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Isosorbide is a dihydro-nitro sugar that belongs to the group of alkanoic acids. It is metabolized in the body by hydrolysis to yield two molecules of glucose and one molecule of nitrite ion. Isosorbide has been shown to have beneficial effects on chronic oral toxicity, systolic pressure, and myocardial infarct in experimental models. This drug also has a nitric oxide-dependent vasodilator effect with an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. Isosorbide has been shown to be effective against liver cells and is used as a diagnostic agent for liver diseases. In vivo human studies have demonstrated that this drug is absorbed quickly by the body and excreted primarily through the urine. This drug also exhibits pharmacokinetic properties that are dependent on pH levels for absorption.

Blumenol C glucoside is a natural compound that is found in plants. It has been found to have an apoptotic effect on cancer cells and may be used as a chemotherapeutic agent. Blumenol C glucoside has been shown to induce apoptosis in many cell types, including human carcinoma cells, by inhibiting the mitochondrial membrane potential. It also induces apoptosis by down-regulating Bcl-2 and up-regulating Bax proteins. The induction of apoptosis by Blumenol C glucoside is mediated through an increase in the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. In addition, it inhibits the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6. This compound also induces apoptosis in normal human prostate epithelial cells and mouse colon epithelial cells without affecting normal human lung epithelial cells or mouse lung epithelial cells. A transcriptomic analysis revealed that Blumenol

4-Chloro-4-deoxy-D-galactose is a high resistance carbon source that has been shown to be a more efficient method for the detection of organometallic molecules. 4-Chloro-4-deoxy-D-galactose can be synthesized from deionized water and an organometallic molecule. The compound was found to be effective in detecting liver cancer cells using a chemometric technique. This synthetic molecule also has a high detection limit and is an analytical method for detecting human liver metabolites.

N-Acetyl-D-[U-13C6,15N]glucosamine is a custom synthesis of an oligosaccharide. It is a methylated form of glucosamine and has been modified with 13C 6, 15N atoms. N-Acetyl-D-[U-13C6,15N]glucosamine is used in the study of complex carbohydrate structures and can be used for the production of polysaccharides. This chemical contains a single monosaccharide sugar that can be easily modified with fluorine to produce complex carbohydrates for research purposes. The purity level of this chemical is greater than 99%.

A polysaccharide consisting of a mannose backbone with galactose side chains.  Galactomannan is a component of the cell wall of the mold Aspergillus and is released during growth. Detection of galactomannan in blood is used to diagnose invasive aspergillosis infections in humans.

Disialyl, monofucosyllacto-N-hexaose is a synthetic oligosaccharide also found in human milk

Ethyl D-glucopyranoside is a reaction product that contains the fatty acid erythritol and inulin. It can be used as a control agent to test for urinary tract infections, as well as being an active enzyme that inhibits microbial growth. Ethyl D-glucopyranoside has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on microbes, with a crystalline cellulose carrier having the best inhibitory effect. This substance is also used in detergent compositions to prevent microbial growth and maintain cleaning efficiency.

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-3-O-β-D-glucopyranuronosyl-β-D-glucopyranose is an analog of atropine that has shown potential as an anticancer agent. It acts as a kinase inhibitor, specifically targeting protein kinases involved in cancer cell growth and survival. This compound has been found in Chinese urine and has been shown to induce apoptosis in human tumor cells. As a potent inhibitor of kinases, it may have potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of various types of cancer.