Peptídeos

<p>Galanin is a neuropeptide synthesised and released by the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Galanin is expressed in most LC neurons in rodents and humans. Galanin has been shown to inhibit LC activity by hyperpolarising LC neurons, suppressing their spontaneous firing rate, and enhancing alpha2-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative feedback. Galanin is also a potent trophic and neuroprotective factor throughout the nervous system.Galanin is widely distributed from the central nervous system, peripheral regions and endocrine system. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes GalR1-3 which are G protein-coupled receptors and are inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway but unlike GalR1 there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Gα pathway, activation of the receptor leads to cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against a variety of physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied in relation to Alzheimer's disease and galaninergic neurons have been shown to be spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.</p>

PTH 1-34, is a biologically active peptide fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PHT 1-34 has been shown to enhance bone fracture healing by promoting osteogenesis. PTH 1-34 also has chondrogenic properties.PTH is an 84-amino-acid polypeptide hormone (PTH 1-84) which is secreted by the parathyroid glands along with its fragments (such as PTH 1-34 and PTH 7-84). PTH increases calcium and decrease phosphate levels in the blood and the abundance of PTH-derived peptides is regulated by blood calcium levels. PTH inhibits the bone growth-promoting activity of osteoblasts and induces osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium and phosphate ions into the blood. PTH binds to and activates the receptor parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1). PTHR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which regulates mineral ion homeostasis, bone turnover and skeletal development.

<p>Syntide-2 is a substrate peptide which was specifically designed to be homologous to site 2 in glycogen synthase. Syntide-2 is therefore phosphorylated by Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II as well as other calcium dependant kinases and protein kinase C. Synthase-2 can also be phosphorylated by CAMP-dependent protein kinase and to a lesser extent- phosphorylase kinase, but not by myosin light chain kinase.</p>

<p>Binds to human transferrin receptor (TfR). This 12-amino acid peptide does not compete with transferrin for receptor binding and is able to internalise into TfR expressing cells.</p>

<p>SAMS peptide was originally designed as a selective substrate for mammalian 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) for use in kinase assays. However it is also able to be phosphorylated by the yeast AMP homologue- sucrose non-fermenting 1 kinase (SNF1) and SNF1-related kinases (SnRK1) in plants.The conserved family of kinases containing SnRK1, SNF1 and AMPK plays an important role in regulating cellular energy homeostasis.</p>

Fluorescein labelled amyloid β 1-15 (Aβ1-15 ). Aβ1-15 is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of Aβ precursor protein by β- and alpha-secretase.Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.Fluorescein (FAM) is a hugely popular fluorescent tag due to its excellent fluorescence quantum yield and relatively high absorptivity as well as being highly water soluble.

<p>The histone H2A residues 1-20 are derived from histone 2A (H2A) which is one of the four core his-tones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core.At the site of DNA entry on the outer nucleosome, the C-terminus of H2A is present and is able to interact with linker histones or other factors. This allows for variation and changes in nucleosome stability to occur. Furthermore Histone H2A has histone variants such as H2A.Z and H2A.X (which are present in all organisms) and these variants alter the organisation of the DNA.Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.</p>

<p>Peptide Ac-Arg-Leu-Arg-MCA is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

<p>Neurotensin (NT) is involved in food absorption in the gut as well as acting as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). In the intestine, NT increases fatty acid translocation, in part by increasing intestinal blood flow. In the CNS, NT regulates pathways associated with ghrelin and leptin which mediate satiety and food ingestion. NT is also involved in the regulation of Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Prolactin release and also plays a role in hypotension- analgesia- gut contraction- vascular permeability- maintaining energy homeostasis- fat storage and metabolic disorders. Higher plasma pro-NT levels are associated with obesity and insulin resistance. NT is therefore a potential target for treating obesity-related diseases.NT is secreted from neuroendocrine cells in the small intestine upon fat intake and exerts its physiological actions by binding three NT receptor (NTR) types- NTR1, NTR2, and NTR3.NTR1 is highly expressed in various tumour cells including- small cell carcinoma/small cell lung cancer (SCLC)- meningiomas- astrocytomas- glioblastoma- pancreatic and colonic carcinoma, and breast and prostate cancers. NTR1 is therefore a possible target for novel cancer therapy.</p>

