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- (2R)-Hydroxybutanedioic Acid 1-Methyl Ester
(R)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid methyl ester is a potent inhibitor of microglial cells. It has been shown to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α from murine microglial cells. The inhibitory activity was also found in alpha-tocopherol, which is a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Bioactivity guided fractionation led to the isolation of (R)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid methyl ester from the methanolic extract of Staphyleaceae species. This compound was also isolated from Japonica and Megastigmane species and was found to have an inhibitory effect on bv2 microglial cells.