Bioquímicos e reagentes

<p>Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is a gastrointestinal peptide hormone with multiple roles in relation to metabolism. The primary role of GLP-1 is increasing insulin secretion in the presence of high plasma glucose levels, in addition, GLP-1 also suppresses glucagon secretion from the pancreas. GLP-1 slows down gastric emptying and regulates appetite, both valuable in reducing food intake and body weight. These roles of GLP-1 make it a useful target in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).GLP-1 exerts its effects by binding to and activating the class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR):  GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Receptor activation in turn activates signalling pathways which culminates in insulin secretion via CAMP and Ca2+ signalling.Recently evidence has increased for GLP-1 playing a cardio-protective role as well as regulating immune responses and even in kidney function. GLP-1 may also exert neuroprotective and neurotropic effects as it can decrease endogenous levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) and prevent Aβ-induced cell death.This peptide contains N-terminal 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi that causes South American trypanosomiasis expresses peptidases during its entire parasitic life cycle. Understanding better the function and specificity of the peptidases may lead to new inhibitors and potential therapies. It has been shown this alkaline peptidase has a preference for basic amino acids at position one and position two of the substrate. The sequence Leu-Gly-Arg was shown to have a high Km and high Vmax compared to other peptides tested.Provided here is a fluorogenic peptide substrate for Trypanosoma cruzi alkaline peptidase. In its entire state, this peptide is not fluorescent. However, this peptide is cleaved by T. cruzi alkaline peptidase. Upon rhodamine 110 fluorophore release, fluorescence can then be detected. This peptide, therefore, allows for the quantification of T. cruzi alkaline peptidase activity. Rhodamine 110 is a widely used red fluorescent probe.</p>

<p>Peptide pE-HWSY^GL^RP^G-NH2 is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-21) is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Histone H3 (1-21) has been utilised in research as a substrate for methyltransferase (Histone 3 K4 and K9) and acetyltransferase (Histone 3 K9 and K14) assays. Histone H3 (1-21) and these assays have already provided vital insights into the role's modifications play on the core histone functions. However, with so many histone modifications in different conditions still to be characterised the histone H3 (1-21) peptide still has a lot of insight to provide in the field.</p>

<p>This peptide contains an N-terminal a 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (5-TAMRA), a widely used fluorescent dye which excites at 546 nm and emits at 579 nm and a black hole quencher 2 (BHQ-2) group.The fluorescence from 5-TAMRA is efficiently quenched by resonance energy transfer to the BHQ-2 group when the peptide is intact, however upon cleavage of the peptide by Mpro, 5-TAMRA and BHQ-2 are separated, allowing fluorescence to be detected. This therefore represents a useful tool for investigating Mpro activity.</p>

<p>Custom research peptide; min purity 95%. For different specs please use the Peptide Quote Tool</p>

<p>Translation elongation factor thermo unstable (EF-Tu), is a highly conserved protein in bacteria which is essential for the synthesis of new proteins through translation in the ribosome. EF-Tu is also a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) protein. PAMPs are elicitors of plant defences and are recognised by pattern recognition receptors in the plant. In Arabidopsis thaliana EF-Tu is recognised by EF-Tu Receptor (EFR), a leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinase XII family member.Elf18 represents the N-terminal of EF-Tu, the region specifically recognised by Arabidopsis. This N-acetylated peptide is a strong inducer of plant defence responses and results in the biosynthesis of ethylene in leaves which triggers resistance to subsequent infection by pathogenic bacteria.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 Membrane protein (141-158)</p>

<p>Glutathione peroxidase-3 (GPx-3) is a plasma protein that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the extracellular matrix (ECM). GPx-3 is a member of the selenocysteine-containing GPx family and accounts for nearly all the glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma.GPx-3 is highly expressed in the kidney and epididymis, but is also found localised to specific basement membranes in many tissues. The principal source of plasma GPx-3 is kidney proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells and the amount of Gpx3 in the kidney is greater than the amount circulating in the plasma. Deficiencies in GPx-3 impair the reductive metabolism of ROS, which leads to decreases in nitrous oxide (NO) bioavailability resulting in platelet-dependent thrombosis and stroke risk in young individuals. The Leucine residue at position 10 of this peptide is isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (6) and nitrogen-15 (1), giving this peptide a mass increase of 7 compared to the unlabelled peptide.</p>

