Bioquímicos e reagentes

<p>Antagonist peptide of VEGF-A and VEGF-B reproducing two binding regions of VEGF-B (loop 1 and loop3) linked together by a receptor binding region of VEGF-A (loop3). Binds to both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 and inhibits VEGF-A driven proliferation, migration and tube formation in HUVECs.</p>

<p>Interactions between ECM proteins and growth factors were only thought to concentrate growth factors and to enhance their multimerisation for signalling. However, recent studies indicate that binding of growth factors to ECM proteins may enhance interactions between multi-domain ECM proteins, such as fibronectin (FN), with cell surface receptors, mostly integrins. The discovery of P12 revealed that a small peptide can mimic the role of FN with PDGF-BB, suggesting that some ECM-growth factor interactions may be less complex. P12 can not only bind to PDGF-BB, but also promote cell survival and improve rat skin burns in a dose dependent manner.P12 may have a clinical potential, especially in the reduction of cell death after tissue damage.</p>

<p>Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) and its negative regulator Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) provide vital protection in maintaining cellular redox. In parallel, Nrf2 also aids the resolution of inflammation and also tissue repair. In homeostatic conditions, the transcription factor Nrf2 is controlled in a cytoplasmic complex with Keap1 with ubiquitination and protein degradation. Nrf2 has been linked to numerous cancers due to mutations affecting the binding region of Nrf2 to Keap1, resulting in Nrf2 dissociating from the complex. Nrf2 constitutively accumulates in the nucleus and activation of prosurvival genes that promote cancer cell proliferation.The Neh2 region of Nrf2 interacts with Keap1, as shown by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The 16 amino acid peptide (AFFAQLQLDEETGEFL) (69-84) flanks the conserved ETGE motif and can replicate the binding to keap1.Therapeutics targeting the Nrf2 signalling pathway and activation of Nrf2 is a keen area of research, with many cancers being linked to Nrf2, particularly pancreatic cancer. Additionally, activation of Nrf2 has become a possible target as a treatment for COVID. Nrf2 (69-84) replicating full-length Nrf2 binding has been helpful in all cases.</p>

<p>This sequence corresponds to the peptide bond between mammalian Lys27- (K27) linked Ub proteins- where (GG) corresponds to the C-terminus of the side chain appended Ub.K27-linked chains are less well characterised than other Ub chains, however they have been suggested as a marker of mitochondrial damage and have also been implicated in regulation of innate immunity and DNA repair.</p>

<p>GQPR tetrapeptide.</p>

<p>Chromogranin A, a member of the granin proteins, is a factor making up the secretory granules of endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. Granin proteins are key in the processing of secretory vesicles from their synthesis to their release, enabling them to transport their neuropeptide, neurotransmitter and hormone cargo. It is evident the number of chromogranin is associated with the number of secretory vesicles in the neuroendocrine cells.Encoded by the CHGA gene located on chromosome 14, chromogranin A is comprised of a 439 amino acid chain which can also serve as a precursor molecule for peptides such as vasostatin I and pancreastatin. This is due to chromogranin A vulnerability to organ specific proteolysis.The production of chromogranin A by neuroendocrine tumours, seen in medullary thyroid carcinoma and pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours, has enabled it to be a marker in the diagnosis and progression of these tumours. Moreover an increased concentration of chromogranin A has been observed in atrophic gastritis, chronic heart failure, impaired kidney function and in rheumatoid diseases.The arginine residue at position 10 is isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (6) and nitrogen-15 (4).</p>

<p>Verapamil HCL (USP grade powder) chemical reference substance</p>

<p>Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) protein superfamily and is expressed exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS) on the surface of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocyte processes. MOG is expressed at the onset of myelination, and therefore is a potential marker for oligodendrocyte maturation.MOG contains an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, a cytoplasmic loop, a membrane-associated region and a cytoplasmic tail.- MOG may function as a cell surface receptor or cell adhesion molecule. -Fifteen different alternatively spliced isoforms have been detected in humans. These are present either on the cell surface, the endoplasmic reticulum in the endocytic system, or in secreted form.The secreted form of MOG may trigger autoimmunity if released into the cerebrospinal fluid and periphery. MOG is thought to be a key target for autoantibodies and cell-mediated immune responses in inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and is therefore widely studied in this field.Fragment 92-106 of MOG is able to induce experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model that resembles MS.</p>

