Nucleotidi

<p>Riboflavin 5'-adenosine diphosphate disodium salt hydrate is a chemical compound that can be used as a substrate for nitrate reductase in the presence of molecular oxygen. It can be used to identify mollicutes and diagnose radiation-induced lesions. The reaction mechanism involves the conversion of riboflavin 5'-adenosine monophosphate to riboflavin 5'-adenosine diphosphate by an enzyme called nitrate reductase, which is present in the microorganism. This reaction is accompanied by the release of electrons, which are detected by a fluorescence detector. The rate constant for this reaction is <br>k=1.5x10^-4/s at pH 7 and 37 degrees Celsius with an electrochemical detector and k=2.0x10^-3/s at pH 7 and 37 degrees Celsius with a carbonyl oxygens detector. Riboflavin 5'-</p>

<p>2'-Deoxy-N2-DMF-5'-O-DMT-guanosine is a monophosphate nucleoside that has antiviral, anticancer, and high purity properties. It is synthesized by the phosphoramidite method from 2'-deoxy-N2-DMF and 5'-O-DMT guanosine. This compound has been shown to inhibit the growth of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. It also inhibits HIV replication in vitro and is not toxic to normal cells.</p>

1-(2'-Deoxy-5'-O-DMT-2'-fluoro-b-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil is a nucleoside analog and contains a uracil base, and a 2'-deoxy-5'-O-DMT-2'-fluoro-b-D-arabinofuranosyl sugar moiety. The 2'-fluoro modification is of particular interest due to its potential to alter the chemical and biological properties of the resulting oligonucleotides. Fluorinated nucleosides and their analogs have been extensively studied for their antiviral and anticancer activities. The incorporation of fluorine into nucleoside analogs can also affect their interaction with DNA and RNA, leading to changes in their therapeutic potential.

1-Methylpseudouridine is a substitute for uridine in modified mRNA. This substitution has shown to increase transfection by reducing immuogenicity. The 1-methylpseudouridine substituted mRNA increases protein expression due to low immune stimulation as it evades detection by the edosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR3).

1-(2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil is a nucleoside analog with antiviral properties. It consists of a modified uracil base (5-iodouracil) attached to a fluorinated arabinofuranosyl sugar moiety. In cell culture, it inhibits the replication of varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 and cytomegalovirus.

9-(b-D-Ribofuranosyl)purine (9-BRP) is a purine nucleoside that is used in the synthesis of dyes. It has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase 3B, which breaks down cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and therefore can prevent kidney fibrosis. 9-BRP has also been shown to inhibit the synthesis of collagen by binding to cAMP. In addition, 9-BRP binds to DNA and forms hydrogen bonds with nitrogen atoms on the phosphate groups in DNA. This interaction prevents the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules in water vapor and phosphate groups, thus slowing down their rate of dissociation from each other. 9-BRP also has a high affinity for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is involved in the inflammatory response, making it an ideal therapeutic candidate for treating inflammation and renal fibrosis.

b-Nicotinamide mononucleotide, or NMN, is a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a coenzyme found in all living cells that is essential for various metabolic processes. NAD+ is involved in critical functions such as DNA repair, gene expression, and cellular stress responses.

<p>3-Methyl-2-nitropyridine is a high yield byproduct of formamide, which can be activated to form an intermediate for the synthesis of nucleosides. The kinetics and labeling of this intermediate were studied using a transfer experiment. 3-Methyl-2-nitropyridine is acidic, with a pKa value of 3.6, and is reactive towards nucleophiles. It is also catalytic, yielding methyl groups and dioxane as products when heated at temperatures between 180°C and 220°C. In addition, it undergoes nucleophilic substitutions at methoxy groups.</p>

N2-Isobutyryl-3',5'-O-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyl-1,3-disiloxane-diyl)guanosine is a nucleoside that is activated by phosphorylation. It has been shown to be an inhibitor of cancer cell growth and proliferation in vitro. This compound was also found to inhibit the expression of two oncogenes (c-MYC and c-Ki67) and induce the expression of the tumor suppressor gene p53. This nucleoside is synthesized from 2'-deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-DAMP) with a modified DNA synthesis protocol.