<p>HLA-A*02 is a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele which is part of the HLA-A group of human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) leukocyte antigens (HLA). HLA-A is a human MHC class I cell surface receptor and is involved in presenting short polypeptides to the immune system. These polypeptides are typically 7-11 amino acids in length and originate from proteins being expressed by the cell. Cytotoxic T cells in the blood "read" the peptide presented by the complex and should only bind to non-self peptides. If binding occurs, a series of events is initiated culminating in cell death via apoptosis. New York oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1) is part of a well-characterized group of cancer/testis antigens (CTAs). Normally, NY-ESO-1 expression is restricted to germ cells and placental cells, however NY-ESO-1 is also expressed in several cancers including: neuroblastoma- myeloma- metastatic melanoma- synovial sarcoma as well as bladder- oesophageal- hepatocellular- head and neck- non-small cell lung- ovarian- prostate and breast cancers and is often associated with poor prognosis. NY-ESO-1 is also able to elicit a spontaneous immune response, being the most immunogenic among the CTA family members and is therefore the most promising CTA candidate target for cancer immunotherapy.NY-ESO-1 is coexpressed with melanoma antigen gene C1, a member of the MAGE family of CTAs which is involved in cell cycle progression and apoptosis.</p>

Apelin (65-76), human is derived from the apelin peptide which acts as a ligand for the apelin receptor (APJ) G protein coupled receptor and is a substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme 2. Preprapelin, encoded for by APLN located on Xq25-26.1, is cleaved to form either apelin 36 or apelin 17, 12 and 13. As a member of the adipokine hormone family, which are involved in processes such as vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis, the apelin is secreted from adipose tissue.Apelin has been found to be expressed in the spinal cord and the human brain and when performing immunohistochemistry it was observed that apelin-17 is significantly expressed in the human heart, brain, lungs and endothelial cells.Both apelin and the apelin receptor are widely distributed around the body thus apelin has been found to be associated with cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes and cancer. Studies exploring myocardial infarction showed there to be greater apelin mRNA expression during human heart failure compared to in healthy tissue. Apelin protects against heart failure due to, the pyroglutamyl form of apelin, playing a role in decreasing infarct size of myocardial infarctions. Furthermore in rats with hypertension, the expression of apelin and APJ was decreased.

<p>Forms of inherited muscular dystrophy such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) result from mutations targeting the dystrophin gene. These disorders are X-linked, progressive, and cause the gradual weakening of the muscles leading to respiratory failure and ultimately reduces the patient lifespan.In DMD, mutations lead to the production of premature stop codons and hence the truncated dystrophin protein product is vulnerable to nonsense mediated decay and degradation. Therefore, dystrophin production in muscle cells is reduced. On the other hand, nonsense mutations which also contribute to DMD, cause exon skipping in BMD and result in an internally truncated protein product which are partially functional. The symptoms of BMD are later onset compared with DMD which develop in patients between 2 to 7 years.Treatments of dystrophin disorders are in clinical trials including antisense oligonucleotide exon skipping and gene therapy. However, the efficacies of these treatments are not easily quantified. Currently levels of muscular dystrophin are quantified by western blot which can be unreliable. The peptide provided here, aligning residues dystrophin (396-405), has been shown to provide absolute quantification of dystrophin levels from biopsies using parallel reaction monitoring. This will hopefully allow better management of dystrophin disorders with better quantifications tools based on dystrophin (396-405). Further study with this dystrophin fragment could prove to be a vital step in the understanding and treatment of dystrophin disorders. Within our catalogue we also have other peptides tested for dystrophin quantification available plus the full-length dystrophin protein.</p>

<p>The dodecapeptide AR71 prevents melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) dimerisation and hence inhibits (MIA). It therefore has the potential to be used as a therapeutic in melanoma.</p>

Cell-permeable calmodulin (CaM) agonist that binds to the EF-hand/Ca2+-binding site and can activate phosphodiesterase in the absence of Ca2+ and inhibit Ca2+ mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis.

