Antimicrobianos

<p>SPR741 is an antimicrobial potentiator, which is derived from polymyxin B, an antibiotic sourced from the bacterium *Bacillus polymyxa*. Its mode of action involves permeabilizing the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, allowing otherwise impermeable antibiotics to enter the bacterial cell. This potentiation effect significantly enhances the efficacy of co-administered antibiotics against resistant strains.</p>

<p>Carbazomycin D is a bioactive product classified as an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces. These actinomycetes are well-known for their ability to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties. The mode of action of Carbazomycin D involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, effectively disrupting the growth and replication of gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Aqabamycin B is a novel antibiotic compound, which is derived from marine microorganisms. This secondary metabolite is isolated from a marine sponge-associated bacterium, showcasing the rich potential of oceanic sources for discovering new antimicrobial agents. The mode of action of Aqabamycin B involves inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, disrupting the structural integrity and leading to cell lysis. Its efficacy extends predominantly to combatting multi-drug resistant bacterial strains.</p>

<p>(R)-(+)-Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), which is derived from benzimidazole compounds. Its mode of action involves the selective and irreversible inhibition of the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system, commonly known as the proton pump, located on the gastric parietal cells. By binding covalently to this enzyme, (R)-(+)-Pantoprazole effectively reduces gastric acid secretion, leading to an increase in gastric pH.</p>

<p>6-(2-Chlorophenoxy)-5-fluoro-4(3H)-pyrimidinone is a heterocyclic compound, which is a synthetic derivative developed for biochemical research. This compound is synthesized through a series of organic reactions, involving halogenation and cyclization techniques, typically conducted in a controlled laboratory setting. Its design incorporates specific structural features, such as the chlorophenoxy and fluoro groups, which are strategically positioned to enhance its binding affinity and specificity.</p>

<p>Famciclovir-d4 is a deuterium-labeled antiviral nucleoside analog, which is a synthetic derivative of the guanine analog famciclovir. This compound is sourced through advanced chemical synthesis where deuterium atoms replace specific hydrogen atoms, providing an isotopic label that aids in the tracking and analysis of the pharmaceutical compound within biological systems.</p>

<p>Aqabamycin C is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from marine bacteria, specifically, the actinomycete strain found in marine environments. Its mode of action involves the disruption of bacterial cell wall synthesis, making it particularly effective against certain gram-negative bacteria. This antibiotic selectively inhibits pathogens by interfering with their essential cellular processes.</p>

<p>Clindamycin-2,4-diphosphate is a phosphorylated derivative of the antibiotic clindamycin, which is a semi-synthetic lincosamide antibiotic originally derived from Streptomyces lincolnensis. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing peptide chain elongation during translation. This mechanism effectively disrupts protein production in susceptible bacteria, leading to their growth inhibition or death.</p>

<p>Tebufenozide-1-hydroxyethyl is an insect growth regulator, which is a synthetic chemical derived from a modified benzoic acid structure. Its mode of action involves mimicking the molting hormone ecdysone, which disrupts the normal development process of insects by inducing premature molting. This specific interference targets lepidopteran larvae, leading to incomplete development and eventual death, thereby controlling pest populations effectively without harming non-target organisms.</p>

<p>Fenamiphos-sulfoxide d3 (S-methyl d3) is a deuterated, labeled pesticide intermediate, which is often utilized in advanced laboratory settings for precise analytical studies. This compound is synthesized as a stable isotope-labeled analog, enabling researchers to conduct sophisticated mass spectrometric analyses. Its mode of action involves serving as a reference or tracer in studies concerning the metabolism and degradation of fenamiphos, a well-known organophosphate pesticide.</p>

<p>BPH-1358 is a novel synthetic inhibitor, which is derived from a series of advanced chemoinformatics-based design strategies. It functions through the targeted binding to specific cell surface receptors involved in the modulation of immune responses. By blocking these receptors, BPH-1358 effectively alters signaling pathways that are crucial for immune activation and inflammatory responses.</p>

