APIs per la ricerca e le impurità

Bupropion is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers. The (R)-isomer is the more active form and is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and nicotine addiction. Bupropion has been shown to inhibit monoamine oxidase type A in humans and other mammals. This inhibition may be responsible for its antidepressant effects. The drug also has an effect on the liver, which can lead to serious side effects such as seizures or death if not monitored carefully. Bupropion has a high affinity for α1-acid glycoprotein, which plays a role in drug interactions with other drugs that are metabolized by this protein.

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Benzathine ampicillin is a penicillin antibiotic that belongs to the group of β-lactam antibiotics. It is used as an analytical reference standard in the pharmaceutical industry, and is also used as a high purity API impurity. Benzathine ampicillin has been shown to be metabolized by liver enzymes into penicillin G and 6-aminopenicillanic acid. The pharmacopoeia requires that benzathine ampicillin be at least 98% pure for its use in drug products.

Salbutamol Impurity D is a chiral, metal chelator impurity of the drug substance Salbutamol. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed to its active form, salbutamol sulfate, in vivo. Salbutamol Impurity D binds to chloride ions and has been shown to be an interferent for many analytical methods. The reversed-phase chromatography retention time for Salbutamol Impurity D is about 10 minutes shorter than for Salbutamol sulfate.

Elsinochrome A is a drug product that has not been approved for human use. It belongs to the class of drugs called natural products and has not been synthesized. Elsinochrome A is a metabolite of erythromycin, which is produced by the fungus Elsinoë sp. The chemical structure of this natural product was determined using spectral analysis, and it was found to be similar to the antibiotic erythromycin. Elsinochrome A has shown promising results in pharmacological studies as a potential drug candidate for tuberculosis treatment because it inhibits bacterial growth by binding to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby preventing transcription and replication.

Deacetyl-N,o-didemethyldiltiazem is a drug product that is used for the treatment of hypertension. It is a synthetic compound and has not been found in nature. The impurity standard for this product is an analytical chemical that can be used to identify the presence of impurities in a sample. Deacetyl-N,o-didemethyldiltiazem can be synthesized from commercially available starting materials using custom synthesis methods. It is an API impurity and can be developed into a drug by researching and developing it as a niche therapy for hypertension. This compound has high purity and can be used as an HPLC standard.

Cis-Tadalafil is a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 5, which is used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) and primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). It works by increasing blood flow to the penis, allowing men with ED to achieve and maintain an erection. Cis-Tadalafil is also used to treat symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate) in men. This drug has been shown to be effective in treating PPH by reducing pulmonary arterial pressure and improving exercise capacity. Cis-Tadalafil belongs to the carboline class of drugs and is a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor that selectively inhibits cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5). This drug has been shown to be highly effective in treating both ED and PPH with minimal side effects.

Acarbose Impurity E is an impurity found in acarbose. It is a natural, API impurity and is a synthetic impurity standard. Acarbose Impurity E has been used in drug development research and development, as well as in the HPLC analysis of acarbose to generate a pharmacopoeia-grade purity standard.

(S)-Rabeprazole sodium is an anticancer drug that acts as a kinase inhibitor. It is an analog of Rabeprazole and has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. (S)-Rabeprazole sodium inhibits the activity of kinases, which are enzymes that play a key role in cell signaling pathways. This inhibition leads to apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells. (S)-Rabeprazole sodium has been tested against various types of cancer, including Chinese hamster ovary cells and tumor xenografts in mice. It has also been shown to inhibit elastin degradation, which is important for preventing metastasis of cancer cells. (S)-Rabeprazole sodium may be a promising candidate for the development of new anticancer drugs that target specific kinases and proteins involved in cancer cell growth and survival.

(3S,4R)-Tofacitinib is a rhombic and paramagnetic compound with a Curie point of approximately 10.6°C. It is soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene and toluene. (3S,4R)-Tofacitinib has been shown to have magnetic properties that are dependent on the temperature and the frequency of the applied magnetic field. The paramagnetic resonance spectra were observed at 18°C and 32°C, while the paramagnetic resonance spectrum was observed at -2°C. The octahedral interactions are likely due to the presence of six different types of iron ions in the crystal structure.