<p>CE-acid is a dipeptide of glutamate and cysteine. CE-acid has a formal charge of 0 and a range of biological and chemical uses. EC-acid is also available in our catalogue.</p>

Galanin is predominantly an inhibitory neuropeptide expressed in humans and other mammals' brains, spinal cords, and gut. Galanin signalling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors GalR1-3. Galanin has been implicated in many biologically diverse functions, including nociception, waking and sleep regulation, cognition, feeding, mood regulation and blood pressure regulation. Galanin appears to have neuroprotective activity as its biosynthesis is increased 2-10 fold upon axotomy and during seizure activity in peripheral tissues and the brain.The clinical relevance of galanin is related to several chronic neural disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression and cancer- those who suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus, depression and Alzheimer's disease often express high levels of galanin. Conversely, intervention with galanin agonists (for example, M617, M1145 and M1153) were able to ameliorate disease symptoms such as Alzheimer's and have pro-nociceptive effects. Specifically, activation of GAL2 can alleviate such disease features in human and rodent models. This galanin (2-30) peptide has been used to characterise Galanin's binding sites and affinity for GALR receptors via competition binding analysis. Galanin (2-30) is a full agonist of the GALR2 receptor compared to its affinity for GALR1.

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. Also known as the nucleocapsid protein, it is an abundant RNA-binding protein critical for viral genome packaging. These factors make nucleoprotein a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the nucleoprotein sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. Nucleoprotein (261-275) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>The activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) is believed to play a role in hyperalgesia, asthma and hypertension. TRPV1 is important for neuronal pain detection as well as the detection of heat, capsaicin, protons and the neurotransmitter anandamide.- The scaffold protein AKAP79 targets kinases to phosphorylate TRPV1, however it has been shown that inflammatory intermediates prostaglandin-E2 or bradykinin can activate these kinases creating a route for inflammation to cause hyperalgesia.This product is composed of the TRPV1 interacting residues of AKAP79 reordered into a scrambled sequence and conjugated to the cell penetrating TAT domain at the N-terminus. The scrambled peptide was shown in vivo to have no effect on TRPV1 algesia and thus is a vital control for research work. This product is a vital tool for research into suitable TRPV1 antagonists. The scrambled-TAT peptide is available for purchase in both an acid and amide form, this is the C-terminal amide form.</p>

<p>TAT-GluR23Y is a cell penetrating peptide that inhibits phosphorylation of AMPA receptor endocytosis.Recent studies have shown that AMPA receptor endocytosis, which is a cellular mechanism underlying the formation of LTD, plays a critical role in facilitating initial extinction of learned fear. Tat-Glur23Y can block regulated AMPA and thereby prevents long-term depression (LTD) in structures such as the nucleus accumbens and dorsal hippocampus.</p>

<p>Auto-inducing peptide (AIP) is a cyclic thiolactone quorum sensing peptide from Staphylococcus aureus which is responsible for activating the agr response. AIP is released from the bacteria and its extracellular concentration is then sensed by a two-component system on the bacterial surface, AgrC and AgrA. AgrC is the membrane histidine kinase receptor and AgrA is a response regulator- upon binding of AIP, AgrC phosphorylates AgrA.AIP accumulates during growth activating an AgrC and AgrA cascade when it reaches a critical signal level. This cascade activates P2 and P3 promoters which autoactivate the agr system and upregulate RNAIII transcription. RNAIII regulates the expression of virulence factors including toxins, super-antigens, and exo-enzymes. Extensive research to identify AIP:AgrC inhibitors aims to find therapeutics against pathogens.AgrD is the precursor peptide of AIP, and AgrB is an integral membrane endopeptidase essential to biosynthesize AIP. This AIP system is conserved among many Gram-positive bacteria. S. aureus strains are categorized into four groups (I-IV) according to their AIP signal and cognate extracellular receptor, AgrC.AIP-II has the conserved thiolactone macrocycle of the AIP family. Asn-3, Leu-8, and Phe-9 have been shown to be critical for activation of the agr response while inhibition relies on Leu-8 and Phe-9. The reactive thiol ester bond is only necessary for activation of the agr response. Further work may provide further AIP:AgrC inhibitors.</p>

