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Sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids-important component of neuronal cells

N-Benzyl-3,5-dideoxy-3,5-imino-D-lyxofuranose is a fluorinated sugar with a complex carbohydrate. It is synthesized by glycosylation of N-benzylglycine and D-lyxofuranose. This compound can be used for the synthesis of glycoproteins, polysaccharides and other complex carbohydrates. It has been modified using methylation and click chemistry to produce a wide range of derivatives. The compound can be used for research purposes in glycobiology, biochemistry, and materials science.

Chiral D-Glucuronic acid is the most basic building bloc of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate and precursor of Vitamin C, the chief detoxifying agent in both plants and animals. Humectant in skin care products.

D-Glucose 6-phosphate, monosodium salt is a natural compound found in honeybush (Cyclopia species) and other plants. The compound is also found in the human body as a result of its synthesis from glucose. D-Glucose 6-phosphate, monosodium salt is an inhibitor of NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase, which is an enzyme that converts NADPH to NADP+. This inhibition prevents the formation of nadph and causes an accumulation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which leads to the inhibition of cell growth. D-Glucose 6-phosphate, monosodium salt has been shown to inhibit cancer cells and bacterial growth. It does this by inhibiting enzymes such as cytosolic phosphoglycerate kinase and phosphofructokinase.

N-2,4-Dinitrophenyl-deoxynojirimycin (DNPDNJ) is a methylated derivative of deoxynojirimycin. It is an inhibitor of glycosylation that can be used to study the structure and function of carbohydrates. DNPDNJ is a synthetic saccharide that can be custom synthesized. Click modification and modification with Oligosaccharides are common modifications for DNPDNJ. DNPDNJ is available in high purity and has been fluorinated for use in fluorescence studies.

Gangliotetraose (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) is the core tetrasaccharide found in many gangliosides, such as, GM1 (Ledeen, 2009). Gangliosides containing gangliotetraose are abundant in mammalian brains, where they can cover 10%–20% of the total ganglioside mixture. They are found in epithelial membranes and are key elements for bacterial toxicity and viral infection, for example, it is the intestinal receptor for cholera toxin, the B-subunits of heat-labile toxin, rotavirus, and simian virus 40. They can function as neurotrophic and neuroprotective compounds, and have been used therapeutically for diabetic and peripheral neuropathies. They bind amyloid-β proteins and are involved in Alzheimer’s pathogenesis (Chiricozzi, 2020).

Raffinose is the most abundant of the family of oligosaccharides that are alpha-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose (Collins, 2006). The other main member of the group is the tetrasaccharide stachyose. Raffinose is found in sugar beet molasses and whole grains. Soybean oligosaccharides make up approximately 5% of dry matter in whole beans and up to 8% of dry matter in soybean meal. Together raffinose and stachyose rank second only to sucrose in abundance, as water-soluble carbohydrates (Kumar, 2010).

4-Methoxyphenyl 4-O-(4-O-acetyl-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,6,2′,4′″triphosphate (4MPP) is a methylated saccharide. It can be modified with click chemistry and has been shown to inhibit the synthesis of glycogen in the liver. 4MPP is a high purity product that has been synthesized from naturally occurring carbohydrates. It is also fluorinated for use in research.

L-iduronic acid (IdoA) (Collins, 2006) is the major uronic acid component of the glycosaminoglycans dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and heparin. Iduronic acid is also present in heparan sulfate, although in a minor amount relative to glucuronic acid. Glycosaminoglycans represent a physiologically important group of molecules involved in a variety of biological functions, such as, cell proliferation, cell-to-cell communication, wound healing, coagulation, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. Glycosaminoglycans present an intriguing target for the design of new approaches for diagnostic and therapeutic agents against various infectious diseases (Kamhi, 2013).

The reduced form of nicotinamide riboside or NRH is a potent NAD+ precursor that helps to replenish its levels in the cell. The reduced nicotinamide riboside form has shown high tolerance against degradation in plasma, which is why it is beneficial as a metabolite for the synthesis of NAD/NADH.

Sophoricoside is a natural compound present in the fructus of Sophora flavescens and is used as an anti-diabetic medicine. It has been shown to have genotoxic effects, which may be due to its ability to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage. Sophoricoside also has a matrix effect on radiation. This effect has been shown in rat cardiac cells and human serum. Sophoricoside also exhibits hepatoprotective properties by reducing hepatic steatosis, which may be due to its ability to inhibit lipogenesis and stimulate fat oxidation. In addition, sophoricoside has been shown to have anti-inflammatory activities.

Galactosyllactose attenuated NF-κB inflammatory signaling in human intestinal epithelial cells and in human immature intestine. Thus, galactosyllactoses are strong anti-inflammatory agents in human colostrum and early milk, contributing to innate immune modulation. The potential clinical utility of galactosyllactose warrants investigation.

UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose is a modified monosaccharide that is synthesized from D-mannose. It can be used for the synthesis of glycosyls and polysaccharides as well as for the modification of complex carbohydrates. UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose has been shown to be an excellent substrate for methylation, glycosylation, and fluorination reactions. This compound can also be used to modify high purity oligosaccharides with a high degree of substitution.