<p>Cladospirone bisepoxide is a naturally occurring bioactive compound, classified specifically as a fungal metabolite, which is derived from species within the Cladosporium genus. The compound exhibits a complex bisepoxide structure, contributing to its unique chemical properties. Its mode of action involves disrupting microbial cellular processes, displaying potent antimicrobial activity by interfering with the synthesis and functioning of vital cellular components in targeted microorganisms.</p>

<p>Thiabendazole NH d6 is a deuterated derivative of Thiabendazole, which is an antifungal agent and pesticide. It is derived from synthetic sources, specifically designed by incorporating deuterium atoms into the molecular structure. This subtle isotopic modification enhances its utility in research settings, particularly in studies related to pharmacokinetics and metabolic profiling. The mode of action of Thiabendazole involves the inhibition of the enzyme fumarate reductase, interfering with the energy metabolism of fungal and parasitic organisms. Additionally, it disrupts microtubule formation, preventing cell division and growth.</p>

<p>Sitafloxacin is an antibacterial agent belonging to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics, which is synthetically derived from chemical processes involving fluorinated quinolones. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for bacterial DNA replication and transcription. By interfering with these enzymes, Sitafloxacin effectively hampers bacterial DNA synthesis, leading to the eventual demise of the bacterial cell.</p>

<p>4'-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyadenosine is a deoxynucleoside analogue, which is synthesized through chemical processes. This compound acts as an antiviral agent, primarily targeting the viral replication machinery. Its mode of action involves the incorporation into viral DNA by mimicking natural nucleosides, which subsequently inhibits the enzymatic activity of reverse transcriptase. This inhibition disrupts the synthesis of viral DNA, effectively curtailing viral replication.</p>

<p>Tioconazole is an antifungal agent, which is a synthetic derivative of imidazole with broad-spectrum activity against fungi. This compound is chemically synthesized through complex organic reactions to enhance its antimycotic efficacy. Tioconazole functions by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of the fungal cell membrane. By disrupting the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, tioconazole destabilizes the fungal cell membrane, leading to increased permeability and eventual cell death.</p>

<p>A macrolide, broad-spectrum antibiotic that targets cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4). Clarithromycin has been used to potentiate the pharmacological effects of some drugs that are metabolised by the cytochrome P450.</p>

<p>Tigecycline is an antibiotic specifically tailored for use in culture media, which is derived from glycylcycline, a structural analogue of minocycline. Its mode of action involves binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis in a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This action is distinct and not easily circumvented by common resistance mechanisms, such as efflux or ribosomal protection proteins, making tigecycline an effective agent in controlling bacterial contamination during microbiological studies.</p>

<p>HSV-tk substrate is a nucleotide analogue, which is a synthetic compound derived from the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene. This substrate is specifically phosphorylated by the HSV-tk enzyme, a property that provides significant utility in molecular biology and genetic research. The mode of action involves the selective phosphorylation of the substrate by HSV-tk, which is typically absent in mammalian cells but can be introduced via genetic engineering. Once phosphorylated, the substrate becomes toxic to the host cell, allowing researchers to selectively target and eliminate cells expressing the HSV-tk gene.</p>

<p>Entecavir-13C2,15N is an isotopically labeled antiviral agent, which is a synthetic nucleoside analogue derived from natural sources. Its mode of action involves selectively inhibiting the reverse transcription activity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase. By mimicking the natural substrates of the viral polymerase, Entecavir-13C2,15N becomes incorporated into viral DNA, ultimately leading to chain termination and suppression of viral replication.</p>

<p>Hodgkinsine B is an indole alkaloid, which is a complex organic compound derived from natural sources. It is isolated from the leaves of certain Rubiaceae family plants, including Psychotria colorata. Hodgkinsine B is characterized by its unique trimeric structure that contributes to its pharmacological properties.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Butafenacil is a herbicide, which is a chemical formulation sourced from synthetic compounds. It acts by inhibiting protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), an enzyme critical in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll. This inhibition disrupts the photosynthetic process, leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species that cause cell membrane damage and ultimately result in plant death.</p>

<p>Bensulide-oxon is a metabolite derived from the organophosphate pesticide bensulide, which is predominantly used in agricultural settings. It forms as a result of environmental or biological processes that involve the oxidation of bensulide. As a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, bensulide-oxon disrupts normal neuronal signaling by preventing the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, leading to an accumulation that affects the nervous systems of target organisms.</p>