<p>Peptide H-FVEGLPINDFSR^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

<p>The native form of GLP-1 in humans is the GLP-1 (7-36) amide. GLP-1 (7-36) amide is highly unstable (half-life &lt;-2 minutes) due to proteolytic degradation by the serine protease, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). DPP-IV cleaves the N-terminal histidine and alanine residues from GLP-1 to generate two equipotent forms: GLP-1 (9-37) and GLP-1 (9-36) amide. This degradation mitigates against the therapeutic use of GLP-1 itself, therefore DPP-IV-resistant peptide analogues have been developed and licensed for clinical use.Contains a sulfo-Cyanine5 fluorescent dye, an analogy of Cy5® and one of the most popular fluorophores. Sulfo-Cyanine5  is a red emitting fluorescent dye which is highly hydrophilic and water-soluble. Compatible with various equipment such as plate readers, microscopes, and imagers.</p>

<p>Pantinin-1 is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) identified from the venom of the scorpion Pandinus imperator. Pantinin-1 possess strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungus, and weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria, with very low haemolytic activities against human red blood cells.</p>

<p>Galanin (1-30) is an endogenous neuropeptide with endocrine, metabolic and behavioural effects. Galanin has a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, insulin and somatostatin release, and synaptic neurotransmission.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the G alpha i/o pathway receptor activation leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied concerning Alzheimer's disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.Galanin (1-30) has been used as an agonist for the GalR2 receptor in vitro for calcium mobilisation assays to understand the role Galanin/GalR2 play in multiple sclerosis.An N-terminal cysteine residue has been included on the galanin (1-30) peptide to allow ease of site-specific conjugation to various molecules.</p>

<p>Uromodulin (186-200) is derived from uromodulin which is produced by the kidney and excreted in the urine. It can be used as a marker of progressive kidney disease and to investigate renal tubular function.</p>

<p>Keratin K5/K8 (Pan Epithelial) antibody (biotin) was raised in mouse using human keratin K8, purified from SDS PAGE gel as the immunogen.</p>

<p>Optimal peptide substrate for kallikrein-related peptidase 14 (KLK14). In its intact state this peptide is not fluorescent, however when this substrate peptide is cleaved by KLK14, Rhodamine 110 is released and thus fluorescence can then be detected. This peptide therefore allows for the quantification of KLK14 peptidase activity. KLK14 is most abundant in the skin, with lower levels in breast and prostate and may form part of the protease cascade responsible for maintaining the epidermal barrier. Aberrant KLK14 proteolytic activity is linked to several skin pathologies. Overexpression of KLK14 seen in several hormone-dependent cancers, including prostate, colon, ovarian, and breast, correlating with higher risk of disease progression. Therefore KLK14 is a potential point of therapeutic intervention in a variety of pathologies.Contains rhodamine 110 group, a widely used red fluorescent tag. The terminal carboxylic acids in this peptide have been activated by the addition of the p-tosyl moiety, allowing for easy addition of functional groups or further peptide residues.</p>

<p>GLUT1 antibody was raised in rabbit using a 12 amino acid peptide of mouse GT11 as the immunogen.</p>

<p>GG-[AMC]</p>

<p>Peptide YY is predominantly produced in the lower gastrointestinal tract from endocrine L cells but is also produced to a lesser extent by the enteric neurons of the stomach and pancreatic endocrine cells. Peptide YY is thought to be a satiety signal, acting to reduce food intake.  In rodents, PYY-positive neurons have been identified in the hypothalamus, pons, medulla and spinal cord.Studies suggest that its expression is decreased under pro-inflammatory stimuli, and during the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. PYY concentrations are also reduced in women with high dietary cognitive restraint (CR) as opposed to women with normal CR. This peptide is altered in various gastrointestinal disorders, and might be one of the causes of chronic idiopathic slow transit constipation (CST). It might also be responsible for the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease and gastroenteropathy due to long-standing diabetes. However, in some gastrointestinal disorder it might have a positive role, as in the case of systemic sclerosis, celiac disease, and post-intestinal resection state.</p>

