Peptidi
I peptidi sono catene corte di amminoacidi legate da legami peptidici, che svolgono ruoli chiave come molecole biologiche importanti nei processi cellulari. Funzionano come ormoni, neurotrasmettitori e molecole di segnalazione, e sono ampiamente utilizzati in applicazioni terapeutiche e diagnostiche. I peptidi sono anche cruciali nella ricerca per lo studio delle interazioni proteiche, delle attività enzimatiche e dei percorsi di segnalazione cellulare. Presso CymitQuimica, offriamo una vasta selezione di peptidi di alta qualità per supportare le vostre esigenze di ricerca e sviluppo in biotecnologia e farmacologia.
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RNase A (77-82) Amyloidogenic peptide
H-STMSIT-OH peptide, corresponding to RNase A 77-82 (Chain A of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease) has been published to have amyloidogenic properties, and under certain conditions H-STMSIT-OH hexapeptide forms amyloid fibrils. Please also see CRB1001321, which you can use as a negative control in amyloid formation experiments.Peso molecolare:638.3 g/molS2-16
Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease often associated with a previous viral infection. Evidence has suggested that myocarditis may be due to autoimmune responses directed against cardiac tissue. The inflammatory immune response caused after infection may break tolerance by mechanisms of molecular mimicry, bystander activation, and loss of immune regulation. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) is a model of inflammatory heart disease generated by immunizing susceptible rats or mice with cardiac myosin or its myocarditic epitopes. In the EAM model, cellular infiltrates consist primarily of T cells and macrophages, and T lymphocytes responsive to cardiac myosin can transfer disease. Cardiac myosin is a large peptide, which is composed of two H chains and two pairs of L chains. Proteolysis of myosin yields three subfragments including a globular head or subfragment 1 (S1) region, an alpha helical coiled coil rod comprised of subfragment 2 (S2), and light meromyosin (LMM). In the Lewis rat, the S2 subfragment has been shown to produce the most severe myocarditis.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:2,971.6 g/molBIM 187
Bombesin/GRP receptor agonist derived from the pro-apoptotic protein BIM, which is a member of the BCL-2 family proteins and activates the BAX and BAK proteins to promote apoptosis.The process of apoptosis can be activated by the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways, the former is activated by stress stimuli such as DNA damage and nutrient deficiency, while the latter is induced through activation of the death receptors FAS and TRAIL.The BCL-2 family's transmembrane anchor at the C-terminus allows them to locate at the mitochondrial outer membrane and play a vital role in apoptosis.Within the mitochondria BIM is a member of the BH3 molecules alongside, BIM, PUMA and NOXA which can all be activated by the intrinsic pathway. These in turn can initiate the homo-oligomerisation of BAX and BAK which induce mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP) and the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Here cytochrome c associates with APAF-1 and dATP, ultimately activating effector caspase3/7 and apoptosis.BIM can be activated by CHOP-mediated transcription and phosphatase 2A-mediated dephosphorylation during endoplasmic reticulum stress. However when BIM is phosphorylated it undergoes degradation by the proteasome.Peso molecolare:1,068.6 g/molBeclin-1
The Beclin-1 peptide is derived from a region of the Beclin-1 protein, which interacts with a newly identified negative regulator of autophagy, GAPR-1 (also called GLIPR2) to act as a potent inducer of autophagy. Autophagy is an essential process that maintains cellular homeostasis and carries out lysosome-mediated degradation of unwanted proteins in the cytoplasm. It is often examined when looking at disease pathways because of this regulatory function. While the immune system initiates the removal of viruses and pathogens through the autophagic pathway, some viruses (such as HIV) are able to evade this process.Peso molecolare:2,064.22 g/molCCK octapeptide Cholecystokinin (26-33)
CAS:The octapeptide cholecystokinin (26-33), known as CCK-8, has the full biological activity of the full-length cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK acts as a hormone and neurotransmitter and is found in the GI and central nervous systems. CCK-8 is a satiety peptide that inhibits food intake.CCK-8 can also inhibit amanitin uptake into hepatocytes.Formula:C49H62N10O13S2Peso molecolare:1,063.21 g/molHistone H3 (1-20) K4Me3, pS10-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)]
Histone 3 (H3) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.The lysine at position 4 of this peptide has been tri-methylated and it is implicated in studies that this modification may remodel the chromatin so that it is more accessible to transcription factors, which may ultimately increase the level of gene expression. Moreover, the serine at position 10 has been phosphorylated, and studies have suggested that this may induce chromatin condensation, and subsequently repress transcription and gene expression.Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3, pS10-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] has a C-terminal GKK linker labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.
Peso molecolare:2,904.5 g/molHistone H3 (1-15) K4Me3, K9Ac, pS10
Histone 3 (H3) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.The lysine at position 4 of this peptide has been tri-methylated and it is implicated in studies that this modification may remodel the chromatin so that it is more accessible to transcription factors, which may ultimately increase the level of gene expression. The lysine at position 9 has been acetylated, which neutralizes the positive charge on the amino acid, loosening the chromatin structure. This alteration to the accessibility of chromatin promotes the initiation of transcription. Moreover, the serine at position 10 has been phosphorylated, and studies have suggested that this may induce chromatin condensation, and subsequently repress transcription and gene expression.Peso molecolare:1,724.9 g/molGalanin Mouse, Rat
Galanin (mouse, rat) is 29 amino acids, 1 less than human galanin. Galanin is a widely distributed neuropeptide in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3. These G protein-coupled receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane. Galanin has a role in energy homeostasis. Central injections of galanin to the amygdala lead to food intake in rats.Galanin has been shown to inhibit glutamate release from the hippocampus. Glutamate has an excitatory effect in the mechanisms of epileptic seizures- therefore, galanin is considered a possible anticonvulsant. Galanin receptor agonists with anticonvulsant properties have been developed to help seizures. Galanin has also helped provide evidence of neuronal plasticity and degradation. Galanin has been used extensively for administration to animals in vivo including rats and mice to better understand its role and help treat appetite disorders.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:3,162.6 g/mol(Arg8) Vasopressin (AVP)
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neurohypophysial hormone that is synthesized in the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The major function of AVP is to regulate extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis via its anti-diuretic action. It is also a vasoconstrictor and pressor agent. AVP is important to the central nervous system (CNS) and also has physiological actions in the peripheral organs, such as the kidney, heart and vascular beds.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:1,083.4 g/molORF65 (131-140) [Murid herpesvirus 4]
Human γHV Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is host-specific, making it challenging to study. Evidence suggests EBV infection provides an enhanced immune response against other future heterologous infections. Murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4) in mice can be used as a model to help understand herpesviruses. The peptide provided here (ORF65131-140) has been used in CTL assays to show that MuHV-4 improves the effector CD8+ T cells response against a heterologous virus. MuHV-4 ORF65131-140 epitope can stimulate interleukin production ex vivo and be detected by tetramer staining to MHC. Further work with MuHV-4 ORF65131-140 could be crucial for understanding the reactivity of the human immune system to other viruses after infection with γHV Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).Peso molecolare:989.5 g/molANP (7-20)
ANP (7-20) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in the cardiovascular remodelling process.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in proANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:1,453.7 g/mol[5-TAMRA]-Galanin (1-30) Human
Galanin (1-30) (human) is an endogenous neuropeptide with endocrine, metabolic and behavioural effects. Galanin has a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, insulin and somatostatin release, and synaptic neurotransmission.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied concerning Alzheimer's disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.Galanin (1-30) has been used as an agonist for the GalR2 receptor in vitro for calcium mobilisation assays to understand the role Galanin/GalR2 play in multiple sclerosis.Galanin (1-30) is provided with an N-terminal 5-TAMRA, a widely used red fluorescent reagent ideal for peptide labelling and detection. The excitation/emission for this reagent is 555 nm/580 nm.