<p>Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) and its negative regulator Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) provide vital protection in maintaining cellular redox. In parallel, Nrf2 also aids the resolution of inflammation and also tissue repair. In homeostatic conditions, the transcription factor Nrf2 is controlled in a cytoplasmic complex with Keap1 with ubiquitination and protein degradation. Nrf2 has been linked to numerous cancers due to mutations affecting the binding region of Nrf2 to Keap1, resulting in Nrf2 dissociating from the complex. Nrf2 constitutively accumulates in the nucleus and activation of prosurvival genes that promote cancer cell proliferation.The Neh2 region of Nrf2 interacts with Keap1, as shown by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The 16 amino acid peptide (AFFAQLQLDEETGEFL) (69-84) flanks the conserved ETGE motif and can replicate the binding to keap1.Therapeutics targeting the Nrf2 signalling pathway and activation of Nrf2 is a keen area of research, with many cancers being linked to Nrf2, particularly pancreatic cancer. Additionally, activation of Nrf2 has become a possible target as a treatment for COVID. Nrf2 (69-84) replicating full-length Nrf2 binding has been helpful in all cases. This Nrf2 (69-84) contains a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification. If you would prefer the simple peptide, Nrf2 (69-84), it is available from our catalogue.</p>

<p>C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a novel urinary biomarker which is part of the natriuretic peptide family. CNP is produced in the kidney and the endothelium and has been localised to renal tubules. CNP expression has also been detected in cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelium, and bone.CNP is synthesized as the precursor 103 amino acid (AA) protein, proCNP (AA 1-103), which is then cleaved into NT-proCNP (AA 1-50) and CNP53 (AA 51-103) by the intracellular endoprotease furin. CNP53 is then cleaved to give the biologically active mature form CNP22 (AA 82-103) and inactive form NT-CNP53 (51-81). CNP primarily acts as an autocrine or paracrine factor and has anti-proliferative and anti-fibrotic properties, including suppression of fibroblast proliferation and collagen production, inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and accelerated regeneration of endothelial cells. CNP is a vasodilator and potent venodilator and slightly elevated levels have been detected in heart failure and renal disease states. CNP has renoprotective properties and is activated during renal injury, where it helps preserve glomerular function and suppress pro-fibrotic processes. Hypoxia, cytokines and fibrotic growth factors, are stimuli for CNP production and release.CNP selectively activates the cell surface particulate guanylyl cyclase receptor B (GC-B), catalysing the conversion of GTP to the downstream second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).</p>

Duck liver-derived peptide 3 is a novel bioactive peptide with high antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity is attributed to forming hydrogen bonds between their amino acid residues and free radical molecules. Duck liver-derived peptide 2 increases the activities and mRNA expression levels of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) in HepG2 oxidative damage cell models. Duck liver-derived peptide 3 can reduce the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, thereby inhibiting intracellular oxidative damage. Duck liver-derived peptide 3 has the following activity: immunomodulation, ACE inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, and antioxidant. This peptide may be used in the research for food-derived bioactive peptides for modified-food development.Of the identified duck-liver derived peptides, this is the only peptide in this group that has a proposed site of action as a HLA class I histocompatibility antigen.

<p>Sakamototide is phosphorylated by members of the 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family of kinases as is therefore ideal for use in kinase assays to test the activity of AMPK family members. The AMPK family includes- salt inducible kinases (SIKs), NUAK, sucrose non-fermenting (Snf1)-related kinase (SNRK), microtubule affinity regulating kinases (MARKs) and brain specific kinase/BR serine/threonine kinase (BRSK). The kinase activity of AMPK and AMPK-related kinases, is dependent on its phosphorylation at Thr175 by the upstream kinase LKB1 (also known as STK11).</p>

<p>Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a widely used biomarker of various differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC)- Tg is a substrate for thyroid hormone production. Detection and quantification of serum thyroglobulin levels remain challenging due to Tg's size, heterogeneity, and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb). Immunoassays offer the opportunity to tailor DTC treatments, but many patients are TgAb positive, excluding them from analysis during regression.Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) can overcome immunoassay issues by digestion of Tg to a tryptic peptide removing the interference from TgAbs.</p>