<p>Peptide H-YTIAALLSPYSYSTTAVVTNPK^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

<p>CHKtide is a synthetic peptide substrate for checkpoint-kinase-1 and 2 (CHK1/CHK2) as well as salt-inducible kinase (SIKs) for use in kinase assays. CHKtide has been derived from CDC25C which is phosphorylated by CHK1/CHK2 in one of the DNA repair pathways. SIKs are serine/threonine kinases that are part of a complex network that regulate sodium homeostasis and blood pressure.The serine residue at position 5 of this peptide has been phosphorylated.</p>

<p>β-Amyloid 1-15 (Aβ1-15) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and alpha-secretase.Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.This peptide contains a covalently attached N-Terminal biotin tag for convenient detection and purification.</p>

<p>Ep is a peptide-based fluorescent probe that can detect the intracellular amino-peptidase- ER aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing (ERAAP). ERAAP cleaves peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules to determine which are displayed on cell surfaces for T cell recognition. Down-regulation of ERAAP alters these cell surface peptides resulting in the cell being recognised as foreign. Therefore ERAAP is a potential target for increasing the immune response towards tumours. Down-regulation of ERAAP is also implicated in auto-immunity.Ep contains the fluorescent dye BODIPY and the fluorescent quencher dinitrophenyl (DNP), conjugated to the KK-SIINFECL peptide which is based on a known ERAAP-substrate. Ep initially has low fluorescence due to the proximity of the DNP quencher, however after ERAAP cleaves the N-terminal amino acid of Ep and releases the DNP quencher, a dramatic 20 fold increase in fluorescence is seen.Ep can detect ERAAP in cells in a highly sensitive and specific manner. Ep can detect ERAAP activity in live cells and in high-throughput-screens (HTS), and can compete with endogenous cellular substrates for ERAAP.</p>

<p>GIP (1-30) Human amide is derived from the Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones. While GIP is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, its main role is to stimulate insulin secretion - in a glucose-dependent mechanism. Therefore, GIP is referred to as a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide.GIP is derived from a 153-amino acid pro-protein encoded by the GIP gene. It is synthesised by K cells, which are found in the mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract. GIP receptors are seven-transmembrane proteins found on β-cells in the pancreas. These β-cells are those that are able to simultaneously detect glucose and release insulin as a result to GIP binding.The clinical relevance of GIP is related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)- studies have found that T2DM diabetics are unresponsive to GIP and have lower levels of GIP secretion after a meal when compared to non-diabetics. In research involving knockout mice, it was found that absence of the GIP receptors correlates with resistance to obesity.</p>

<p>Natalizumab (LC46-58)</p>

<p>Amphipathic peptide consisting of a hydrophobic motif MPG derived from HIV gp41 and a hydrophilic NLS of SV40 large T antigen. The NLS has a lysine mutated to serine which prevents nuclear translocation.</p>