Peso molecolare:2,296.4 g/mol[5-FAM]-RGD peptide
The RGD peptide is a ligand for cell-surface integrin receptors, which are used by most cells to attach to and sense the extracellular environment and to establish a cytoskeleton. RGD peptide can be attached to biologically important molecules, such as nanoparticles, to enable active targeting of drugs or gene delivery. Model substrates presenting immobilised RGD peptide can be used to promote the adhesion and spreading of cells which have been engineered to expresses integrin receptors such as the platelet cell-surface integrin receptor, alphaIIbβ3. Cells growing in these conditions appear to have well developed cytoskeletons suggesting that binding to the integrin receptor mediates biologically relevant adhesion and RGD substrates are able to support cell survival. Peptide is labelled with an N-terminal 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:950.3 g/molIntracellular Sigma Peptide
Intracellular Sigma peptide is a membrane-permeable peptide mimetic of protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ) wedge. PTPσ is a neural receptor that binds with very high affinity to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Inhibition of this interaction has been shown to promote regeneration of damaged nerves and improve nerve function in animal models. ISP has a protein transduction domain from HIV's trans-activating regulatory protein (Tat). This domain allows facilitates membrane-penetration.Peso molecolare:4,316.2 g/molC5aR2 agonist
C5a receptor 2 (C5aR2, or C5L2) is a seven transmembrane non-G-protein-signalling receptor which binds the complement activation peptide C5a ligand. The complement cascade is a highly sophisticated network of innate immune proteins that are activated in response to invading pathogens or tissue injury. C5aR2 regulates the release of certain cytokines and is involved in a number of inflammatory conditions. C5aR2 can recruit and form a complex with β-arrestins, which can modulate ERK1/2 signalling in macrophages and neutrophils. C5aR2 has both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions. P32 is a functionally selective C5aR2 ligand which is able to recruit β-arrestin 2 with high efficacy, inhibit C5a-induced ERK1/2 activation and can selectively inhibit LPS-induced IL-6 release from human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs). Functionally selective ligands for C5aR2 such as this are novel tools that can selectively modulate C5a activity and are therefore valuable tools in investigating C5aR2 function.Peso molecolare:1,118.5 g/molSPA4 Peptide
SPA4 is a surfactant protein-A (SP-A)-derived peptide which is an antagonist of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). SP-A and TLR4 have been identified as important pathogen-pattern recognition receptors (PPRRs). SP-A represents the majority of SPs and plays a key role in fighting pathogens and down-regulating inflammation, whereas TLR4 recognises pathogens and endogenous stress proteins and induces the inflammatory and adaptive immune responses.Over-activation of TLR4 induces inflammatory response via NF-KB and TNF-α cytokine. SPA4 has been shown to bind to TLR4 and inhibit the release of TNF-α in response to the most potent TLR4-ligand: Gram-negative bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), however SPA4 does not interfere with LPS binding to TLR4. The suppression of LPS-TLR4 signalling by SPA4 peptide alleviates inflammatory response.Peso molecolare:2,396 g/molHistone H3 (1-20) K4Me3, K9Ac, pS10-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)]
Histone 3 (H3) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.The lysine at position 4 of this peptide has been tri-methylated and it is implicated in studies that this modification may remodel the chromatin so that it is more accessible to transcription factors, which may ultimately increase the level of gene expression. The lysine at position 9 has been acetylated, which neutralizes the positive charge on the amino acid, loosening the chromatin structure. This alteration to the accessibility of chromatin promotes the initiation of transcription. Moreover, the serine at position 10 has been phosphorylated, and studies have suggested that this may induce chromatin condensation, and subsequently repress transcription and gene expression.This peptide contains a C-terminal GGK linker labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag. This peptide also has an uncharged C-terminal amide.Peso molecolare:2,946.5 g/molHeart-homing peptide
The pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is linked to the health of endothelial cells in the heart.- However, the specific characteristics of the cardiovascular endothelial cells are still being uncovered. The heart homing peptide specifically binds to a receptor on cardiovascular endothelial cells. This peptide can be used as a conjugate to deliver molecules specifically to the heart. This can be a crucial tool in therapeutic drug delivery for CVD, angiogenesis, and thrombosis.
Peso molecolare:627.3 g/molACT1
α-connexin carboxyl terminal peptide that specifically targets and maintains Cx43 at gap junction sites between cell-cell membrane borders of breast cancer cell.- Thus it augments gap junction activity and impairs proliferation and survival of breast cancer cells with no effect on non-transformed cells.