2-Aminoadenosine is a synthetic nucleoside analog of adenosine in which the purine base is 2,6-diaminopurine, featuring an additional amino group at the C2 position. This modification enhances hydrogen bonding potential and alters base-pairing specificity, allowing it to form three hydrogen bonds with uracil or thymine, in contrast to adenine's two. As a result, 2-aminoadenosine has been studied for its impact on nucleic acid stability, replication fidelity, and enzymatic recognition. It has also shown potential in antiviral and anticancer research due to its ability to disrupt normal RNA and DNA metabolism.

<p>5-Chloro-2-iodopyrimidine is an organic molecule that belongs to the class of trifluoromethylated molecules. It was discovered by a team of chemists in 2006 and has been used as a reagent for the efficient trifluoromethylation of organic molecules. 5-Chloro-2-iodopyrimidine can be catalyzed with copper, which is responsible for its unique reactivity. The synthesis of this molecule has been shown to be efficient in organic chemistry.<br>END&gt;</p>

2,8-Dimethyladenosine is a methylated derivative of the purine nucleoside adenosine, in which methyl groups are added at the 2-position and 8-position of the adenine base.

<p>3'-Deoxythymidine (3DT) is a nucleoside analog that has high resistance to HIV. It is an analogue of the human insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which binds to the IGF-1 receptor and inhibits the binding of IGF-1 to its receptor, thereby inhibiting the growth of cells. 3DT has been shown to have a protective effect against radiation in mice, with an LD50 at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg for radiation exposure. 3DT also has antiviral activity against murine sarcoma virus, as well as other biological properties such as enzyme activities and disease activity. This drug may be used in future research on polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and DNA sequencing, since it is chemically stable and can be easily synthesized.</p>

N4-Benzoyl-2'-deoxy-a-cytidine is a novel, modified nucleoside that has shown anticancer and antiviral activity. It is synthesized by the enzymatic oxidation of 2'-deoxyadenosine with benzoyl chloride and sodium bicarbonate. N4-Benzoyl-2'-deoxy-a-cytidine has been shown to activate transcription, increase DNA synthesis, and inhibit virus replication. It also inhibits bacterial growth, but does not appear to have any effect on mammalian cells.

<p>Incorporated in DNA/RNA hybrids and mismatch pairs to analyse helix stability</p>

3'-Deoxycytidine is a nucleoside analog used to treat hepatitis. It is an inhibitor of the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase and prevents the synthesis of viral DNA by blocking the formation of low-energy hydrogen bonds between the 3'-hydroxyl group and the 5'-phosphate group of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates. 3'-Deoxycytidine can be synthesized using solid-phase methods, and has been shown to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in control experiments. This drug also has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in experimental bladder inflammation models.

<p>7-Deaza-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine is a nucleoside analogue that is silylated on the 2' and 3' hydroxyl groups. It is also substituted with a deoxygenated 7-deaza-2',3'-dideoxyribose moiety. The substitution of the ribose sugar with deoxygenated 7-deaza-2',3'-dideoxyribose prevents the formation of hydrogen bonds between the sugar and phosphate backbones, which inhibits the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase from catalyzing the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxynucleotides. This in turn blocks DNA synthesis, leading to cell death.br&gt;<br>7-Deaza-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine has been shown to be effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex.</p>

<p>2,2'-Anhydrocytidine HCl is a nucleoside for use as a DNA synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>N1-Methylguanosine is a methylated nucleotide that is incorporated into the growing DNA chain during protein synthesis. The incorporation of N1-methylguanosine into the growing DNA chain can cause frameshifting, which creates an unusual amino acid sequence. This effect has been shown in model organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. In these organisms, N1-methylguanosine has been shown to induce cancer when added to the growth medium. It is also found in urine samples from people with bladder cancer and has been used to identify urinary tract cancers. Titration calorimetry studies have shown that N1-methylguanosine binds to a chelate ligand and forms a disulfide bond with cysteine residues on proteins or peptides, which may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction by interfering with hydrogen bonding interactions. Messenger RNA studies show that N1-methylguanosine inhibits translation of mRNA by binding to</p>