<p>ERKtide Substrate Peptide.</p>

<p>TLK2 antibody was raised using the N terminal of TLK2 corresponding to a region with amino acids VSAQQNSPSSTGSGNTEHSCSSQKQISIQHRQTQSDLTIEKISALENSKN</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3), which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Like the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing many lysine and arginine residues, they have a positive net charge which interacts electrostatically with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone-modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Histone tails can undergo multiple modifications, including acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation.  The purpose of the modifications is believed to alter chromatin function/structure.  Lysine 4 of Histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 has been tri-methylated, lysine 9 has been acetylated, and serine 10 has been phosphorylated. This peptide is labelled with the Aurora Fluor 647 fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Non-hydrolysable ERAP1 substrate. An optimized ERAP1 substrate with N-methylation of the first amide bond to prevent its degradation by ERAP1.Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 and 2 (ERAP1 and ERAP2) are ER-resident, interferon-γ inducible, metalloaminopeptidase which critically shape the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) immunopeptidome. The ERAPs remove N-terminal residues from antigenic precursor peptides and generate optimal-length peptides (i.e. 8-10-mers) to fit into the MHC class I groove. The immune recognition of surface MHC I/peptide complexes initiates activation of CD8+ T cells as a critical step in the elimination of pathogens.ERAP1 has unique substrate preferences, trimming long peptides while sparing shorter ones as well as sequence preferences. ERAP1 and ERAP2 can form a heterodimer (ERAP1/ERAP2) with distinct functional properties. Allelic variants of ERAP1 have been linked to a number of human diseases, including the autoimmune disease ankylosing spondylitis (AS), diabetes, some forms of cervical cancer, and hypertension.</p>

<p>Acetylated alpha-synuclein (1-13) is derived from the alpha-synuclein intrinsically disordered protein which is found in the neurons and presynaptic terminals. Encoded by the SNCA1/PARK1 gene alpha-synclein is structurally composed of 140 amino acids, making up the three domains: N-terminal membrane binding domain, a hydrophobic non-amyloid-β component domain and a hydrophilic C-terminal domain. Usually alpha-synuclein plays a role in protecting neurons from apoptotic stimuli and is involved in synaptic vesical trafficking.However it has been found that the accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates can lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. It is further involved in the fibrilisation of amyloid-b and tau which play a major role in Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid fibrils are formed from alpha synuclein monomers within the cytosol and when bound to membranes these monomers can undergo conformational changes to form protofibrils and then ring like oligomers. This can result in the formation of transmembrane pores which disrupts the membrane, calcium homeostasis and signalling.Alpha-synuclein can be subjected to the post-translational modifications of phosphorylation and N-terminal acetylation. When acetylation occurs at the N-terminus of an alpha-synuclein monomer, the intramolecular hydrogen bonds are altered thus reducing the rate of alpha-synuclein aggregation and the strength at which it interacts with the membrane is increased.The methionine at position 5 is oxidised and the oxidation of methionine is common in neurodegenerative diseases and promotes the accumulation of altered alpha-synuclein. Furthermore when these methionine residues are oxidised, methionine sulfoxides are produced. The leucine residue at position 8 is isotopically labelled with carbon-13(6) and nitrogen-15(1).</p>

<p>Tat (47-59) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Specifically, TAT (47-57) is located within the arginine-rich basic domain of the TAT peptide. TAT has three domains which function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively.Tat (47-59) is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-Tat (47-59) allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-21) K4ac is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.The Histone H3 (1-21) lysine 4 has been acetylated.</p>

<p>Peptide H-TAFDEAIAELDTLSEESYK^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

<p>Complement C3 is a fundamental factor featured in all three complement system pathways: the classical, lectin and alternative. To activate the complement cascade C3 associates with C3 convertase to produce C3a and C3b. It is also thought that C3 can be cleaved by proteases outside of the complement cascade. C3b can bind to carbohydrate and protein hydroxyl groups through a thioester bond generated by C3 convertase cleavage. This action allows C3b to be used as a 'marker of foreign molecules such as pathogens and ultimately leads to the assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and anaphylatoxin production.Overall the main functions of the complement system are to mark cells for phagocytosis, the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the cell lysis of bacteria cell by the MAC. The anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a recruit neutrophils and causes the inflammatory response while the MAC produces pores in the bacterial membrane thus causing a Ca2+ influx into the cell and bacterial cell death.The complement system as a whole can be associated with the neurological diseases, bacterial meningitis, thrombotic disorders, neurological and autoimmune diseases.</p>

