Peptídeos
Subcategorias de "Peptídeos"
Foram encontrados 29635 produtos de "Peptídeos"
ANP (7-23)
ANP (7-23) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in the cardiovascular remodelling process.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in proANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:1,724.8 g/molMBP Ac1-9 (4Y)
This peptide constitutes the acetylated N-terminal region of murine myelin basic protein (MBP) and displays high affinity for major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). This high MHC affinity is due to substitution of the native lysine at position 4 for a tyrosine. Substitution increases the MHC binding affinity of the peptide by around 1 million fold, therefore creating a superagonist ligand. MBP is an integral component of myelin found in the central nervous system (CNS) vital for the development and stability of the myelin sheath where it plays a role in membrane adhesion. MBP may be targeted by auto-antibodies in diseases such as multiple sclerosis. The low affinity of the native lysine containing MBP 1-9 peptide for MCH class II may result in MBP auto-reactive T cells escaping central-tolerance where self reactive T cells are usually eliminated. MBPs constitute an extraordinarily varied collection of splice isoforms which show a myriad of post-translational modifications.
Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:1,133.22 g/molYSA acid
YSA binds to the extracellular domain of ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) with high affinity and selectivity. YSA binding activates EphA2 and its tumour suppressing downstream signalling pathways (including inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and ERK pathways), and promotes receptor internalisation.EphA2 is highly expressed in many types of solid tumour, and the level of EphA2 expression is positively correlated with malignancy and poor prognosis in some cancer types.YSA has been shown to be an effective targeting peptide of chemotherapeutic drugs to EphA2 expressing tumours. YSA-drug conjugates are able to selectively target EphA2 expressing tumours, both activating tumour supressing downstream signalling pathways, and becoming effectively internalised by cancer cells to further increase the potency of the chemotherapeutic drug. YSA-drug conjugates have been shown to be dramatically more effective at inhibiting tumour growth than chemotherapy alone. Selective tumour targeting with YSA could also reduce the systemic toxicity caused by nonselective and highly toxic chemotherapy agents, and thus reduce adverse side effects of chemotherapy.Peso molecular:1,346.6 g/molUBA3 (59-72) peptide
Peptide derived from the ubiquitin-activating enzyme 3 (UBA3), the catalytic subunit of the NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE).Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:1,495.8 g/molAngiotensin II (1-8)
Angiotensin II (Ang-II) is a key signalling peptide of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) which is involved in regulating blood pressure, cardiovascular function and energy balance. RAS activity is elevated in obesity and is widely studied in relation to lifestyle-related diseases.Ang-II is produced from angiotensinogen (AGT) via the intermediate angiotensin I (Ang-I). AGT is cleaved by the aspartyl-protease, renin, to produce Ang-I, which is then cleaved by the dicarboxyl-peptidase angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACE removes a histidine and a leucine from the C-terminus of Ang-I to form Ang-II.Ang-II exerts its affect by binding to the G-protein-coupled receptors- Ang II type 1 (AT1) and Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptors. Ang-II plays central roles in glucose metabolism and blood pressure. Increased levels of Ang-II have also been associated with Alzheimer's disease, and certain cancers including oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), brain cancers and breast cancers. The effects of Ang-II appear to be supressed by another branch of the RAS- the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway.Peso molecular:1,045.5 g/molGLP-1 (1-37)
CAS:Glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 1 is a post-translationally modified version of proglucagon. GLP-1 (1-37) is a naturally produced analog of GLP-1. Unlike truncated GLP-1, GLP-1 (1-37) does not alter food intake in rat models or pancreatic insulin secretion. GLP-1 (1-37) can induce insulin production in developing adult intestinal cells via upregulation of the ngn3 gene and its downstream targets. This can restore glucose homeostasis when implanted into diabetic mice. GLP-1 (1-37) may offer a future treatment for diabetes mellitus. GLP-1 (1-37) can also inhibit chemokine-induced migration of human CD4-positive lymphocytes, an early step in atherogenesis. This raises the possibility that GLP-1 (1-37) is part of a novel mechanism to modulate vascular disease.Peso molecular:4,169.54 g/molSRC-1 (676-700)
Steroid Receptor Coactivator - 1 (676-700).
Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:2,797.4 g/molHyp-Gly dipeptide
A hydroxyproline glycine peptide in acid form. This peptide is a substrate for prolyl dipeptidase. Ingestion of the Hyp-Gly dipeptide can improve skin conditions. Hyp-Gly ingestion improves facial skin moisture and elasticity and reduces facial aging. Additionally, Hyp-Gly enhances fibroblast proliferation.Peso molecular:188.1 g/molN-formylated PSMalpha3
Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strains produce N-formylmethionyl containing peptides. Peptides starting with an N-formylated methionyl group constitute a unique hallmark of bacterial as well as mitochondrial metabolism, and professional phagocytes of our innate immune system recognise this microbial/mitochondrial pattern as a danger signal that guides innate immune cells.All PSMα peptides have the same basic functions and promote virulence through effects on discrete neutrophil functions (i.e. chemotaxis) and by being cytotoxic at higher concentrations. PSMα2 and PSMα3 can both bind to FPR2 and trigger superoxide release in neutrophils at low nanomolar concentrations. In addition, at high nanomolar concentrations they display cytotoxicity selectively on apoptotic neutrophil membranes and this occurs in an FPR2 independent manner.Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:2,633.4 g/molKRREILSRRPSYR-acid
Protein kinases are important drug targets for numerous diseases to try and better evaluate the enzyme specificity, affinity, mode of action and identify possible inhibitors. In vitro assays and synthetic substrates provide valuable data about human kinase activity. CREBtide KRREILSRRPSYR is based on the phosphorylation sequence in d-CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) it is a substrate for protein kinase A (PKA)(Km = 3.9 mM). However, it has also been tested as a substrate for other protein kinases, including cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAK) and protein kinase C (PKC). Immunoblots and autoradiography have been used for CREBtide KRREILSRRPSYR in vitro kinase analysis.Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:1,716 g/molTAT 2-4
TAT 2-4 is derived from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transactivator of transcription (TAT) residues 47-58. TAT (47-58) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. TAT 2-4 are residues (47-58) of HIV TAT protein repeated back to back, this dimer of TAT sequences has been shown to be the most efficient oligomer for cell penetration. This TAT dimer has been used in previous studies to deliver a wide variety of cargoes including fluorophores, chelators and DNA to target cells.Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:3,213.9 g/molGhrelin Rat, Mouse
Ghrelin is involved in several physiological processes, including feeding and lipid accumulation, stress response, anxiety, cardiac performance, immunity and inflammation, taste sensation, reward-seeking behaviour, regulation of glucose metabolism and thermogenesis, memory, motivation and learning.Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that typically has a serine at the third residue and relies on modification with a fatty acid to give ghrelin its functional activity. In its modified form, ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the pituitary gland's growth hormone receptor (GHS-R) and stimulates growth hormone release. Rat/mouse ghrelin differs from the human form at positions 11 and 12 (RV) in rats to (KA) in humans.Ghrelin acts on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus as an orexigenic agent to stimulate appetite. Ghrelin is produced in the stomach as a precursor peptide preproghrelin, cleaved to ghrelin. Ghrelin circulates in the blood and can cross the blood-brain barrier. Levels of ghrelin respond to fasting conditions and allow signals about the energy status to be transmitted from the peripheral organs to the central nervous system to maintain energy homeostasis.Ghrelin is a valuable target for treating conditions such as anorexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, cardiopathy, neurodegenerative disorders, renal and pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory disorders and metabolic syndrome.Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:3,314.8 g/molTransportan