<p>Nelarabine is a drug that prevents the growth of cells by inhibiting the bcr-abl kinase, which is an intracellular target. This drug has been shown to be effective against pediatric patients with t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and adults with chronic myeloid leukemia. Nelarabine has minimal toxicity in humans and is not toxic to healthy cells. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may be used as a biomarker for autoimmune diseases. Nelarabine also inhibits angiogenesis, which may be due to its effects on nuclear DNA.</p>

N-Phenylpyridin-4-amine is a tautomeric compound that has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. It is able to bind to tyrosine kinase and inhibit its activity, which affects the proliferation of cancer cells. N-Phenylpyridin-4-amine also inhibits mitochondrial functions by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase. This drug also has an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting the production of cytokines such as IL1β, IL6, and TNFα. The biological function of N-Phenylpyridin-4-amine is not yet fully understood. It may be due to the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases (such as PTP1B), which are involved in insulin signalling pathways.

<p>2,3,5-Tri-O-acetyl α-adenosine is a nucleoside analog of adenosine that has been tri-acetylated. This molecule can be used in research.</p>

<p>2'-O-Propargylcytidine is a novel nucleoside that has been modified from cytidine. It is designed to inhibit the activity of RNA polymerase and to be used in anticancer therapy. The synthesis of 2'-O-propargylcytidine has been achieved by modifying the nucleotide with propargylic chloride, which is then reacted with sodium cyanide. The resulting product is purified by column chromatography and recrystallization.<br>2'-O-Propargylcytidine is a phosphoramidite that can be used for DNA synthesis or as a monophosphate in RNA synthesis. This high purity product has a CAS number of 206552-85-4 and it can be used as an activator for ribonucleosides, such as adenosine, guanosine, uridine, cytidine, and thymidine.</p>

<p>8-azido-2-deoxyadenosine is an azide funcationalised nuceleoside</p>

<p>4-Thiothymidine is a nucleoside analog that is converted to thymidine by the enzyme thymidine kinase. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of human skin cancer cells by binding to DNA duplexes and inhibiting the synthesis of new DNA strands. 4-Thiothymidine has also been shown to be effective against radiation-induced damage in cultured human cells and inhibits tumor growth in mice bearing a transplantable mouse skin cancer. 4-Thiothymidine can be used as an inhibitor for chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer patients. It is active on both site-specific and cell-specific gene targets, with a reactive hydrogen bond that helps stabilize its formation.</p>

<p>N6-Methyl-2'-O-methyladenosine is a nucleoside that is found in DNA. In some cases, the methyl group in this molecule can be modified, which can change its biological activity. N6-Methyl-2'-O-methyladenosine has been shown to reduce the severity of bowel disease and myocardial infarcts in experimental models. The structural analysis of vessels from patients with atherosclerosis revealed that this molecule inhibits vascular calcification. It also decreases expression of MMP-9, a protein involved in nephropathy and diabetic kidney disease. N6-Methyl-2'-O-methyladenosine is able to inhibit the development of vascular injury by blocking the activation of cells and reducing inflammation through pharmacological agents that are used in experimental models for blood vessel injury.</p>

<p>Cytidine 5'-monophosphate is a nucleotide that is important in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. It is a precursor to uridine monophosphate (UMP) and uridylic acid (UDP). Cytidine 5'-monophosphate has been found to inhibit the growth of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, such as those resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin, and streptomycin. Cytidine 5'-monophosphate also has inhibitory properties against energy metabolism and protein oxidation in bowel disease. This nucleotide has been shown to increase the rate constant for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by up to 10-fold.</p>

N2,2'-O-Dimethylguanosine is a nucleoside that belongs to the category of modified bases. It is synthesized from adenosine and a methyl group by a mutant strain of Escherichia coli. N2,2'-O-Dimethylguanosine can be identified by its characteristic UV-visible spectrum and high retention time on chromatographic columns. It has been shown to inhibit translation in E. coli at concentrations as low as 1 mM and also inhibits growth rate at concentrations as low as 2 mM. The chemical structure of this compound is similar to that of guanosine, but it contains an extra methyl group on its 2' carbon atom. This chemical modification may result in changes in the way the molecule interacts with other molecules or how it functions in the cell. N2,2'-O-Dimethylguanosine was first identified from a mutant strain of Escherichia coli that had been subjected to mutagenesis