<p>Aripiprazole monohydrate is an atypical antipsychotic medication, which is synthesized through chemical processes involving aryl piperazine derivatives. It acts primarily as a partial agonist at dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and as an antagonist at 5-HT2A receptors, with additional activity at other neurotransmitter receptors. This unique mechanism of action sets it apart from typical antipsychotics that predominantly function as dopamine antagonists.</p>

<p>Ceftriaxone sodium is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like meningitis and pneumonia.</p>

<p>Nocardamine is a siderophore-based antioxidant, which is naturally derived from the soil-dwelling actinobacteria known as Streptomyces. Its primary mode of action involves the chelation of metal ions, effectively sequestering them and preventing metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions. By binding to iron and other transition metals, Nocardamine mitigates oxidative stress at a cellular level, which could otherwise contribute to cellular damage and dysfunction.</p>

<p>Ceftibuten is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a beta-lactam class of antimicrobial agents derived from Acremonium, a genus of fungi. This product is synthesized to resist degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes, which are commonly produced by resistant bacteria, thereby maintaining its efficacy against a wide range of bacterial pathogens.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C1 pentaacetate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research and analytical applications.</p>

<p>Sapecin is an antimicrobial peptide, which is derived from the hemolymph of the silk moth (Bombyx mori) with potent bactericidal action. The source of Sapecin is the immune system of the silk moth, where it acts as a natural defense mechanism against microbial infections. Its mode of action involves disrupting bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death. The peptide achieves this by inserting itself into the lipid bilayer, creating pores that compromise the structural integrity of the membrane.</p>

<p>Daclatasvir is a direct-acting antiviral agent, which is derived from synthetic chemical sources with a specific mode of action targeting the hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication process. It functions as an inhibitor of the HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A), a vital component necessary for viral RNA replication and virion assembly. By binding to two distinct domains of NS5A, Daclatasvir disrupts its ability to function, thereby effectively halting the replication of the viral genome.</p>

<p>Taniborbactam hydrochloride is a β-lactamase inhibitor that is synthetically derived for use in combination with β-lactam antibiotics. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of β-lactamase enzymes, which are produced by certain bacteria to confer resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, including cephalosporins and carbapenems.</p>

<p>Doxorubicin Impurity 2 is a chemical impurity of doxorubicin with no direct therapeutic action but used in research and quality control.</p>

<p>Ampicillin-sulbactam is a combination antibiotic, which is a pharmaceutical product derived from the penicillin class of beta-lactam antibiotics. Its source involves semi-synthetic processes, combining ampicillin with sulbactam. The mode of action of this compound is through the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Ampicillin specifically binds to penicillin-binding proteins, thereby disrupting the cross-linking process essential for maintaining cell wall structural integrity, leading to bacterial lysis. Sulbactam functions as a beta-lactamase inhibitor, enhancing the efficacy of ampicillin by preventing its degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes produced by certain resistant bacterial strains.</p>

<p>7-epi-Clindamycin 2-phosphate is a semisynthetic antibiotic derivative, which is sourced from chemical modifications of the natural antibiotic lincomycin. This compound operates by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It achieves this by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby obstructing the translocation steps in protein elongation.</p>

<p>Cefmenoxime hydrochloride is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating gynecological and obstetric infections.</p>

<p>Pefloxacin-d3 is a deuterated fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative of pefloxacin utilized primarily for research purposes. This compound is chemically modified to include deuterium atoms, a stable isotope of hydrogen, thus offering unique properties essential for precise quantitative analysis in pharmacokinetic studies.</p>

<p>Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a synthetically derived prodrug of ceftobiprole. Upon administration, ceftobiprole medocaril is rapidly converted into its active form, ceftobiprole, by the body's endogenous esterases. The mode of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in the bacterial cell wall, leading to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and ultimately the death of the bacteria. This action is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.</p>

<p>DMDNA31 is a synthetic nucleotide analog, which is a man-made compound designed to mimic the natural building blocks of DNA. It originates from advanced chemical synthesis processes, allowing precise control over its structure to mimic specific nucleotide sequences. DMDNA31 operates by integrating into DNA strands during replication, thereby enabling the study of genetic mutations and the mapping of genomic sequences.</p>