<p>14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved from yeast to plants and mammals where they are found in various organs and tissues. 14-3-3 proteins regulate numerous signalling pathways via direct binding to proteins carrying phosphorylated 14-3-3-binding motifs, several hundred binding partners have been identified for 14-3-3 proteins. Their functions include a role in viral infections and innate immunity, protein trafficking, cell-cycle control, apoptosis, autophagy and other cell signal transduction pathways, as well as the associated mechanisms. There are seven 14-3-3 subtypes (alpha/β,γ, ε,η, σ, τ [also called θ] and ζ/δ) in mammals. 14-3-3 ζ has been shown to interact with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) protein X (HBx), E6 oncoprotein, Caspase-2: a protease involved in apoptosis, and to be is involved in the subcellular localisation of the FOXO forkhead transcription factor. 14-3-3 ζ acts as a molecular block that covers the DNA-binding site of FOXO4, thus blocking its interaction with the target DNA. 14-3-3 ζ also participates in the TLR3-TICAM-1 signalling pathway by promoting multimerization of TICAM-1 to form a signalosome. 14-3-3 ζ isoform may also be the target of SARS-CoV-2 in the nervous system.</p>

<p>Portion of Influenza NP</p>

P2-Hp-1935 is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the skin secretions of the Montevideo tree frog (Hypsiboas pulchellus). P2-Hp-1935 displays activity against Gram positive and negative bacteria.

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. Also known as the nucleocapsid protein, it is an abundant RNA-binding protein critical for viral genome packaging. These factors make nucleoprotein a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the nucleoprotein sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. Nucleoprotein (86-100) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Ara h 1 is one of the major allergenic proteins from peanut (Arachis hypogaea) which contains approximately 13 potential allergenic proteins.Ara h 1 is a member of the 7/8 S globulin (vicilin) family of seed storage proteins belonging to the cupin superfamily and is the most abundant allergen present in the peanut kernel. Ara h 1 plays an important role in the allergy sensitising procedure and can be recognised by 90% of patients with a peanut allergy.This peptide represents a tryptic peptide of Ara h 1.</p>

<p>Bombesin/GRP receptor agonist derived from the pro-apoptotic protein BIM, which is a member of the BCL-2 family proteins and activates the BAX and BAK proteins to promote apoptosis.The process of apoptosis can be activated by the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways, the former is activated by stress stimuli such as DNA damage and nutrient deficiency, while the latter is induced through activation of the death receptors FAS and TRAIL.The BCL-2 family's transmembrane anchor at the C-terminus allows them to locate at the mitochondrial outer membrane and play a vital role in apoptosis.Within the mitochondria BIM is a member of the BH3 molecules alongside, BIM, PUMA and NOXA which can all be activated by the intrinsic pathway. These in turn can initiate the homo-oligomerisation of BAX and BAK which induce mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP) and the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Here cytochrome c associates with APAF-1 and dATP, ultimately activating effector caspase3/7 and apoptosis.BIM can be activated by CHOP-mediated transcription and phosphatase 2A-mediated dephosphorylation during endoplasmic reticulum stress. However when BIM is phosphorylated it undergoes degradation by the proteasome.</p>

Peptide substrate for the kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7), the most abundant KLK family protease in the stratum corneum (outermost layer of the epidermis). KLK family have been implicated in several key homeostatic processes and in skin diseases that feature impaired desquamation. Increased levels of KLK7, have been identified in the stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). T-helper type 2 cytokines, including interleukin 4 (IL-4) and-IL-13, can stimulate expression of KLK7, suggesting a direct link between inflammation in AD and KLK7 levels.KLK7 cleaves its substrates after tyrosine or phenylalanine residues. This peptide contains a C-terminal 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) fluorescent tag, which is quenched when linked to the peptide via the amide bond. AMC is cleaved from the peptide by KLK7, upon cleavage the AMC fluorescence is activated.