Peso molecolare:3,255.8 g/molPAF26
PAF26 is a cell penetrating antimicrobial peptide (CP-AMP) with strong activity against fungi that cause postharvest decay in fruits, such as strains of Penicillium italicum, Penicillium digitatum, and Botrytis cinerea and is also active against Fusarium oxysporum.PAF26 has reduced toxicity to Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, demonstrating selectivity towards certain filamentous fungi. PAF26 is endocytically internalized at low fungicidal concentrations and accumulates in vacuoles before being actively transported into the cytoplasm where it exerts its antifungal activity. PAF26 is not lytic or cytotoxic to human cells.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:990.6 g/molOsteogenic Growth Peptide (OGP)
Osteogenic Growth Peptide (OGP) is derived from the C-terminal sequence ALKRQGRTLYGFGG of Histone H4. This 14-aa peptide is produced from alternative translation of Histone H4 mRNA.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:1,522.8 g/molClick Pip1
Delivery of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligonucleotides to targeted cells is becoming a viable therapeutic strategy by redirecting RNA splicing for conditions like Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The use of novel cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) has helped create targeted, and increased activity of the PNAs delivered.PNA internalization peptides (Pip) is a specifically designed CPP for conjugation to PNAs. Pips were designed to improve PNA activity observed in HeLa cells determined by splicing redirection assays and increased serum stability determined by mass spectrometry. Of the Pip series, Pip1 enters the cell in an energy-dependent manner, primarily via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Pip1 conjugated to a PNA was determined to be well transported into the cell but is not the most stable against proteolysis. However, this may benefit some cargo depending on the intracellular destination. As a CPP for DMD, the proteolysis of Pip1 was deemed an issue but showed promise for other conjugates in HeLa cells.Pip1 is labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide). Azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular Click reaction. Alkyne-Pip1 allows various applications, particularly for protein conjugation, modification, and drug delivery.
Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:3,243 g/molLeu-AFC.HCl
Aminopeptidase fluorogenic substrate. Upon cleavage of the bond between leucine and the 7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (AFC) group an increase in fluorescence between 495-505nm can be detected using an excitation wavelength of 395-400nm.Peso molecolare:378.77 g/mol[5-FAM]-RKOpep
Peptide identified through phage display that binds to colorectal cancer cell line RKO cells, as well as other cancer cells including Caco-2, HCT 116 and HCT-15, but not to normal cells, possibly through targeting the monocarboxylate transporter 1, which has been implicated in colorectal cancer progression and prognosis. It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.Peso molecolare:1,278.4 g/molAYPGFK Protease-Activated Receptor-4 (PAR-4)
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. These PAR-activating proteases therefore represent PAR agonists. This PAR-4 agonist peptide represents the N-terminal sequence of the 'tethered ligand' and is therefore capable of activating the receptor independently of N-terminal proteolysis.Peso molecolare:680.4 g/molACTH (1-39) Human
Human adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) also known as corticotropin. ACTH is a tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and member of the melanocortins peptide family. ACTH is cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is often produced in response to biological stress. ACTH acts to increase the production and release of cortisol via its interaction with the ACTH receptor ACTHR, also known as melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R). Receptor activation increases the intracellular concentration of cAMP via adenylyl cyclase.Abnormal ACTH levels in the body has been linked to primary adrenal insufficiency/Addison's disease, Cushing's disease and secondary adrenal insufficiencyColore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:4,541.07 g/mol[5-FAM]-Galanin (2-30)-[Cys] (Human)
Galanin is predominantly an inhibitory neuropeptide expressed in humans and other mammals' brains, spinal cords, and gut. Galanin signalling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors. The functional role of galanin remains largely unknown- however, galanin is predominantly involved in the modulation and inhibition of neuron action potentials. Galanin has been implicated in many biologically diverse functions, including nociception, waking and sleep regulation, cognition, feeding, mood regulation and blood pressure regulation. Galanin appears to have neuroprotective activity as its biosynthesis is increased 2-10 fold upon axotomy and during seizure activity in peripheral tissues and the brain.The clinical relevance of galanin is related to several chronic neural disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression and cancer those who suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus, depression and Alzheimer's disease often express high levels of galanin. Conversely, intervention with galanin agonists (for example, M617, M1145 and M1153) manifests anti-insulin resistance and anti-Alzheimer's disease characteristics and ameliorates or reinforces depression-like behaviour. Specifically, activation of GAL2 can alleviate such disease features in human and rodent models. This galanin (2-30) peptide has been used to characterise Galanin's binding sites and affinity for GALR receptors via competition binding analysis. Galanin (2-30) is a full agonist of the GALR2 receptor compared to its affinity for GALR1.Galanin (2-30) is provided with an N-terminal 5-FAM, a widely used green fluorescent reagent ideal for peptide labelling and detection and a C-terminal cysteine for site-specific conjugation. The excitation/emission for this reagent is 490 nm/520 nm.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:3,558.6 g/molHistone H3 (1-18)
Histone H3 (1-18) is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.
Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:1,942.23 g/molHistone H3 (1-20) K4Me3
Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Lysine 4 of H3 (1-20) has been tri-methylated.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:2,224.3 g/mol[Azhx]-[Lys(Mca)]-P11-8
The P11-family of peptides comprises over 20 different peptides which self-assemble into β-sheet structures to form self-supporting isotropic hydrogels under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 140 mM NaCl). Self-assembling peptides of the P11-family undergo one-dimensional self-assembly, forming single molecule thick, micrometer-long β-sheet nanotapes. Further assembly results in the nanotapes stacking in pairs to form ribbons which further assemble to form fibrils, then pairs of fibrils can entwine to form fibres. Such self-assembling peptides are important biomaterials and may be useful for the development of novel biomaterials for tissue engineering scaffolds and dental enamel remineralisation.Peso molecolare:2,151.1 g/molSOD1 (147-153) human
The SOD1 homodimer forms a β-barrel and contains an intramolecular disulphide bond and a binuclear Cu/Zn site in each subunit. This Cu/Zn site holds a copper and zinc ion and is responsible for catalysing the disproportionation of ROS, namely superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and dioxygen. In binding to copper and zinc ions, SOD1 is one of three superoxide dismutases responsible for destroying free superoxide radicals.The clinical relevance of SOD1 is related to its function in regulating ROS in the mitochondria of cells. Most notably, SOD1 is a crucial enzyme involved in ROS release during oxidative stress by ischemia-reperfusion injury, specifically in the myocardium as part of ischemic heart disease. During ischemia reperfusion, ROS release substantially contribute to the cell damage and death via a direct effect on the cell as well as via apoptotic signals. SOD1 is known to have a capacity to limit the detrimental effects of ROS. As such, SOD1 is important for its cardioprotective effects.Peso molecolare:656.4 g/molSpexin 2 (53-70) Human, Mouse, Rat
Spexin is a neuropeptide encoded by SPX genes, and homologs have been found amongst many vertebrates. The SPX genes encode a preprohormone that leads to the mature hormone spexin, which is highly conserved amongst higher vertebrates. Another form, SPX2, has been identified and named spexin 2. Both sequences of spexin and spexin 2 are highly conserved, suggesting they each play vital roles.Like spexin, spexin 2 is widely expressed in various tissues. This is an amidated spexin-2 (53-70) peptide showing similar biological function to its non- amidated version. Spexin-2, when administered to rats, decreases heart rate and increases urine flow rate. Intraventricular NPQ(53-70) delivery also causes antinociceptive activity in mice's warm water tail withdrawal assay.Peso molecolare:2,158.1 g/molBiotin gliadin-derived peptide
Biotin gliadin-derived peptides derived from Gliadin peptides, the component of wheat involved in the gastrointestinal symptoms of wheat allergy and Celiac Disease (CD). During wheat allergies histamines and leukotrienes are secreted due to gliadin peptide sequences cross-linking two IgE molecules on mast cells and basophils.The glutamine and proline rich peptides of which Gliadin is composed of are resistant to proteolysis during digestion, leaving them active in the gastrointestinal tract. Subsequently these are deamidated by tissue transglutaminase and can bind to HLA-DQ2 or DQ8. As a result in patients with the autoimmune disease CD, there is a Th-mediated inflammatory immune response against these gliadin peptides.Gliadin can exert additional effects on the intestinal microbiota and ileal barrier function. It has been found that gut microbiota members such as Bifidobacterium and lactobacillus have the ability to digest and inactivate gliadin peptides hence reducing their inflammatory effects in the gastrointestinal system.Here Biotin (B7) has been added. Biotin is a cofactor for several mammalian biotin-dependent carboxylases which are involved in processes such as gluconeogenesis, amino acid metabolism and fatty acid synthesis.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:1,564.7 g/molPMX 205
C5a receptor peptide antagonist which can ameliorate experimentally-induced colon inflammation in mice. It can also reduce fibrillar amyloid deposits, decrease hyperphosphorylated tau levels and rescue cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease. Also improves hindlimb grip strength and slows disease progression in the hSOD1G93A-mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Orally active and brain penetrant.
Peso molecolare:838.5 g/mol[Tyr]-CNP22, Human
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a novel urinary biomarker which is part of the natriuretic peptide family. CNP is produced in the kidney and the endothelium and has been localised to renal tubules. CNP expression has also been detected in cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelium, and bone.CNP is synthesized as the precursor 103 amino acid (AA) protein, proCNP (AA 1-103), which is then cleaved into NT-proCNP (AA 1-50) and CNP53 (AA 51-103) by the intracellular endoprotease furin. CNP53 is then cleaved to give the biologically active mature form CNP22 (AA 82-103) and inactive form NT-CNP53 (51-81). CNP primarily acts as an autocrine or paracrine factor and has anti-proliferative and anti-fibrotic properties, including suppression of fibroblast proliferation and collagen production, inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and accelerated regeneration of endothelial cells. CNP is a vasodilator and potent venodilator and slightly elevated levels have been detected in heart failure and renal disease states. CNP has renoprotective properties and is activated during renal injury, where it helps preserve glomerular function and suppress pro-fibrotic processes. Hypoxia, cytokines and fibrotic growth factors, are stimuli for CNP production and release.CNP selectively activates the cell surface particulate guanylyl cyclase receptor B (GC-B), catalysing the conversion of GTP to the downstream second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).Peso molecolare:2,358.2 g/molBiotin-Nrf2 (69-84)
Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) and its negative regulator Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) provide vital protection in maintaining cellular redox. In parallel, Nrf2 also aids the resolution of inflammation and also tissue repair. In homeostatic conditions, the transcription factor Nrf2 is controlled in a cytoplasmic complex with Keap1 with ubiquitination and protein degradation. Nrf2 has been linked to numerous cancers due to mutations affecting the binding region of Nrf2 to Keap1, resulting in Nrf2 dissociating from the complex. Nrf2 constitutively accumulates in the nucleus and activation of prosurvival genes that promote cancer cell proliferation.The Neh2 region of Nrf2 interacts with Keap1, as shown by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The 16 amino acid peptide (AFFAQLQLDEETGEFL) (69-84) flanks the conserved ETGE motif and can replicate the binding to keap1.Therapeutics targeting the Nrf2 signalling pathway and activation of Nrf2 is a keen area of research, with many cancers being linked to Nrf2, particularly pancreatic cancer. Additionally, activation of Nrf2 has become a possible target as a treatment for COVID. Nrf2 (69-84) replicating full-length Nrf2 binding has been helpful in all cases. This Nrf2 (69-84) contains a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification. If you would prefer the simple peptide, Nrf2 (69-84), it is available from our catalogue.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:2,083 g/molApidaecin IB
Apidaecin IB was isolated from the honeybee Apis mellifera. As a cationic proline-rich antimicrobial peptide (PrAMP), Apidaecin IB shows sequence homology with drosocin but is devoid of any pore-forming activity. Apidaecin IB is most active against gram-negative bacteria, it can navigate the outer membrane to the periplasm and then to the cytoplasm. Apidaecin IB is a non-lytic AMP, the main target of its antimicrobial activity appears to be inhibition of the chaperone heat shock protein DnaK. Toxicity appears to be exclusively to bacteria and thus has been trialled as a treatment for systemic bacterial infections. Numerous analogues and derivatives are being investigated to establish Apidaecin IB mode of action and also to improve its functionality.Formula:C95H150N32O23Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:2,107.42 g/molGag protein (181-189) acetyl/amide [Simian immunodeficiency virus]
Gag peptide, derived from the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), is a homologue of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gag protein which interacts with viral components in order to induce the infectious form of the virus. SIV can be used to model HIV.
