Modulatori enzimatici

<p>Glutamine analogue and antagonist of glutamine-dependent amidotransferases, with antibiotic and antifungal properties. Inhibits purine biosynthesis, FGAM synthetase and glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase that contributes to its antineoplastic property. Azaserine can also act as a carcinogen, by inducing DNA carboxymethylation. Protects endothelial cells from inflammation under hyperglycemic conditions, via antioxidant mechanisms, independent of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.</p>

PUGNAc (O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene)amino N-phenylcarbamate) is a potent inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase, the enzyme that removes O-linked N-acetylglucosamine from intracellular proteins. It increases global O-GlcNAcylation levels by blocking O-GlcNAcase and is widely used to study the biological effects of altered O-linked protein glycosylation. PUGNAc also inhibits the related lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase, which is mainly of interest in research to understand lysosomal function, glycoconjugate metabolism, or the role of hexosaminidases in pathogens, such as bacteria and parasites that use similar enzymes to process sugars.

<p>ATP competitive JAK2 inhibitor</p>

<p>Natural anti-cancer agent; inhibitor of histone deacetylases</p>

<p>Bortezomib is a selective and reversible inhibitor of the multicatalytic 26S proteasome. The inhibition of protein breakdown affects several metabolic pathways and leads to cell death. The compound is effective in treating t-cell lymphomas and multiple myeloma because it prevents the binding of myeloma cells to bone marrow stroma and inhibits osteoclast differentiation.</p>

<p>Indirubin is a chemical compound that belongs to the indole family. It has been studied for its anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. Research suggests that Indirubin can inhibit certain kinases displaying antineoplastic properties.</p>

Inhibitor of GSK3 kinase; activator of Wnt signalling

<p>Inhibitor of p38 MAPK kinase</p>

<p>Mitochondrial division inhibitor (mdivi-1) inhibits dynamin related protein-1 (drp1)-dependent mitochondrial fission. It is a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of stroke, myocardial infarction and neurodegenerative disease. The neuroprotective effects of mdivi-1 has been demonstrated in various models of brain ischemia and neurodegeneration.</p>

Inhibitor of sodium/potassium ATP-ase; anti-arrhythmic

<p>Gemcitabine is as a synthetic pyrimidine nucleoside prodrug. The hydrogen atoms on the 2' carbon of deoxycytidine are replaced by fluorine atoms. Gemcitabine works by being incorporated into the DNA of cancer cells during replication and inhibiting DNA synthesis. First gemcitabine is converted into its active form, gemcitabine triphosphate, by cellular enzymes including deoxycytidine kinase (DCK), after it is taken up by cancer cells. The gemcitabine triphosphate interferes with the normal functioning of the enzymes involved in replicating DNA, leading to the termination of DNA synthesis and ultimately, cell death. Gemcitabine is used as a chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancer, including pancreatic, lung, breast, and ovarian cancer.</p>

<p>Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) competitive inhibitor with IC50 = 3.1 nM. A major consequence of NAMPT inhibition is the attenuation of glycolysis at the GADPH step because this enzyme requires NAD+ for activity. The compound exhibits broad spectrum anti-cancer activity and significant tumor regression was observed in vitro. Although retinal and haematological toxicity has been associated with NAMPT inhibitors, LSN 3154567 does not lead to retinopathy in rats and can be mitigated with co-administration of nicotinic acid.</p>

<p>Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of various leukemias and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. This drug inhibits the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. It is suggested that Imatinib also inhibits other tyrosine kinases such as PDGF, SCF and c-Kit.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) with IC50 in nanomolar range. BRD 9908 was shown to preserve the insulin-secreting pancreatic cells in nonobese diabetic mice. BRD 3308 supressed infiltration of mononuclear cells and prevented β-cell death in vivo as well as increased basal insulin secretion in vitro. Studies on HIV infection models showed that HDAC3 inhibition by BRD 3308 disrupts the HIV latency by increasing the gene expression from HIV promoter.</p>

<p>Rapamycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has been studied as a potential anticancer agent. It binds to FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs) to form a complex that inhibits mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR). Rapamycin also blocks p70 S6 kinase activation by interleukin-2 and thereby inhibits proliferation of T cells. It induces differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to mesendoderm and blood progenitor cells.</p>

<p>Selective, potent, competitive and reversible inhibitor of human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD-1) with IC50 of 2.3 nM and more than 10000-fold selectivity over the related 11β-HSD-2 isoform. BMS 823778 inhibits conversion of cortisone in cortisol and has applications in the treatment of diabetes type 2 since it can influence the occurrence of insulin resistance.</p>

<p>Irreversible blocker of three members of the ErbB family (ErbB1, ErbB2/HER2, and ErbB4) with IC50 in nanomolar range. The compound binds covalently to cysteine 797 residue in HER2 and blocks downstream cellular signalling, inhibits cellular growth and promotes apoptosis. Afatinib has been used for the treatment of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant tumours with mutations in ErbB genes, especially for deletions in exon 19 and single nucleotide substitutions in exon 21. It has been used for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, etc.</p>

<p>Inhibits Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (IC50 = 4.3 nM). Selective over Axl (84-fold) and Tyro3 (58-fold). UNC 2881 inhibits phosphorylation of Mer kinase in 697 B-ALL cells (IC50 = 22nM). Inhibits EGF-induced activation of a chimeric enzyme, composed of EGFR fused with Mer. Blocks collagen-mediated platelet aggregation, implying the potential of this compound for treating thrombosis.</p>

<p>Selective inhibitor of the mutated RET variant RETV804M, which is the anticipated drug-resistant RET mutant that can occur in tumours treated with kinase inhibitors. The compound has a biochemical IC50 of 0.02 µM and selectivity for purified RETV804M over purified RET and KDR of 3.7 and 110, respectively. The efficacy of the compound was shown also in cell cultures with IC50 of 4.4 µM, and cell assay selectivity for RETV804M over RET and KDR of 0.89 and 2.3, respectively.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases and non-receptor tyrosine kinases</p>