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%. For different specs please use the Peptide Quote Tool

(Arg8) Vasotocin (AVT) is a member of the neurohypophyseal hormone family which contains 9 amino acids with the cysteines at positions 1 and 6 linked through a disulphide bridge. Within the central nervous system of lower vertebrates, AVT has been shown to play a role as a neuromodulator and controls reproductive behaviour. Furthermore it regulates osmotic and electrolyte balance and blood pressure within the periphery. In the mammalian brain AVT functions through arginine vasopressin (AVP) or oxytocin receptor cross-reactions. Mice have an AVT reactive receptor specific to AVT and neuropeptide S. This AVT which functions to regulate processes such as sleep and reproduction.

<p>The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle to drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS), in particular for macromolecules such as peptides and proteins. However, certain macromolecules can reach the CNS via a receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) pathway, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is one of the promising receptors for RMT. L57 can therefore be used for the development of RMT-based drugs for the treatment of CNS diseases.</p>

<p>Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD. Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>Hyp3-Bradykinin</p>

<p>The biologically active C-terminal region of Kisspeptin. Kisspeptin, is cleaved from a 145 amino acid precursor to a 54 amino acid peptide in humans and a 52 amino acid peptide in mice. Smaller isoforms of 14, 13 and 10 amino acids have also been isolated in humans, each sharing the common C-terminal sequence. Kisspeptin-14 (KP-14) has equivalent receptor binding efficiency and potency to full length Kisspeptin.Kisspeptin, a product of the KISS1 gene, is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH) neurons and drives fertility. When energy balance is severely altered (either negatively or positively), Kiss1 expression and fertility are compromised. Kisspeptin neurons are responsible for the transmission of key homeostatic information to GNRH neurons, which is likely to mediate the link between energy balance and fertility. Leptin, ghrelin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) have been suggested as modulators of this process.Kisspeptin binds specifically to the G-protein-coupled receptor-54, now known as Kiss1r, which is expressed in almost all GNRH neurons. Kisspeptin plays an essential role in reproduction, and Kiss1r mutations have been isolated in cases of defects in sexual development. Kiss1r is also expressed in other areas of the brain and periphery, highlighting other possible roles for kisspeptin outside of reproduction. Due to kisspeptins importance in reproduction it is synthesized in excess to ensure reproductive success.</p>

<p>Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide involved in the gut-brain axis. Neurons express it in both the brain and the gut. However, expression is significantly increased upon nerve injury. NPY is the most abundant neuropeptide within the brain and is expressed by many neuronal systems, and several important pathways utilising NPY as a neurotransmitter have been identified. Mammalian NPY acts as a vasoconstrictor by affecting blood pressure around peripheral nerves, while it also acts on food intake and emotional regulation.The primary receptor subtypes on which NPY acts in the brain are the Y1 and Y2 receptors but also include Y4, Y5 and y6 (a human pseudogene). Y1 and Y2 increase blood pressure, Y1 and Y5 increase food intake, and Y2 and Y4 decrease food intake.NPY has been linked to psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Low levels of NPY have been observed in patients with major depressive disorder. Rodent models are used to understand better NPY and its receptors' role in emotional regulation.</p>

<p>The nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB up regulates gene expression during inflammation and has critical roles in carcinogenesis, anti-apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. This has led to the search for specific inhibitors of NF-kappaB to help study NF-kappaB for possible treatments for inflammatory diseases and cancer in the future.NF-kappaB is held in an inactive state in the cytoplasm as a heterodimer containing a p65 subunit. Signalling leads to revealing of a hidden nuclear localisation sequence within p65, phosphorylation of p65, and translocation to the nucleus. p65 binds to DNA and ultimately transcription of specific genes. Therefore, finding an inhibitor of the nuclear localisation sequence and phosphorylation of the p65 subunit is an attractive target.A peptide named PTD-p65-P1 was generated from the p65 DNA binding domain mimicking the phosphorylated state, attached to a membrane-translocating peptide sequence generated from antennapedia (PTD). PTD-p65-P1 has been shown to inhibit NF-kappaB binding to DNA in a dose dependent manner. This activity was also known to be specific for NF-kappaB inhibition. The inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by PTD p65-P1 was shown to be effective against a range of stimuli including cigarette smoke, interleukin 1 and hydrogen peroxide which suggests the inhibitor acts on a common step against these stimuli. The presence of PTD p65-P1 inhibits the cytoplasmic p65 subunit phosphorylation or translocation. The reporter genes tested for NF-kappaB activity showed down regulation of gene expression in the presence of PTD-p65-P1 peptide. The evidence is compelling that this peptide could be a suitable model for a selective specific inhibitor of NF-kappaB activity for therapeutic use in the future.</p>