Transportan is an amphipathic 27 amino acid peptide that was generated from 12 functional amino acids of galanin and 14 amino acids of mastoparan connected via a lysine residue. Transportan has been functionally characterised as a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) that does not appear to be mediated by endocytosis. All cell types tested were permeated by transportan, initially localising to the outer membrane it then travels to cytoplasmic membrane structures and eventually perfuses to the nucleoli. This CPP has been used for numerous applications and assays to great effect including indirect immunofluorescence and drug delivery.TP reveals some characteristic features of both galanin and mastoparan since it inhibits the binding of galanin to GALR-1 receptor as well as modulates the activity of G proteins due to the inhibition of GTPase activity.Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:2,180.4 g/mol[5-FAM]-(RFR)4XB
(RXR)4XB is a cationic membrane-penetrating peptide and is effective in delivering phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides (PMOs) into eukaryotic cells such as Escherichia coli. It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.Peso molecular:2,396.3 g/molBiotinylated L57
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle to drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS), in particular for macromolecules such as peptides and proteins. However, certain macromolecules can reach the CNS via a receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) pathway, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is one of the promising receptors for RMT. Recent studies have shown that biotinylated L57 binds to LRP1 (CL4)-Fc more efficiently than Angiopep-7 (a different LRP1 ligand), which might explain the improved BBB permeability of L57.Peso molecular:3,110.6 g/molAlbumin (51-62) Bovine
Albumin (51-62) Bovine is derived from the globular protein Albumin and is found in the blood plasma of humans (known as Human Serum Albumin, HSA) where it serves to maintain plasma pressure and nutritional balance. Another role it carries out is the transportation of bound molecules through the blood. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), composed of 583 amino acids, is very similar to HSA thus allowing BSA to be used as a successful model and a standard protein in laboratory experiments.Although BSA and HAS share homology in their three domains, I, II and III, BSA contains 2 tryptophan whereas HAS only contains 1 tryptophan residue.In agriculture the presence of the albumin protein has been used to assess the health of cows to ensure that a suitable quality of milk and meat are produced. Moreover it is important to detect bovine albumin in food and pharmaceutical products due to it being an allergenic protein.Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:1,510.8 g/molSAMS peptide
SAMS peptide was originally designed as a selective substrate for mammalian 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) for use in kinase assays. However it is also able to be phosphorylated by the yeast AMP homologue- sucrose non-fermenting 1 kinase (SNF1) and SNF1-related kinases (SnRK1) in plants.The conserved family of kinases containing SnRK1, SNF1 and AMPK plays an important role in regulating cellular energy homeostasis.
Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:1,779.15 g/molSARS-CoV-2 Membrane protein (172-188)
SARS-CoV-2 Membrane protein (172-188)
Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:1,900 g/molSyntide 2
Syntide-2 is a substrate peptide which was specifically designed to be homologous to site 2 in glycogen synthase. Syntide-2 is therefore phosphorylated by Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II as well as other calcium dependant kinases and protein kinase C. Synthase-2 can also be phosphorylated by CAMP-dependent protein kinase and to a lesser extent- phosphorylase kinase, but not by myosin light chain kinase.
Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:1,506.9 g/molNangibotide
Nangibotide, also referred as LR12, is an antagonist of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1, and was derived from residues 94 to 105 of TREM-like transcript-1 (TLT-1).TREM-1 plays a crucial role in the onset of sepsis by amplifying the host immune response. TLT-1- and TLT-1-derived peptides therefore exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by dampening TREM-1 signalling. LR12 blocks TREM-1 by binding to the TREM-1 ligand and provides protective effects during sepsis such as inhibiting hyper-responsiveness, organ damage, and death, without causing deleterious effects. The protective effects of modulating TREM-1 signalling are also evident in other models of inflammation such as: pancreatitis- haemorrhagic shock- inflammatory bowel diseases and inflammatory arthritis.Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:1,342.5 g/molSARS-CoV-2 Spike (236-250)
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues TRFQTLLALHRSYLT (236-250) from C have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.Peso molecular:1,819 g/molXenin
Leptin and melanocortin are well characterised for their roles in energy balance and the regulation of feeding. However, xenin was subsequently isolated from human gastric mucosa and identified as a gastrointestinal peptide hormone. Evidence shows xenin plasma levels rise after meals while administration of xenin leads to feelings of satiation. Unfortunately, the mechanism of xenin regulation on food uptake is still not fully understood. Work has shown xenin negatively effects food intake by a dose dependent manner, the hypothalamus seems to have a key role in this. Furthermore, the signally pathways activated by xenin is independent of those used by leptin or melanocortins. Further work with xenin could provide vital answers to the inhibitory mechanism of this gastrointestinal hormone. It would provide more data to help tackle the ongoing obesity crisis and rise in the number of diabetic patients.Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:2,969.7 g/molXL 13m
Inhibits the epigenetic reader YEATS domain of the Eleven-nineteen leukemia (ENL) protein and perturbs the recruitment of ENL onto chromatin. Induces downregulation of a set of genes that are essential for leukemogenesis and leukaemia maintenance.Peso molecular:509.3 g/molInfliximab Heavy chain (46-60)
Infliximab is a biologic medicine used in the treatment of numerous autoimmune diseases including Crohn disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Infliximab binds with high affinity to tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) blocking most of the cytokine effects, which includes mediating the inflammatory responses. Infliximab is a chimeric human-mouse IgG monoclonal antibody- the constant regions of the heavy and light chains are human-derived. The heavy chain peptide (46-60) has been identified as an antigen for antigen-specific T cell analysis. Numerous methods of immunological analysis can be applied to this peptide to hopefully provide further insight to these autoimmune conditions.Peso molecular:1,689.9 g/molGlucagon (1-29)-[Cys(Cy5)]
Glucagon (1-29)-[Cys(Cy5)] is derived from glucagon, which is a peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells located in the islet of Langerhans region of the pancreas. Glucagon is an essential catabolic hormone that is responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels. Once released into the bloodstream, glucagon stimulates the production of hepatic glucose, which means it is considered to be a glucose-mobilizing agent. Excessive levels of glucagon can result in the development of hyperglycaemia, since the action of glucagon results in abnormally high blood glucose levels.This peptide contains Cyanine 5 (Cy5), which is a widely used red fluorescent dye.Peso molecular:4,189 g/molDystrophin (2765-2777)
Forms of inherited muscular dystrophy such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) result from mutations targeting the dystrophin gene. These disorders are X-linked, progressive, and cause the gradual weakening of the muscles leading to respiratory failure and ultimately reduces the patient lifespan.In DMD, mutations lead to the production of premature stop codons and hence the truncated dystrophin protein product is vulnerable to nonsense mediated decay and degradation. Therefore, dystrophin production in muscle cells is reduced. On the other hand, nonsense mutations which also contribute to DMD, cause exon skipping in BMD and result in an internally truncated protein product which are partially functional. The symptoms of BMD are later onset compared with DMD which develop in patients between 2 to 7 years.Treatments of dystrophin disorders are in clinical trial including antisense oligonucleotide exon skipping and gene therapy. However, the efficacies of these treatments are not easily quantified. Currently levels of muscular dystrophin are quantified by western blot which can be unreliable. The peptide provided here, aligning residues dystrophin (2690-2700), has been tested via mass spectrometry to provide a more reliable method of validation of dystrophin levels. Further study with this dystrophin fragment could prove to be a vital step in the understanding and treatment of dystrophin disorders. Within our catalogue we also have other peptides tested for dystrophin quantification available plus the full-length dystrophin protein.Peso molecular:1,401.7 g/molSARS-CoV-2 Membrane protein (141-158)
SARS-CoV-2 Membrane protein (141-158)Peso molecular:1,932.1 g/molT-9 peptide
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe muscle wasting X-linked genetic disease cause by mutations in the gene encoding the muscle structural protein, dystrophin. Exon skipping therapy remains a key approach for treatment of DMD but still requires considerable research to improve efficient and specific delivery of molecules to myofibers. Use of a phage library identified this sequence as having a high affinity for myofibers. Conjugation of this peptide to novel DMD molecules could provide the insights needed in the field.