<p>This antibody reacts with heavy chains on human IgM (mu chain).</p>

<p>Ferritin protein is a native protein and antigen that plays a crucial role in various biological processes. It can be used as a monoclonal antibody to target specific proteins, such as growth factor-1 receptors, ferritin, phosphatases, chemokines, and more. The molecular docking properties of ferritin protein make it an excellent tool for studying protein-protein interactions and understanding their functional implications. Additionally, ferritin protein is involved in the regulation of important signaling pathways, including TGF-beta, collagen synthesis, interleukin-6 production, and growth factor signaling. Its ability to form dimers further enhances its stability and functionality. If you're looking for high-quality proteins and antigens for your life sciences research, Ferritin protein is an ideal choice.</p>

<p>PDGF-Ra agonist with in vitro and in vivo antimelanoma growth activity.</p>

<p>Amphipathic helical peptide derived from the chimeric PPTG1 peptide and labelled at the N-terminus with fluorescein.</p>

<p>H-KLVVVGADGV-OH is a custom peptide that can be synthesized rapidly by our peptide experts in under 2 weeks. H-KLVVVGADGV-OH is provided at greater that &gt;95% purity (HPLC) from Cymit Quimica for a variety of research applications. We also offer H-KLVVVGADGV-OH in bulk quantities in addition to our standard pack sizes.Please enquire for more information about H-KLVVVGADGV-OH at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Histone 3 (H3) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.The lysine at position 4 of this peptide has been tri-methylated and it is implicated in studies that this modification may remodel the chromatin so that it is more accessible to transcription factors, which may ultimately increase the level of gene expression. Moreover, the threonine at position 3 has been phosphorylated. It is implicated in recent studies that H3T3 phosphorylation regulates chromosome cohesion and is necessary for chromosomes to be able to align on the metaphase plate.The this peptide is labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Identification of cell penetrating conjugates has aided numerous areas of scientific development. The Drosophila transcription factor Antennapedia contains a homeodomain that can be internalised by cells in a receptor-independent mechanism to the cytoplasm and to the nucleus. The key residues for internalisation have been sequenced (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK) and used in several studies to aid entry of recombinant proteins into cells.To further the scope of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), analogues of penetratin have been generated. This arginine rich acid sequence was made and found to be a strong antimicrobial/antifungal agent while also retaining its CPP properties. The activity was tested against the pathogenic strains Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The degree of arginine content is linked to the rate of cellular uptake and antimicrobial activity.</p>

<p>Duck liver-derived peptide 4 is a bioactive peptide with high antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity is attributed to forming hydrogen bonds between their amino acid residues and free radical molecules. Duck liver-derived peptide 4 increases the activities and mRNA expression levels of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) in HepG2 oxidative damage cell models. Duck liver-derived peptide 4 can reduce the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, thereby inhibiting intracellular oxidative damage. Duck liver-derived peptide 4 has the following activity: ACE inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, antioxidant, and antithrombotic. It may be used in the research for food-derived bioactive peptides for modified-food development.</p>

<p>Flexible Glycine Linker (3 x GGGGS)</p>

<p>BRAF dimers are a core component of the MAPK cascade to pass extracellular stimulus signalling to the nucleus. However, BRAF is also the most often mutated kinase in human cancers resulting in hyperactivation of signalling. BRAF inhibitors are thus a target for cancer therapy treatments.Braftide is a decamer of BRAF sequence found in the dimer interface. It binds allosterically to BRAF preventing kinase activity of mono/dimeric forms. It also leads to the degradation of BRAF and downregulation of MAPK signalling. This creates an ideal dual function inhibitor of a key kinase in cancers such as metastatic melanoma.</p>

<p>Axltide-is a substrate peptide for use in kinase assays and is based on the mouse insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) (amino acid 979-989).IRS1 is a membrane-proximal adaptor protein, which binds to, and is phosphorylated by, the insulin receptor (IR) at its tyrosine residue. IRS1 transmits the extracellular signal for insulin to serine/threonine kinases, such as Akt which then deliver the signal into the cell to mediate the various actions of insulin.Contains an N-terminal biotin tag for easy detection and purification.</p>