Peso molecolare:1,124.5 g/molHistone H3 (1-20) K4Me3, K9Ac-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)]
Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3, K9Ac-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones fundamental for compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome.-Lysine 4 of Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3, K9Ac-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] has been tri-methylated, lysine 9 has been acetylated and the C-terminal has been labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green, fluorescent tag. Additionally, this peptide contains an uncharged C-terminal amide.LD: Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3, K9Ac-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.The lysine at position 4 of this peptide has been tri-methylated and it is implicated in studies that this modification may remodel the chromatin so that it is more accessible to transcription factors, which may ultimately increase the level of gene expression. The lysine at position 9 has been acetylated, which neutralizes the positive charge on the amino acid, loosening the chromatin structure. This alteration to the accessibility of chromatin promotes the initiation of transcription.Additionally, Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3, K9Ac-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] has a C-terminal GKK linker labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag. This peptide also has an uncharged C-terminal amide.Peso molecolare:2,866.5 g/molAIP-II
Auto-inducing peptide (AIP) is a cyclic thiolactone quorum sensing peptide from Staphylococcus aureus which is responsible for activating the agr response. AIP is released from the bacteria and its extracellular concentration is then sensed by a two-component system on the bacterial surface, AgrC and AgrA. AgrC is the membrane histidine kinase receptor and AgrA is a response regulator- upon binding of AIP, AgrC phosphorylates AgrA.AIP accumulates during growth activating an AgrC and AgrA cascade when it reaches a critical signal level. This cascade activates P2 and P3 promoters which autoactivate the agr system and upregulate RNAIII transcription. RNAIII regulates the expression of virulence factors including toxins, super-antigens, and exo-enzymes. Extensive research to identify AIP:AgrC inhibitors aims to find therapeutics against pathogens.AgrD is the precursor peptide of AIP, and AgrB is an integral membrane endopeptidase essential to biosynthesize AIP. This AIP system is conserved among many Gram-positive bacteria. S. aureus strains are categorized into four groups (I-IV) according to their AIP signal and cognate extracellular receptor, AgrC.AIP-II has the conserved thiolactone macrocycle of the AIP family. Asn-3, Leu-8, and Phe-9 have been shown to be critical for activation of the agr response while inhibition relies on Leu-8 and Phe-9. The reactive thiol ester bond is only necessary for activation of the agr response. Further work may provide further AIP:AgrC inhibitors.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:878.4 g/molHistone H2A (1-20)-GGK(Biotin)
The Histone H2A residues 1 to 20 are derived from histone 2A (H2A) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core.At the site of DNA entry on the outer nucleosome, the C-terminus of H2A is present and is able to interact with linker histones or other factors. This allows for variation and changes in nucleosome stability to occur. Furthermore Histone H2A has histone variants such as H2A.Z and H2A.X (which are present in all organisms) and these variants alter the organisation of the DNA.Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.Biotin has been added to the lysine on GGK.Peso molecolare:898.5 g/molOXA (17-33)
Orexin-A (also known as hypocretin-1) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that regulates feeding behaviour, reward processes, cognition, the sleep-wake cycle and stress. Orexin-A is involved in stress induced mental illness such as major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders and may therefore be a potential target for treatment of these conditions.Orexins are excitatory neuropeptides generated from the prepro-orexin precursor that is exclusively localised in cells of the lateral and posterior hypothalamic region. Orexins are also widely expressed in human and mammalian retinas, such as bipolar cells, amacrine cells and ganglion cells.Orexin-A activates the orphan G-protein-coupled orexin receptor, type 1 (OX1R) and 2 (OX2R). There are approximately 10,000-20,000 orexinergic neurons in the human brain.
Peso molecolare:1,747.9 g/molSARS-CoV-2 NSP13 (556-570)
The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication. NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (556-570) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.Peso molecolare:1,717.9 g/molPantinin-3
Pantinin-3, like other pantinin peptides, has high activity against Gram-positive bacteria yet weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria. With the exception of S. aureus, pantinin-3 displays the highest activity against all Gram-negative bacteria for which it has been tested. Pantinin-3 also displays activity against Candida tropicalis and has relatively mild haemolytic activity against human red blood cells.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:1,491.77 g/molnef peptide [Human immunodeficiency virus type 1] (73-82) acetyl/amide
Nef is an accessory protein highly conserved amongst all primate lentiviruses, it is essential for viral replication in vivo- it is expressed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV-1 and HIV-2.-Nef acts as a downregulator of class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) expression in HIV-infected cells to help circumvent the immune response, such as Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity. An intact-nef-gene is critical for high viral loads, linked to development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Certain alleles of HLA have been associated with maintaining a seronegative status such as HLA-A*1101. This nef peptide sequence (73-82) has highly conserved residues, a study crystalised it bound within HLA-A*1101. Further investigation using this peptide sequence, with the attached acetyl group for added stability, could elucidate the nature of resistance to HIV infection and the nef residues.Peso molecolare:1,272.7 g/molFas blocking peptide
Blocks Fas-FasL interaction, and in the Neuro2a cell model of ischemia protects against ischemic stroke-induced neuronal cell death by binding to Fas expressing cells and rescuing them from Fas mediated apoptosis.Peso molecolare:1,078.4 g/molSARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein (271-285)
The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. The nucleoprotein has a critical role in virus assembly and RNA transcription. The nucleoprotein is essential in the formation of helical ribonucleoproteins and in regulating viral RNA synthesis. The nucleoprotein can also regulate infected host cellular mechanisms. It is highly expressed during infection and may induce protective immune responses against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.The nucleoprotein residues TQAFGRRGPEQTQGN (271-285) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.
Peso molecolare:1,645.8 g/molBoc-Val-Pro-Arg-AMC
Boc-VPR-AMC is a fluorogenic peptide substrate composed of the short peptide chain, Valine-Proline-Arginine (VPR) and the fluorophore, 7-amino-4-methlycoumarin (AMC). Fluorogenic peptide substrates such as Boc-VPR-AMC have high sensitivity and specificity and therefore can be used to detect molecules of interest. For example within the field of scientific forensics, Boc-VPR-AMC can be used to investigate deposits of saliva in situ. When Fluorogenic peptide substrates are incubated with specific enzymes, fluorescence is emitted due to the release of the fluorophore from the peptide-fluorophore bond. When Boc-APR-AMC interacts with its target enzyme, the 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin fluorophore is released causing a fluorescent emission at 440nm.