<p>The peptide CRF, also known as the Corticotropin Releasing Factor is a 14 amino acid neuropeptide which is produced by the hypothalamus, within the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis in response to stress stimuli. The CRF family exert their function by binding to Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors 1 and 2. During stress the production of CRF stimulates downstream hormones such as glucocorticoids and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) through binding to CRF1 in the anterior pituitary gland. A negative feedback look is generated through glucocorticoids thus preventing the further release of CRF from the hypothalamus.Studies have shown CRF to be overproduced in patients with depression and can contribute to symptoms such as, reduced quality of sleep, anxiety, reduced appetite and analgesia. Furthermore higher CRF levels has been associated with immune cell dysfunction through preventing T-cell proliferation.</p>

<p>Oxyntomodulin is a glucose- and appetite-regulating gut hormone which may work with GLP-1 in the regulation of glucose metabolism and appetite in humans. Secretion of oxyntomodulin is significantly impaired in patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting it may contribute to the pleiotropic pathophysiology of the disease.Oxyntomodulin is the 29 amino acids of glucagon with an additional C-terminal octapeptide tail. It is produced from proglucagon precursor peptide, along with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2). Oxyntomodulin activates both the human glucagon receptor and GLP-1 receptor, albeit with reduced efficacy compared to the native peptides. Oxyntomodulin reduces food intake via activity at the GLP-1 receptor, while its activity at the glucagon receptor causes weight loss by increasing energy expenditure.Oxyntomodulin levels are increased by more than 10-fold after gastric bypass surgery, therefore oxyntomodulin analogues many offer novel treatments for obesity. Chronic oxyntomodulin administration improves glucose tolerance by increasing insulin secretion via the GLP-1 receptor and by reducing weight.The leucine residues at position 14 and 26 and the phenylalanine residue at position 22 of this peptide are isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (6) and nitrogen-15 (1) giving this peptide a mass increase of 24 compared to the unlabelled peptide.</p>

<p>Mammalian bombesin-like neuropeptide first isolated from pig spinal cord, which can stimulate rat uterine smooth muscle contraction and gastrin and somatostatin secretion in vitro. Increases blood pressure and pancreatic exocrine secretion in dogs.</p>

<p>Fibrinogen b43-63 Human is derived from Fibrinogen, which is a large plasma glycoprotein with a complex structure, and one of the most abundant proteins in blood. Fibrinogen is important in fibrin clot formation, haemostasis, and inflammatory responses. Increased plasma fibrinogen indicates a proinflammatory state and is a risk factor for vascular inflammatory diseases including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Fibrinogen cleavage products act as inflammatory activators in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma.The conversion of monomeric fibrinogen into polymeric fibrin is mediated by thrombin, which binds to fibrinogen and catalyses cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB). Fibrinopeptide B is protected from modifications such as carbamylation by pyroglutamination of the N-terminal amino acid.</p>

<p>Peptide 5Fam-LPYEGSLLLKLLRAPVEEV-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

<p>Substrate for proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2)- can be used for substrate phosphorylation assays. Pyk2 is a member of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) subfamily of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. Pyk2 is also known as: calcium-dependent tyrosine kinase (CADTK)- cellular adhesion kinase β- related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase (RAFTK)- or FAK2.Pyk2 functions as a scaffold protein, and it interacts with cytoplasmic proteins at focal adhesion sites to integrate different environmental signals. Pyk2 is activated by several stimuli, including elevated intracellular calcium levels, protein kinase C activation, and exposure to stress factors. Recently, Pyk2 has become a potentially important new therapeutic target or prognostic marker because overexpression of Pyk2 has been found in many human tumours.</p>

<p>Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-(1-7)) is a component of the renin angiotensin system RAS. Ang-(1-7) is produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), from the angiotensin II (Ang-II) peptide, as well as by prolylendopeptidase (PEP) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) which produce Ang-(1-7) directly from angiotensin I (Ang-I).Ang-(1-7) broadly opposes Ang-II actions. Ang-(1-7) has vasodilatory and anti-oxidative effects, and exerts protective actions in hypertension, diabetes, and other cardiovascular disorders, Ang-(1-7) therefore represents a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Ang-(1-7) exerts its actions via its G-protein-coupled receptor, Mas. This novel arm of the RAS has effects that counterbalance those mediated by the classical ACE/Ang-II pathway.</p>