<p>Histone H3.3 is a replication-independent histone variant, which replaces canonical histone H3.1/2 outside of S phase. H3.3 is expressed throughout the cell cycle, as well as in quiescent cells and is referred to as the 'replacement histone'. H3.3 is largely deposited in a DNA synthesis-independent fashion by a distinct set of chaperones proteins. H3.3 accumulates in post mitotic cells, such as cerebral cortical neurons and is incorporated at sites of UV damage where it protects against sensitivity to UV light. H3.3 deposition occurs on DNA sequences that are transiently nucleosome-free, such as during transcription and DNA repair, therefore serving as a marker for regions of high transcriptional activity. H3.3 is also enriched in heterochromatic subtelomeric and pericentromeric regions. H3.3 plays important roles in many developmental contexts such as in stem cells, during fertilization and reproduction and during reprogramming of genomes following fertilization or somatic cell nuclear transfer. Mutations in histone H3.3 are common events in certain cancers.</p>

<p>HLA-A*02 is a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele which is part of the HLA-A group of human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) leukocyte antigens (HLA). HLA-A is a human MHC class I cell surface receptor and is involved in presenting short polypeptides to the immune system. These polypeptides are typically 7-11 amino acids in length and originate from proteins being expressed by the cell. Cytotoxic T cells in the blood "read" the peptide presented by the complex and should only bind to non-self peptides. If binding occurs, a series of events is initiated culminating in cell death via apoptosis. Melanoma-associated antigen 1 (MAGE-A1) is part of a well-characterized group of cancer/testis antigens (CTA) that are encoded as a separate cluster on the X chromosome. MAGE-I antigens are mainly expressed in highly proliferating cells, such as cancer cells and therefore may be ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy. Expression of MAGEs has been reported several types of cancer including: lung- breast- thyroid- colon- stomach- liver and bladder where MAGE-A is considered to be a poor prognostic factor.This peptide corresponds to part of the MAGE-A1 sequence which is presented on the MHC class I antigen HLA-A*02.</p>

<p>SMAC/DIABLO-[Cys(AF647)] is a pro-apoptotic peptide that is derived from the mitochondrial protein known either as Second Mitochondria-Derived Activator of Caspases (Smac) or Direct IAP Binding Protein with low isoelectric point, pI (DIABLO). During apoptosis the mitochondria has increased permeability to Smac/DIABLO, which causes the protein to diffuse into the cytosol. Here, Smac/DIABLO adheres to Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and prevents them from binding to caspases, which in turn accentuates apoptosis.This peptide has a C-terminal cysteine linker labelled with AF647, which is a bright, far-red-fluorescent dye with excitation between 594 nm and 633 nm.</p>

<p>G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56/ ADGRG1) is a novel and evolutionarily conserved regulator of peripheral nerve development and function, with important implications for human health and disease.During Schwann cell (SC) development, GPR56-dependent RhoA signalling promotes timely radial sorting of axons. In the mature peripheral nervous system (PNS), GPR56 is localised to distinct SC cytoplasmic domains. Here it is required to establish proper myelin thickness, and facilitate organisation of the myelin sheath.</p>

<p>ANP (1-23) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in cardiovascular remodelling.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in pro-ANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.</p>

<p>Mouse monoclonal Luteinizing Hormone beta antibody</p>

<p>T regulatory cell epitopes (Tregitopes) are a set of natural T cell epitopes derived from immunoglobulin G. These peptides are Treg-activating and show some promise in prophylactic and therapeutic studies in type 1 diabetes mellitus: which is associated with effector T cell (Teff) destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-islet cells. In non-diabetics, self-reactive T cells are deleted during thymic development, rendered anergic, or converted into natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) that suppress autoimmune responses.Tregitopes are processed and presented by MHC class II molecules. They can suppress effector T cell responses, and up-regulate Treg-associated cytokines and chemokines. Tregitopes help stimulate 'antigen-specific adaptive tolerance induction' (ASATI) to modulate antigen-specific transplant rejection and to reduce immune responses to allergens in vitro and in vivo. Tregitope 289 is also available in our catalogue.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (221-235) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Amino acids 46 to 61 of the hen egg lysozyme (HEL). Lysozyme hydrolyses the bond between-N-acetyl glucosamine and-N-acetyl muramic acid (muramidase activity) leading to degradation of peptidoglycan (PG) in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, it also inactivates certain viruses. HEL enhances phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages, and stimulates proliferation and anti-tumour functions of monocytes.The bacterial defence properties of lysozyme may be related to structural properties and not to its bacteriolytic action. Genetically inactive lysozyme is a potent bactericide against Gram-positive bacteria in the absence of its enzyme activity.</p>