Peso molecolare:627.3 g/mol[Nle12] a-factor
[Nle12] alpha-factor is a cyclic analog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor mating pheromone.Peso molecolare:1,663.9 g/molP12
Interactions between ECM proteins and growth factors were only thought to concentrate growth factors and to enhance their multimerisation for signalling. However, recent studies indicate that binding of growth factors to ECM proteins may enhance interactions between multi-domain ECM proteins, such as fibronectin (FN), with cell surface receptors, mostly integrins. The discovery of P12 revealed that a small peptide can mimic the role of FN with PDGF-BB, suggesting that some ECM-growth factor interactions may be less complex. P12 can not only bind to PDGF-BB, but also promote cell survival and improve rat skin burns in a dose dependent manner.P12 may have a clinical potential, especially in the reduction of cell death after tissue damage.Peso molecolare:1,324.7 g/molI-A(g7) BDC2.5 mimotope
The MHC class II allele I-Ag7 is the allele associated with diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. I-Ag7 is also associated with spontaneous mouse models of arthritis and multiple sclerosis. The peptide mimotope mimics the structure of an epitope and therefore causes an antibody response similar to the one elicited by the epitope.Peso molecolare:1,303.6 g/molVGB4
Antagonist peptide of VEGF-A and VEGF-B reproducing two binding regions of VEGF-B (loop 1 and loop3) linked together by a receptor binding region of VEGF-A (loop3). Binds to both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 and inhibits VEGF-A driven proliferation, migration and tube formation in HUVECs.Peso molecolare:2,708.5 g/molSARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein (321-335)
The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. The nucleoprotein has a critical role in virus assembly and RNA transcription. The nucleoprotein is essential in the formation of helical ribonucleoproteins and in regulating viral RNA synthesis. The nucleoprotein can also regulate infected host cellular mechanisms. It is highly expressed during infection and may induce protective immune responses against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.The nucleoprotein residues GMEVTPSGTWLTYTG (321-335) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.Peso molecolare:1,598.7 g/molalpha-Gliadin (31 - 43)
This peptide is derived from gliadin wheat protein residues 31-43. It elicits an innate immune response by upregulating expression of interleukin (IL)-15 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. This peptide also promotes expression of CD25 on monocytes and macrophages, expression of CD83 on dendritic cells, and p38 MAP kinase activation. Treatment with this peptide allows immunodominant epitopes (57-68 and 62-75) to induce T-cell activation and enterocyte apoptosis.Peso molecolare:1,526.8 g/molSARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein 2 (261-275)
The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. Also known as the nucleocapsid protein, it is an abundant RNA-binding protein critical for viral genome packaging. These factors make nucleoprotein a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the nucleoprotein sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. Nucleoprotein (261-275) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.Peso molecolare:1,654.9 g/molAF12198
AF12198 is a selective receptor antagonist to the human cytokine, type 1 interleukin-1 (IL-1) and thus blocks IL-1β signalling. AF12198 can inhibit IL-1-induced IL-8 production by human dermal fibroblasts and IL-1-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression by endothelial cells. AF12198 also blocks IL-1 induction of IL-6 and down regulates IL-6 induction in monkeys. AF12198 does not bind the human type II IL-1 receptor, or the murine type I IL-1 receptor.IL-1 influences a wide range of immune and inflammatory responses. Sustained expression of even low levels of IL-1 can be harmful in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.Peso molecolare:1,895.9 g/molGalanin (2-30) acid
Galanin is predominantly an inhibitory neuropeptide expressed in humans and other mammals' brains, spinal cords, and gut. Galanin signalling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors GalR1-3. Galanin has been implicated in many biologically diverse functions, including nociception, waking and sleep regulation, cognition, feeding, mood regulation and blood pressure regulation. Galanin appears to have neuroprotective activity as its biosynthesis is increased 2-10 fold upon axotomy and during seizure activity in peripheral tissues and the brain.The clinical relevance of galanin is related to several chronic neural disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression and cancer- those who suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus, depression and Alzheimer's disease often express high levels of galanin. Conversely, intervention with galanin agonists (for example, M617, M1145 and M1153) were able to ameliorate disease symptoms such as Alzheimer's and have pro-nociceptive effects. Specifically, activation of GAL2 can alleviate such disease features in human and rodent models. This galanin (2-30) peptide has been used to characterise Galanin's binding sites and affinity for GALR receptors via competition binding analysis. Galanin (2-30) is a full agonist of the GALR2 receptor compared to its affinity for GALR1.Peso molecolare:3,098.5 g/molCALP3 - Calcium like peptide 3
CAS:Cell-permeable calmodulin (CaM) agonist that binds to the EF-hand/Ca2+-binding site and can activate phosphodiesterase in the absence of Ca2+ and inhibit Ca2+ mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis.Formula:C44H68N10O9Peso molecolare:881.07 g/molPTH (1-13) Human
N-terminal tryptic peptide of parathyroid hormone (PTH), used for quantification and optimisation in LC-MS/MS assays.PTH is an 84-amino-acid polypeptide hormone (PTH 1-84) which is secreted by the parathyroid glands along with its fragments (such as PTH 1-34 and PTH 7-84). PTH increases calcium and decrease phosphate levels in the blood and the abundance of PTH-derived peptides is regulated by blood calcium levels. PTH inhibits the bone growth-promoting activity of osteoblasts and induces osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium and phosphate ions into the blood. PTH binds to and activates the receptor parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1). PTHR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which regulates mineral ion homeostasis, bone turnover and skeletal development
Peso molecolare:1,454.8 g/molSARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein (353-370)
The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. Also known as the nucleocapsid protein, it is an abundant RNA-binding protein critical for viral genome packaging. These factors make nucleoprotein a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the nucleoprotein sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. Nucleoprotein (353-370) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.Peso molecolare:2,111.1 g/molApelin (65-76), human
Apelin (65-76), human is derived from the apelin peptide which acts as a ligand for the apelin receptor (APJ) G protein coupled receptor and is a substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme 2. Preprapelin, encoded for by APLN located on Xq25-26.1, is cleaved to form either apelin 36 or apelin 17, 12 and 13. As a member of the adipokine hormone family, which are involved in processes such as vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis, the apelin is secreted from adipose tissue.Apelin has been found to be expressed in the spinal cord and the human brain and when performing immunohistochemistry it was observed that apelin-17 is significantly expressed in the human heart, brain, lungs and endothelial cells.Both apelin and the apelin receptor are widely distributed around the body thus apelin has been found to be associated with cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes and cancer. Studies exploring myocardial infarction showed there to be greater apelin mRNA expression during human heart failure compared to in healthy tissue. Apelin protects against heart failure due to, the pyroglutamyl form of apelin, playing a role in decreasing infarct size of myocardial infarctions. Furthermore in rats with hypertension, the expression of apelin and APJ was decreased.Peso molecolare:1,402.8 g/molNeurotensin
Neurotensin (NT) is involved in food absorption in the gut as well as acting as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). In the intestine, NT increases fatty acid translocation, in part by increasing intestinal blood flow. In the CNS, NT regulates pathways associated with ghrelin and leptin which mediate satiety and food ingestion. NT is also involved in the regulation of Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Prolactin release and also plays a role in hypotension- analgesia- gut contraction- vascular permeability- maintaining energy homeostasis- fat storage and metabolic disorders. Higher plasma pro-NT levels are associated with obesity and insulin resistance. NT is therefore a potential target for treating obesity-related diseases.NT is secreted from neuroendocrine cells in the small intestine upon fat intake and exerts its physiological actions by binding three NT receptor (NTR) types- NTR1, NTR2, and NTR3.NTR1 is highly expressed in various tumour cells including- small cell carcinoma/small cell lung cancer (SCLC)- meningiomas- astrocytomas- glioblastoma- pancreatic and colonic carcinoma, and breast and prostate cancers. NTR1 is therefore a possible target for novel cancer therapy.