<p>Inosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt hydrate is a nucleotide that is synthesized from adenosine triphosphate in the energy metabolism of cells. It is used as an activator of signal pathways and as a potent inducer of metabolic enzymes. Inosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt hydrate has been shown to induce bowel disease in mice with experimental colitis, suggesting its utility for treating inflammatory bowel disease. Inosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt hydrate binds to the ATP-binding site of GTPase, stimulating the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate. This reaction causes a conformational change in the enzyme's active site that increases the affinity for GTP by about 10-fold. The binding site is composed of two alpha helices sandwiching a central beta sheet and the catalytic residues are located at both ends of this beta sheet. Structural analysis has revealed that this drug interacts with</p>

3-Methylpseudouridine is a uridine analog that inhibits the enzyme RNA polymerase. It has been shown to inhibit protein synthesis and can be used in the treatment of bacterial infections. 3-Methylpseudouridine is synthesized by solid-phase chemistry on a polymeric support and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria in cell culture, but its effects on human cells are not known. 3-Methylpseudouridine also binds with high affinity to calf thymus DNA and it can be used as a substrate for aminoglycoside modification studies.

N6,N6,2'-O-Trimethyladenosine is a nucleoside that is found in small quantities in human tissues. It is synthesized by the enzyme polymerase from adenosine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine. N6,N6,2'-O-Trimethyladenosine is structurally similar to guanosine and cytidine and can be modified by nature or synthetic strategies. N6,N6,2'-O-Trimethyladenosine has been shown to have effects on fertility and may be involved in epigenetics as well as tuberculosis. Its role as an epigenetic marker for gene regulation has not been fully determined.

<p>2',5'-Dideoxyuridine is a synthetic nucleoside analog derived from uridine, one of the four standard nucleosides found in RNA. It is chemically modified by the removal of hydroxyl (–OH) groups at the 2' and 5' positions of the sugar, altering its ability to participate in RNA or DNA chain formation.</p>

1', 2', 3', 4', 5'- ¹³C5-Adenosine is adenosine which has all five carbon atoms of the ribose sugar replaced with the stable isotope carbon-13 (^13C). Possible applications are in proteomics studies.

Uridine isomer; found in tRNA

<p>Cytidine is a nucleoside that belongs to the group of pyrimidine nucleosides. It can be absorbed from the intestine and hydrolyzed to uridine by intestinal enzymes. Cytidine has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis in animal model systems and transfection experiments, as well as being genotoxic in vitro. Cytidine has also been shown to inhibit polymerase chain reactions (PCR) and enzyme activities, such as cytidine deaminase, which converts cytidine into uracil.</p>

<p>2'-Deoxy-5-hydroxycytidine is a nucleoside analog that is used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It inhibits the synthesis of HIV by inhibiting the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This drug binds to DNA duplexes, and has been shown to be reactive with damaged DNA. The compound has been shown to inhibit viral replication in a model system, and also inhibits the polymerase chain reaction. 2'-Deoxy-5-hydroxycytidine may also have thermodynamic properties that are related to its potential for reactivity with oxidative DNA.<br>2'-Deoxy-5-hydroxycytidine is an analog of cytidine. It can be synthesized using solid phase synthesis on a resin support.</p>

<p>Intermediate in the synthesis of nelarabine</p>

<p>N4,N4,2’-O-Trimethylcytidine is a novel nucleoside that has been shown to be an anticancer drug. It inhibits the growth of cells by selectively inhibiting their DNA synthesis. N4,N4,2’-O-Trimethylcytidine is also active against viruses and is able to inhibit viral replication by blocking the synthesis of deoxyribonucleosides and phosphoramidites. This compound has been synthesized in high purity and quality with CAS No. 34218-81-0.</p>

N2,N2-Dimethylguanosine is a purine nucleoside that is found in human serum. It belongs to the group of purines and has been shown to be involved in energy metabolism. N2,N2-Dimethylguanosine has been shown to be present at high levels in patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The x-ray crystal structures of wild-type strains of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae have been determined, which revealed that this compound interacts with the enzyme activity for primary sclerosing cholangitis. This nucleoside can also be detected by LC-MS/MS methods and multivariate logistic regression analysis.