<p>Oteseconazole is an antifungal medication, which is a synthetic triazole-derived agent. It functions by inhibiting the activity of the fungal enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase. This inhibition disrupts the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes, thereby interfering with cell membrane integrity and function, ultimately leading to fungal cell death.</p>

<p>**Sulbactam pivoxyl** is a prodrug, which is a chemically modified form of sulbactam intended to improve its pharmacokinetic properties. Sulbactam itself is a beta-lactamase inhibitor of synthetic origin, specifically designed to combat antibiotic resistance by inhibiting the beta-lactamase enzymes produced by certain bacteria. These enzymes typically break down beta-lactam antibiotics, rendering them ineffective.</p>

<p>Leptomycin B is a bacterial secondary metabolite, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces sp. This compound is a potent nuclear export inhibitor with a mechanism of action that targets and inhibits the export receptor CRM1 (Chromosomal Maintenance 1), also known as Exportin 1. By binding irreversibly to CRM1, Leptomycin B prevents the nuclear export of proteins and RNA, disrupting the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport essential for cell function.</p>

<p>Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin, which is a secondary metabolite primarily produced by certain species of the fungi Aspergillus and Bipolaris. This compound exhibits its mode of action by interfering with DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, ultimately disrupting cellular processes. As a precursor to the well-known aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin shares a similar structure and exhibits carcinogenic properties.</p>

<p>4-Demethyl daunomycinone is an anthracycline derivative, which is a natural or semi-synthetic compound derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces*. It is primarily studied for its potential use in anticancer therapies, given its structural similarity to other well-known anthracyclines like daunorubicin and doxorubicin. These compounds are known to intercalate into DNA, thereby disrupting the function of DNA and RNA synthesis, leading to the inhibition of cell proliferation.</p>

<p>STAADIUMTM PeptiZide L-Pyr is a targeted inhibitor for pyroglutamyl-aminopeptidase-producing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of STAADIUMTM PeptiZide L-Pyr is triggered by the enzyme pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase (a.k.a. pyrase or pyrrolidonyl peptidase) that is present, not only in bacteria, but also in archaea, plants and animals. STAADIUMTM PeptiZide can be used to suppress the growth of Citrobacter freundii on diagnostic agar plates for Salmonella. L-pyrrolidonyl peptidase activity has also been exploited to distinguish Enterococcus species and Streptococcus pyogenes from other Streptococaceae species. More details in the application notes document.</p>

<p>1-(6-Amino-3,5-difluoro-2-pyridinyl)-7-[3-[3-[[1-(6-amino-3,5-difluoro-2-pyridinyl)-3-carboxy-8-chloro-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-quinolinyl]amino]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1-azetidinyl]-8-chloro-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, engineered through synthetic chemistry. It is derived from chemical sources involving complex organic synthesis, highlighting its intricate molecular architecture. Its mode of action is distinctive, as it inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for DNA replication and transcription. This interference with bacterial DNA processes results in bactericidal effects, effectively eliminating susceptible bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Cefepime Related Compound E is a chemical impurity, which is typically encountered as a byproduct in the synthesis or degradation of the antibiotic cefepime. This impurity is derived from synthetic processes used in the pharmaceutical industry and can originate from a variety of pathways during the manufacturing or storage of cefepime.</p>

<p>Cecropin A is an antimicrobial peptide, which is derived from the immune systems of insects, specifically moths. It displays potent antimicrobial properties through its ability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death. This peptide primarily targets Gram-negative bacteria but is also effective against some Gram-positive strains. Cecropin A has garnered significant scientific interest due to its potential applications in developing new antimicrobial agents, particularly in the face of increasing antibiotic resistance. By integrating Cecropin A into therapeutic strategies, researchers aim to broaden the spectrum of antimicrobial options available for use in both clinical and agricultural settings, offering a promising avenue for future drug development.</p>

<p>Spiramycin I is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating toxoplasmosis and bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Bacampicillin Hydrochloride is an aminopenicillin antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. It is a prodrug that is converted to ampicillin in the body, which then inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.</p>