Peso molecolare:1,801 g/molHistone H2A (1-20)
The histone H2A residues 1-20 are derived from histone 2A (H2A) which is one of the four core his-tones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core.At the site of DNA entry on the outer nucleosome, the C-terminus of H2A is present and is able to interact with linker histones or other factors. This allows for variation and changes in nucleosome stability to occur. Furthermore Histone H2A has histone variants such as H2A.Z and H2A.X (which are present in all organisms) and these variants alter the organisation of the DNA.Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.Peso molecolare:2,086.2 g/mol[5-FAM]-beta-Amyloid (1-15) Human
Fluorescein labelled amyloid β 1-15 (Aβ1-15 ). Aβ1-15 is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of Aβ precursor protein by β- and alpha-secretase.Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.Fluorescein (FAM) is a hugely popular fluorescent tag due to its excellent fluorescence quantum yield and relatively high absorptivity as well as being highly water soluble.Peso molecolare:2,183.8 g/molcAC 253
Cyclic AC253 is an antagonist of the amylin receptor with neuroprotective effects against Aβ toxicity. Cyclic AC253 eliminates Aβ-induced impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation and is able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.Peso molecolare:3,007.5 g/molFlagellin 22 (flg22)
Flagellin is a structural protein which forms the major portion of bacterial flagellar filaments. The N- and C-terminals of flagellin are highly conserved regions, whereas the central core can vary greatly between bacterial species. Flagellin 22 (flg22) is the stretch of amino acids most conserved across bacterial species and is located towards the N-terminal of the flagellin protein.Flg22 is a potent elicitor of plant immune responses and is recognised in plants by the membrane bound leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2). Flg22 induces defence gene expression to trigger both local and systemic immune responses and is thus widely used in plant defence studies.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:2,272.48 g/molEC dipeptide
EC-acid has a formal charge of 0 and a range of biological and chemical uses. CE-acid is also available in our catalogue.Peso molecolare:250.1 g/molANP 1-28 Human
ANP (1-28) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in cardiovascular remodelling.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in pro-ANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.
Peso molecolare:3,078.4 g/molBombesin
Bombesin was originally isolated from the skin of the european fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina) and has two known homologues Neuromedin B (NMB) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP).Bombesin-like peptides are involved in many physiological functions including: regulation of food intake- anxiety and fear-related behaviour, thermoregulation, stress response, learning and memory and in the stimulation of smooth muscle contraction. Bombesin is also a tumour marker for small cell carcinoma in the lung, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and neuroblastoma.The receptors for these two peptides are known as bombesin receptor type 1 (BB1 also known as NMB receptor) and bombesin receptor type 2 (BB2 also known as GRP receptor). Bombesin shows high affinity to both of these receptor subtypes. These bombesin-like peptides and their receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal (GI) tract.This peptide contains an N-terminal pyroglutamyl to prevent the intramolecular cyclisation of the N-terminal of glutamine to N-pyroglutamate (pGlu).Peso molecolare:1,618.8 g/mol2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino- 2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-4-
CAS:Custom research peptide; min purity 95%. For different specs please use the Peptide Quote ToolFormula:C80H138N26O24S2Peso molecolare:1,912.3 g/molDystrophin (2765-2777)
Forms of inherited muscular dystrophy such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) result from mutations targeting the dystrophin gene. These disorders are X-linked, progressive, and cause the gradual weakening of the muscles leading to respiratory failure and ultimately reduces the patient lifespan.In DMD, mutations lead to the production of premature stop codons and hence the truncated dystrophin protein product is vulnerable to nonsense mediated decay and degradation. Therefore, dystrophin production in muscle cells is reduced. On the other hand, nonsense mutations which also contribute to DMD, cause exon skipping in BMD and result in an internally truncated protein product which are partially functional. The symptoms of BMD are later onset compared with DMD which develop in patients between 2 to 7 years.Treatments of dystrophin disorders are in clinical trial including antisense oligonucleotide exon skipping and gene therapy. However, the efficacies of these treatments are not easily quantified. Currently levels of muscular dystrophin are quantified by western blot which can be unreliable. The peptide provided here, aligning residues dystrophin (2690-2700), has been tested via mass spectrometry to provide a more reliable method of validation of dystrophin levels. Further study with this dystrophin fragment could prove to be a vital step in the understanding and treatment of dystrophin disorders. Within our catalogue we also have other peptides tested for dystrophin quantification available plus the full-length dystrophin protein.Peso molecolare:1,401.7 g/molGlucagon (1-29)-[Cys(Cy5)]
Glucagon (1-29)-[Cys(Cy5)] is derived from glucagon, which is a peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells located in the islet of Langerhans region of the pancreas. Glucagon is an essential catabolic hormone that is responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels. Once released into the bloodstream, glucagon stimulates the production of hepatic glucose, which means it is considered to be a glucose-mobilizing agent. Excessive levels of glucagon can result in the development of hyperglycaemia, since the action of glucagon results in abnormally high blood glucose levels.This peptide contains Cyanine 5 (Cy5), which is a widely used red fluorescent dye.Peso molecolare:4,189 g/molInfliximab Heavy chain (46-60)