<p>5-Bromo-2'-deoxy-5'-O-DMT-uridine is an antiviral nucleoside that is a monophosphate analog of deoxyuridine. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxy-5'-O-DMT-uridine can be used to treat patients with leukemia and other cancers. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxy-5'-O-DMT-uridine has been shown to induce tumor cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, as well as inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells by blocking the synthesis of DNA. This drug also has anticancer properties, which are due to its ability to block RNA synthesis.</p>

<p>3'-Deoxyinosine is a nucleoside analog that is used in the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma, and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. The drug inhibits DNA synthesis by inhibiting enzymes such as ribonucleotide reductase, thymidylate synthase, and dihydrofolate reductase. 3'-Deoxyinosine has minimal toxicity and may be administered orally or intravenously. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on the growth of skin cancer cells and leishmania parasites in cell culture. This drug also lowers blood pressure by interfering with the synthesis of angiotensin II and may be useful for treating hypertension. The drug is synthetically prepared in a laboratory by chemists.</p>

<p>2'-Deoxy-N4-methylcytidine is a modified nucleoside that is used to inhibit the activity of protein kinases. It has been shown to inhibit the function of two different types of enzymes, eukaryotic protein kinase and bacterial RNA polymerase. 2'-Deoxy-N4-methylcytidine inhibits the activity of these enzymes by modifying their structure, which in turn prevents them from carrying out their normal functions. This modification can be achieved through deamination or protonation reactions with this drug. The effects of this drug are nonparametric and are observed at transcript levels.</p>

2'-Deoxy-3'-O-DMT-N2-Isobutyrylguanosine is a synthetic nucleoside that has the ability to activate and inhibit the growth of cancer cells. This compound is a phosphoramidite, and it has been modified by the addition of an isobutyrate group at the 2' position. The structure of this nucleoside is similar to that of natural guanosine, but with an additional 2' oxygen atom. This modification can be used for inhibition of DNA synthesis in cells and may have antiviral effects.

Used as an intermediate for the preparation of modified oligonucleotides and other cytidine derivatives containing a 2',2'-difluoro modification.

2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate or dATP, is a nucleotide used by cells to synthesize DNA molecules. 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate is used in molecular biology techniques and assays as a substrate of the enzyme DNA polymerase, e.g. polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, pyrosequencing reactions. Salt form of 2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate has been used in a newly developed detection system for SARS-CoV-2 that combines bioluminescence in real-time (BART) with reverse-transcriptase loop-mediated amplification (RT-LAMP).

2'-Deoxy-5-hydroxymethylcytidine-5'-triphosphate sodium, 100 mM aqueous solution is a synthetic nucleoside that can be used as an antiviral and anticancer agent. The drug inhibits viral replication by inhibiting the synthesis of DNA. The drug also suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting the production of RNA and DNA in cancer cells.

<p>2',3'-Dideoxy-3'-fluoroguanosine is a synthetic nucleoside analog based on guanosine. It is structurally altered to interfere with DNA or RNA synthesis, making it potentially useful as an antiviral or anticancer agent.</p>

5-Formyl-2'-O-methylcytidine is a molecule that is involved in cellular processes such as DNA methylation, the addition of a methyl group to the 5 position of a cytosine residue. It has been shown to be an important epigenetic regulator and can be used as a strategy to treat tuberculosis. 5-Formyl-2'-O-methylcytidine is synthesized from guanine, which undergoes conversion into cytosine via enzymatic modification. This process is catalyzed by methyltransferase enzymes and it is usually carried out with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. The product then converts back into guanine through deamination, which can be catalyzed by either adenine phosphoribosyltransferase or adenylate kinase.

<p>2',3',5'-Tri-O-acetyladenosine is a chemically protected form of adenosine with potential for use as an intermediate in nucleoside synthesis and nucleic acid chemistry. The hydroxyl (–OH) groups at the 2′, 3′, and 5′ positions of the ribose are protected by acetyl groups (–COCH₃), which can prevent unwanted chemical reactions during chemical synthesis.</p>

5'-O-DMT-N2-isobutyryl-2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)guanosine is an antiviral monophosphate nucleoside. It has been shown to be a novel, high purity, and CAS No. 251647-50-4. It is a modified nucleic acid analogue that acts as an activator of ribonucleotide reductase and DNA polymerase. The anticancer activity of this product may be due to its ability to inhibit the synthesis of diphosphate nucleotides.