<p>Amino acids 651-660 of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). PARP1 is a nuclear DNA repair enzyme that binds to DNA when damage is detected. PARP1 coordinates double and single strand break repair by first cleaving NAD+ into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose, and then synthesising poly-(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains from ADP-ribose on target proteins (PARylation). PARylation of histone proteins mediates the relaxation of the chromatin and recruitment of DNA-break repair enzymes.PARP1 can also act as a transcriptional co-activator, modulating the expression of itself and many other genes by direct binding to or PARylation of enhancers and promoters. PARP1 is also involved in maintaining mtDNA.PARP1 belongs to the PARP family which has 7 known and 10 putative members. PARP1 accounts for &gt;85% of the PARP activity in cellular systems.</p>

<p>Peptide Myr-RWKFGGFKWR-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

<p>Peptide H-VAIDAGYR^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

<p>Apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) is a highly expressed human protein and a novel autoantigen, which is targeted by T- and B-cell immune responses in a subgroup of Lyme arthritis (LA) patients. ApoB-100 is present at high levels in the joint fluid of these patients. The high levels of apoB-100 in joints may lead to antigen presentation of apoB-100 peptides by human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR molecules, as well as to T- and B-cell responses to the protein. HLA-DR-presented peptides of apoB-100 have been shown to be immunoreactive. Lyme arthritis (LA) is a late manifestation of infection with the tick-borne spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. The leucine residue at position four of this peptide is isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (6) and nitrogen-15 (1), giving this peptide a mass increase of 7 compared to the unlabelled peptide.</p>

<p>Complement C3 is a fundamental factor featured in all three complement system pathways: the classical, lectin and alternative. To activate the complement cascade C3 associates with C3 convertase to produce C3a and C3b. It is also thought that C3 can be cleaved by proteases outside of the complement cascade. C3b can bind to carbohydrate and protein hydroxyl groups through a thioester bond generated by C3 convertase cleavage. This action allows C3b to be used as a 'marker of foreign molecules such as pathogens and ultimately leads to the assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and anaphylatoxin production.Overall the main functions of the complement system are to mark cells for phagocytosis, the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the cell lysis of bacteria cell by the MAC. The anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a recruit neutrophils and causes the inflammatory response while the MAC produces pores in the bacterial membrane thus causing a Ca2+ influx into the cell and bacterial cell death.The complement system as a whole can be associated with the neurological diseases, bacterial meningitis, thrombotic disorders, neurological and autoimmune diseases.Ornithine, a urea cycle intermediate molecule and a substrate of proline, polyamine and citrulline synthesis, has been found to regulate metabolic processes and where dysregulation occurs it may be involved in diseases such as hyperammonemia and cancer.The Leucine residue at position 17 has been isotopically labelled with carbon-13 (6) and nitrogen-15 (1)</p>

<p>Purified recombinant Hepatitis C Virus Nucleocapsid p22 protein</p>

<p>Cell penetrating peptides (CPP) can transport molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and imaging agents into cells of interest. Pas PR9, nona-arginine, is an arginine rich CPP. It is composed of the nona-arginine: R9 and Pas which is a peptide penetrating accelerating sequence (PAS) and it functions to export molecules out of endocytic vesicles. During a study in which PR9 was in complex with a Quantum dot probe (QD) it was evident that the PR9/QD complex was transported into the cell through endocytosis and co-localises with actins, lysosomes, early endosomes and the nucleus. Due to the non-toxicity of the PR9/QD complex it can be used as a safe vector for biomedical purposes.PR9 is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne- PR9 allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (10-29)-Biotin is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Another modification process histones can undergo is biotinylation where the covalent attachment of a biotin molecule is catalysed by the enzyme Biotinidase. This cleaves biocytin to generate a biotinyl-thiester intermediate. The biotinyl can then be transferred onto the histone lysine ɛ-amino group which is covalently attached to Histone 3. Overall the biotinylation sites identified in histone 3 are: K4, K9 and K18. The presence of biotinylated histones have been detected in human cells such as lymphocytes and lymphomas.</p>