member of the chlorogenic acid family. This compound is well-recognized for its potent antioxidant properties, exerting its effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress within biological systems.</p>

Resveratrol is a natural phenylpropanoid of the family of stilbenoids and is present in red wines and certain foods. Resveratrol has been deeply studied for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. In Vero cells, resveratrol at 50 μM has shown to have the ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by 98% when added after infection. Featured reference paper: Rossi et al, 2021; Yang et al, 2021.

Hypophyllanthin is a lignan compound, which is a secondary metabolite derived from various species of the genus Phyllanthus. These plants are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and have been used in traditional medicine across cultures. The compound serves as an active constituent within the plant extract, contributing to its pharmacological properties.

<p>1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a bioactive compound, which is a type of caffeoylquinic acid. This compound is commonly found in various plant sources, including coffee, artichokes, and certain herbal extracts. It is part of a larger family of polyphenolic compounds that are notable for their diverse biological activities.</p>

<p>Chicoric acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is primarily derived from chicory (Cichorium intybus) and echinacea (Echinacea purpurea). It serves as a secondary metabolite in these plants, contributing to their defense mechanisms. The mode of action of chicoric acid involves the inhibition of enzymes involved in the degradation of key cellular components, effectively reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory responses.</p>

Butein is a chalcone compound, which is a naturally occurring flavonoid found primarily in plants such as Rhus verniciflua and other members of the Anacardiaceae family. It is characterized by its notable biological activities, particularly due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Butein exerts its effects through various modes of action, including the inhibition of specific enzyme activities like tyrosinase and cyclooxygenase, as well as the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Demethoxycurcumin is a natural bioactive compound, which is a type of curcuminoid. It is derived from the rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, a member of the ginger family. Demethoxycurcumin is one of the primary components contributing to the characteristic yellow color of turmeric.

Podophyllotoxin is a potent antimitotic agent, which is derived from the roots and rhizomes of plants belonging to the genus Podophyllum, such as Podophyllum peltatum and Podophyllum emodi. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of microtubule assembly, leading to the disruption of mitotic spindle formation during cell division. This results in the arrest of cell proliferation, making it particularly effective against rapidly dividing cells.

Rottlerin is a polyphenolic compound, which is a natural product derived from the plant species Mallotus philippensis. It is primarily isolated from the fruits or glands of this plant. Rottlerin operates as a selective inhibitor, notably targeting specific protein kinases such as PKC-delta (Protein Kinase C delta). It also affects various other cellular processes and pathways, offering a diverse range of biological effects.

<p>Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; anti-cancer agent; HSP90 inhibitor</p>

<p>4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is primarily a derivative of chlorogenic acids found in various plants, notably within the Asteraceae family. It is naturally sourced from leaves, fruits, and other plant tissues where it plays a critical role in the plant's defense mechanisms. It functions through its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby exhibiting significant antioxidant activity. This compound can inhibit oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus protecting cellular structures from damage.</p>

<p>Malabaricone A is a naturally occurring compound, which is a diarylnonanoid isolated from the fruits of Myristica malabarica, commonly known as the Malabar nutmeg tree. This compound exhibits diverse biological activities due to its unique chemical structure, primarily contributing to its mode of action as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Malabaricone A scavenges free radicals and modulates cellular pathways involved in the inflammatory response, making it a potential therapeutic candidate in the management of oxidative stress-related disorders.</p>