<p>Peptide H-SGTDVDAANLR^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

Ac-Arg-[Cys-Met-Ava-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ava-Cys]-NH2 is a peptide that has antagonist activity against melanin, the hormone receptor. This peptide can be used to treat skin pigmentation disorders such as vitiligo, which is an autoimmune disorder in which the melanocytes are destroyed. Ac-Arg-[Cys-Met-Ava-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ava-Cys]-NH2 is also an aminovaleric acid derivative, which can inhibit the production of aminovaleric acid and related compounds.

<p>Peptide H-IVTDLTK^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

<p>Fmoc-Cys(Trt)-Wang Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a research tool that is used as an activator, ligand or receptor for cell biology, antibody production or ion channels. It has been used in the study of protein interactions and pharmacology. Fmoc-Cys(Trt)-Wang Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a high purity resin that can be used to synthesize peptides and compounds for life science purposes. It is also an inhibitor that can be used to block enzymatic reactions.</p>

<p>M-CSF is a protein that is involved in the regulation of the immune system. It is an activator of macrophages, and it also binds to receptors on cells of the immune system. It can be used as a research tool for studying how cells communicate with each other, and how certain proteins interact with each other. M-CSF is also an antibody that can bind to ion channels and other proteins. This antibody can be used for pharmacological studies to find inhibitors for specific proteins or peptides. M-CSF has been shown to have effects on many different types of cells, including lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.</p>

Hypertension is a condition that affects the heart and blood vessels. It is caused by a number of factors, including increased blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol, diabetes, and genetics. Hypertension can lead to stroke, kidney disease, heart failure, or death. This drug was designed to target hypertension by activating protease-activated receptor (PAR) peptides in the body. PAR peptides are found in many tissues throughout the body and are involved in inflammation and coagulation. PAR2 has been shown to be involved in cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. The drug was designed for use as an oral treatment for hypertension and related conditions.

<p>Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-Rink-Amide MBHA Resin is an ion channel blocker and a research tool that can be used to study the effects of peptides and other small molecules on ion channels. It is a high purity resin with a CAS number of 47794-33-4. The Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-Rink-Amide MBHA Resin is an inhibitor of the Ca2+ channel and the K+ channel and it can be used in pharmacology, cell biology, and immunology research.</p>

H-Asp-[Pen-Phe-Trp-Lys-Tyr-Cys]-Val-OH is a peptide that belongs to the class of biochemicals. It is a disulfide-rich peptide that is found in the brain, and has been shown to increase blood flow and activate the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in animals. Urotensin II and related peptides are also found in the brain, but have not been shown to have any effect on blood flow or hormone levels.

Wang resin is a high purity, ion-exchange resin that is used in the preparation of peptides and proteins. The resin contains a cationic quaternary ammonium group that can be used to bind anionic molecules such as phosphates, sulfates, phosphonates, and carboxylates. Wang resin is also capable of binding to the amino groups on proteins. This resin has been shown to have excellent receptor binding capacity for peptides and proteins. In addition, Wang resin has been shown to be an activator of G-protein coupled receptors and ion channels. Wang resin has been used in research for life science and cell biology applications including antibody production and inhibitor studies.

KGF 2 is a recombinant human protein that binds to the KGFR-2 receptor, which regulates cell growth and differentiation. It is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation and has been shown to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro. The KGF 2 peptide is synthesized as a fusion protein with six histidine residues on the N-terminus and two cysteine residues on the C-terminus. This product can be used as a research tool, as well as an antibody for immunodetection of KGFR-2 protein in tissue culture.