Infliximab is a biologic medicine used in the treatment of numerous autoimmune diseases including Crohn disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Infliximab binds with high affinity to tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) blocking most of the cytokine effects, which includes mediating the inflammatory responses. Infliximab is a chimeric human-mouse IgG monoclonal antibody- the constant regions of the heavy and light chains are human-derived. The heavy chain peptide (46-60) has been identified as an antigen for antigen-specific T cell analysis. Numerous methods of immunological analysis can be applied to this peptide to hopefully provide further insight to these autoimmune conditions.Peso molecolare:1,689.9 g/molXL 13m
Inhibits the epigenetic reader YEATS domain of the Eleven-nineteen leukemia (ENL) protein and perturbs the recruitment of ENL onto chromatin. Induces downregulation of a set of genes that are essential for leukemogenesis and leukaemia maintenance.Peso molecolare:509.3 g/molXenin
Leptin and melanocortin are well characterised for their roles in energy balance and the regulation of feeding. However, xenin was subsequently isolated from human gastric mucosa and identified as a gastrointestinal peptide hormone. Evidence shows xenin plasma levels rise after meals while administration of xenin leads to feelings of satiation. Unfortunately, the mechanism of xenin regulation on food uptake is still not fully understood. Work has shown xenin negatively effects food intake by a dose dependent manner, the hypothalamus seems to have a key role in this. Furthermore, the signally pathways activated by xenin is independent of those used by leptin or melanocortins. Further work with xenin could provide vital answers to the inhibitory mechanism of this gastrointestinal hormone. It would provide more data to help tackle the ongoing obesity crisis and rise in the number of diabetic patients.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:2,969.7 g/molNangibotide
Nangibotide, also referred as LR12, is an antagonist of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1, and was derived from residues 94 to 105 of TREM-like transcript-1 (TLT-1).TREM-1 plays a crucial role in the onset of sepsis by amplifying the host immune response. TLT-1- and TLT-1-derived peptides therefore exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by dampening TREM-1 signalling. LR12 blocks TREM-1 by binding to the TREM-1 ligand and provides protective effects during sepsis such as inhibiting hyper-responsiveness, organ damage, and death, without causing deleterious effects. The protective effects of modulating TREM-1 signalling are also evident in other models of inflammation such as: pancreatitis- haemorrhagic shock- inflammatory bowel diseases and inflammatory arthritis.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:1,342.5 g/molHistone H3 (1-21) K4Me3
Histone H3 (1 - 21) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Lysine 4 of Histone H3 (1 - 21) K4Me3 has been tri-methylated.Peso molecolare:2,296.4 g/molJelleine I
Jelleines are a family of very small (8-9 amino acid residues long) host defence peptides (HDPs) isolated from the royal jelly of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Jelleines do not present any similarity with other HDPs from other honeybees and are produced by the workers and secreted into Royal Jelly and provide abroad-spectrum protection of the bee hive against microbial infections. The Jelleines are not considered cytolytic or directly involved with inflammatory effects.Jelleine-I may be produced by tryptic digestion of MRJP-1 (produced in the hypopharyngeal glands of the worker honeybee and secreted into the royal jelly), followed by an exoproteinase action on N-terminal of the tryptic fragment. Jelleine-I is only 953.24-Da and exhibits excellent anti-microbial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi. Jelleine-I increases the production of cellular ROS and binds with genomic DNA, which may contribute to its anti-fungal activity.PLEASE NOTE that in several published articles the sequence of Jelleine-I has been printed as PFKLSLHL -NH2, due to a mistake in the original reference: Fontana et al., (2004). The correct sequence, is PFKISIHL-NH2.
Peso molecolare:952.6 g/molBDC2.5 mimotope 1040-51
BDC2.5 mimotope 1040-51 is a mimotope of BDC2.5 T cells which can recognise glutamic acid decarboxylase epitopes.Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:1,297.7 g/molLCBiot-EDQVDPRLIDG-OH
Peptide LCBiot-EDQVDPRLIDG-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.HXB2 gag NO-103
Custom research peptide; min purity 95%. For different specs please use the Peptide Quote Tool
Peso molecolare:1,776.1 g/mol(Pyr 3)-Amyloid β-protein (3-42)
CAS:Please enquire for more information about (Pyr 3)-Amyloid β-protein (3-42) including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this pageFormula:C196H299N53O55SPurezza:Min. 95%Colore e forma:PowderPeso molecolare:4,309.86 g/molH-VSQYIEWLQK^-OH
Peptide H-VSQYIEWLQK^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.
H-FLPSDFFPSV^-OH
Peptide H-FLPSDFFPSV^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.
Suc-Ala-Val-Pro-Phe-pNA
CAS:Custom research peptide; min purity 95%. For different specs please use the Peptide Quote ToolFormula:C32H40N6O9Peso molecolare:652.7 g/molH-YFIDFVAR^-OH
Peptide H-YFIDFVAR^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.5FAM-GIHKQKEKSRLQGGVLVNEILNHMKRATQIPSYKKLIMY-OH
Peptide 5FAM-GIHKQKEKSRLQGGVLVNEILNHMKRATQIPSYKKLIMY-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.Premelanosome Protein (PMEL) (C-Term)
Custom research peptide; min purity 95%. For different specs please use the Peptide Quote ToolH-RF^-OH
Peptide H-RF^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.5Fam-LPYEGSLLLKLLRAPVEEV-OH
Peptide 5Fam-LPYEGSLLLKLLRAPVEEV-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.R5
The peptide R5 is made up of 19 amino acids and it precipitates SiO2 nanostruture silica, using its RRIL motif. It is one of the repetitive peptide sequences forming the protein silaffin sillp in Cylindrotheca fusiformis, a marine diatom.Peso molecolare:2,012.1 g/molH-AIHELIQVMAELSPAAK^-OH
Peptide H-AIHELIQVMAELSPAAK^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.
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