Ivermectin impurity I is an analytical standard that is used for pharmacopoeia and custom synthesis. It is a natural metabolite of the drug Ivermectin, which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in mice. Ivermectin impurity I binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to muscle paralysis and death. This compound is found in high purity for research and development purposes.

Terbinafine is a drug used in the treatment of onychomycosis, tinea versicolor and dandruff. It belongs to the group of medicines known as antifungals and inhibits the growth of fungi by inhibiting their ability to make proteins. Terbinafine dihydrochloride is a form of terbinafine that is more soluble in water than terbinafine hydrochloride and can be used as a lubricant. Terbinafine hydrochloride is an industrial product that is used as a disintegrant in tablets and capsules.

N-Benzyl albuterol is a drug product that is custom synthesized to be of high purity with an analytical standard. It is used in research and development, pharmaceutical development, and as a pharmacopoeia or analytical standard. N-Benzyl albuterol has been found to be a metabolite of the drug product Albuterol Sulfate. It is also used in metabolism studies and natural product research. The CAS number for this compound is 24085-03-8.

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N-Desacetyl thiocolchicoside is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water, methanol and acetone. It has a molecular weight of 320.2 and an empirical formula of C6H14O5. N-Desacetyl thiocolchicoside is used as an analytical standard for HPLC analysis, as a Research and Development (R&D) material for drug development, and as an impurity standard for the manufacture of pharmaceutical products. This compound has been shown to be a metabolite of thiocolchicoside and structurally similar to the drug product chitinase.

Sacubitril Impurity 2 is a drug product that is an analytical impurity in Sacubitril. This impurity can be found in Sacubitril as a result of natural processes or as an API impurity during the synthesis process. Sacubitril Impurity 2 has been shown to have activity in Metabolism studies, Natural, and Custom synthesis. It has been shown to be a Synthetic impurity standard and HPLC standard. Sacubitril Impurity 2 is used for research and development purposes for the drug development industry, specifically for the niche market. It is also used as an analytical standard for pharmacopoeia methods.

Simvastatin acid is the active form of simvastatin, a drug used to lower blood cholesterol levels. Simvastatin acid inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme that converts HMG-CoA to mevalonate. This conversion is a rate-limiting step in the synthesis of cholesterol and other lipids. Simvastatin acid binds to polymerase chain and drug transporter proteins, which leads to cell lysis. The concentration–time curve for simvastatin acid is linear and the half-life is approximately 12 hours. When simvastatin acid is administered with drugs that are potent inducers of CYP3A4 or UGT1A1 enzymes, there may be an increased risk for drug interactions. Simvastatin acid has shown no significant human pharmacokinetic interactions with food or grapefruit juice at doses up to 200 mg/day. There are limited data on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin

Piperacilloic acid is a synthetic compound that exhibits antibacterial activity. It has been shown to be effective against human pathogens, including urothelial carcinoma and human serum. Piperacilloic acid binds to the amino acids lysine and arginine in bacterial proteins and inhibits protein synthesis by inhibiting the function of enzymes that require these amino acids for their activity. The potency of piperacillin is low, but it is activated by hydrolysis in the acidic environment of the stomach or intestinal tract. Piperacilloic acid also has potential as a contraceptive agent because it may inhibit transcriptional regulation of genes that are involved in sperm production.

Linagliptin impurity G is an impurity in the drug product Linagliptin. It is a natural substance and its CAS number is 668270-11-9. Impurity G can be synthesized from L-phenylalanine and cyclohexane carboxaldehyde in a two step process. The first step involves the reaction of L-phenylalanine with cyclohexane carboxaldehyde to yield methylcyclohexanecarboxylate, which then undergoes hydrolysis to give phenylcyclohexanol. In the second step, phenylcyclohexanol reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce phenylcyclohexanone, which is then oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to yield impurity G. Impurity G can also be found in the pharmacopoeia as a high purity HPLC standard for linagliptin.

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