<p>Gram negative endotoxin antibody was raised in mouse using E. coli O:111 B4 J5 cells as the immunogen.</p>

<p>Brome mosaic virus (BMV) Gag peptide (7-25) has been utilised as a cell penetrating peptide (CPP). Translocation across the cell membrane with a cargo molecule varies in effectiveness depending on the CPP. BMV Gag (7-25) has a very high efficiency of internalisation which has been linked to the high percentage of arginine residues present.BMV Gag (7-25) is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-BMV Gag (7-25) allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design.</p>

<p>Unique tryptic peptide of pyruvate kinase muscle 1 (PKM1). PKM1 is a splice variant (containing exon 9) of the pyruvate kinase (PK) gene. PK catalyses the final step in the glycolytic pathway, and is responsible for net energy production within that pathway. There are four isozymes of PK in mammals, PKM1 (pyruvate kinase, muscle) is the main isoform found in the muscle and brain and is expressed in differentiated cells. PKM1 is essential for ATP generation by promoting oxidative phosphorylation. During neuronal differentiation, pyruvate kinase gene splicing is switched from PKM2 to PKM1, resulting in a switch from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, this ensures the survival of neurons after differentiation.This peptide represents a tryptic peptide of PKM1. The leucine residue at position 5 of this peptide is isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (6) and nitrogen-15 (1), giving this peptide a mass increase of 7 compared to the unlabelled peptide.</p>

<p>The WISP2 antibody is a highly specific and potent tool used in the field of life sciences. It acts as an effective ubiquitin ligase that targets specific proteins for degradation. This antibody is widely used in various research applications, including the study of cholinergic and dopamine signaling pathways.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the variable region on the heavy chain of immunoglobulin (Ig) which is part of the fragment antigen binding (Fab) fragment of antibodies. Ig or antibodies are made up of two heavy and two light chains both of which have a constant region and a variable region. The variable region, the antigen binding site, is composed of three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from the variable heavy chain and three CDRs from the variable light chains. The amino acid sequences of the variable region differ between each antibody allowing Ig to bind to specific antigens.The variable regions are encoded by a variety of V, D and J gene segments. During somatic recombination different combinations from the V, D and J varieties can be joined together. Consequently this gives rise to a diverse variable region.The Ig heavy chain can be classed as being either: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD or IgE each of which change the function of the antibody.</p>

<p>This peptide is phosphorylated by Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) and is an ideal substrate for use in kinase assays. The JAK family of kinases is essential for the signalling of a host of immune modulators in tumour, stromal, and immune cells where they are highly expressed. JAK family proteins mediate the signalling of the interferon (IFN), IL-6, and IL-2 families of cytokines.JAK kinases are associated with cytokine receptors. Cytokine binding to these receptors results in activation of JAK kinases and receptor phosphorylation. Phosphorylated cytokine receptors recruit STAT proteins, which are then phosphorylated by the activated JAK kinases. Phosphorylated STAT proteins form homo- and hetero-dimers that translocate into the nucleus and function as transcription factors.This JAK1 substrate peptide contains an N-terminal Glycine-residue and a phospho-tyrosine-residue.</p>

<p>Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)/epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (ErbB-2), is a key receptor linked to metastasis in tumours. The oncogenic ErbB-2 receptor has intrinsic receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity. The receptor is activated by ligand binding which induces receptor dimerization. These RTK complexes can activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways. This peptide has been identified as a substrate for HER-2/ErbB-2 as it is phosphorylated upon receptor activation and therefore acts as a marker for receptor activation in kinases assays.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the endothelial nitric oxide synthase which synthesises nitric oxide in order to protect endothelial cells from vascular diseases, atherosclerosis and thrombosis.</p>

<p>Panx-1 mimetic inhibitory peptide that blocks pannexin-1 gap junctions. Inhibits P2X7-mediated dye uptake, ATP-mediated IL-1β release and caspase-1 activation without altering membrane current in macrophages. It can also block activation of NMDA receptor secondary currents.</p>

<p>Venom peptidomes and proteomes have the potential for significant inroads to novel drug discovery. The non-disulphide bridge peptides (NDBPs) have become a particular focus due to their large range of apparent structures and biological activity while retaining high specificity. Additionally, it has been found that a few site-specific modifications or post-translational modifications can have significant impacts on the potency of their biological effects.Within the peptidome AcrAP1 was identified in the NDBP as having antimicrobial and bactericidal activity. The nascent peptide contains a predicted hydrophobic region, this was altered to lysine residues generating a hydrophilic region, AcrAP1a. This cationic enhancement markedly increases their antibacterial potency against bacteria and yeast. Furthermore, at relatively high concentrations, it inhibited proliferation of several cancer cell lines but at low concentrations in 2 cell lines the growth was significantly promoted. The duality of AcrAP1a on growth modulation in cancer cell lines as well as having potent antimicrobial activity suggests it is a useful analogue for further research in bacteria and eukaryotes.</p>

<p>A potent antimicrobial peptide produced by the catfish Parasilurus asotus in response to epidermal injury. Parasin I is a derivative of catfish histone H2A.</p>

<p>Melanoma-associated antigen As (MAGEA) are a large family of tumour-associated antigens and a subclass of the larger family of cancer testis antigens (CTAs). These proteins are tumour antigens expressed in a variety of malignant tumours including: bladder- lung- skin and breast malignancies. In healthy tissue however their expression is restricted to germ cells of the testis, nervous system, foetal ovaries and placenta. In cancer cells, the MAGEA family proteins support growth, survival and metastasis, and contribute actively to malignancy. They are also involved in the regulation of the tumour suppressor protein p53 pathway and in regulating ubiquitin signalling in cancer cells. MAGEA expression is linked to poor prognosis in cancer patients. MAGEA subfamily proteins are recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and evoke a strong T cell reactivity against autologous tumour cells in culture.</p>

<p>Cocaine Conjugate for use in immunoassays</p>

<p>Carbonic anhydrase II antibody was raised in rabbit using carbonic anhydrase II from bovine erythrocytes as the immunogen.</p>

<p>This antibody reacts with heavy chains on llama IgG and light chains on all llama immunoglobulins.</p>

<p>KCNJ6 antibody was raised in Rabbit using Human KCNJ6 as the immunogen</p>

<p>The FSH antibody is a monoclonal antibody that has the ability to specifically bind to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This antibody can be used for various applications, including lysis of FSH-producing cells and ultrasensitive detection of FSH in immunoassays. The FSH antibody has been extensively characterized and shown to have high specificity and affinity for FSH. It can be used in different research areas within the Life Sciences field, such as studying the role of FSH in reproductive processes, investigating the effects of FSH on collagen and fibronectin production, or exploring its potential as a growth factor. Additionally, this monoclonal antibody may have neutralizing or cytotoxic effects on FSH-dependent processes. With its versatility and reliability, the FSH antibody is an essential tool for any researcher working with FSH-related studies.</p>

<p>The Prealbumin antibody is a powerful tool used in the field of Life Sciences to detect and study various proteins. This antibody specifically targets the prealbumin protein, which is involved in various biological processes such as growth factor signaling. It is commonly used in research studies to investigate the role of prealbumin in different cellular pathways.</p>

<p>CD19 antibody was raised in mouse using human CD19 as the immunogen.</p>

<p>Calcitonin antibody was raised in mouse using calcitonin conjugated with carrier protein as the immunogen.</p>

<p>Actin antibody was raised in mouse using synthetic N- terminus decapeptide of alpha-smooth-muscle isoform of actin as the immunogen.</p>

<p>Surfactant 10G is a versatile product widely used in the Life Sciences industry. It acts as a drug antibody and is commonly used in buffers for neutralizing purposes. Surfactant 10G has been proven to effectively regulate plasma levels of teriparatide, fibrinogen, and alpha-gal antibodies. It is also a reliable test substance for monoclonal antibodies and phosphatase binding proteins.</p>