Peso molecular:1,343.6 g/molHistone H3 (1-21)
Histone H3 (1-21) is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Histone H3 (1-21) has been utilised in research as a substrate for methyltransferase (Histone 3 K4 and K9) and acetyltransferase (Histone 3 K9 and K14) assays. Histone H3 (1-21) and these assays have already provided vital insights into the role's modifications play on the core histone functions. However, with so many histone modifications in different conditions still to be characterised the histone H3 (1-21) peptide still has a lot of insight to provide in the field.Peso molecular:2,253.3 g/mol(Cbz-LGR)2-[Rh110]
The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi that causes South American trypanosomiasis expresses peptidases during its entire parasitic life cycle. Understanding better the function and specificity of the peptidases may lead to new inhibitors and potential therapies. It has been shown this alkaline peptidase has a preference for basic amino acids at position one and position two of the substrate. The sequence Leu-Gly-Arg was shown to have a high Km and high Vmax compared to other peptides tested.Provided here is a fluorogenic peptide substrate for Trypanosoma cruzi alkaline peptidase. In its entire state, this peptide is not fluorescent. However, this peptide is cleaved by T. cruzi alkaline peptidase. Upon rhodamine 110 fluorophore release, fluorescence can then be detected. This peptide, therefore, allows for the quantification of T. cruzi alkaline peptidase activity. Rhodamine 110 is a widely used red fluorescent probe.Peso molecular:1,250.6 g/molBombesin
Bombesin was originally isolated from the skin of the european fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina) and has two known homologues Neuromedin B (NMB) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP).Bombesin-like peptides are involved in many physiological functions including: regulation of food intake- anxiety and fear-related behaviour, thermoregulation, stress response, learning and memory and in the stimulation of smooth muscle contraction. Bombesin is also a tumour marker for small cell carcinoma in the lung, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and neuroblastoma.The receptors for these two peptides are known as bombesin receptor type 1 (BB1 also known as NMB receptor) and bombesin receptor type 2 (BB2 also known as GRP receptor). Bombesin shows high affinity to both of these receptor subtypes. These bombesin-like peptides and their receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal (GI) tract.This peptide contains an N-terminal pyroglutamyl to prevent the intramolecular cyclisation of the N-terminal of glutamine to N-pyroglutamate (pGlu).Peso molecular:1,618.8 g/molPTH (13-34) Human
PTH 13-34 is a biologically active fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH) with hypertensive activities. PTH 13-34 is being trialled as a possible treatment for osteoporosis (to replace the existing recombinant human PTH 1-34 treatment peptide).PTH is an 84-amino-acid polypeptide hormone (PTH 1-84) which is secreted by the parathyroid glands along with its fragments (such as PTH 1-34 and PTH 7-84). PTH increases calcium and decrease phosphate levels in the blood and the abundance of PTH-derived peptides is regulated by blood calcium levels. PTH inhibits the bone growth-promoting activity of osteoblasts and induces osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium and phosphate ions into the blood. PTH binds to and activates the receptor parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1). PTHR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which regulates mineral ion homeostasis, bone turnover and skeletal development.Peso molecular:2,806.5 g/molRAGE antagonist peptide
RAGE antagonist peptide is an S100P-derived peptide based competitive antagonist for receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE). Recent studies have shown it to disrupt the interaction between RAGE and its ligands, such as S100P, S100A4 and HMGB-1 in binding assays and in multiple cancer cell lines. As well as this, it also blocks RAGE-dependent NF-kB activation in MPanc96, MOH and HPAF II tumor cell lines.Systemic administration of RAGE antagonist peptide also diminishes NF-kB signaling in vivo and significantly reduces glioma tumour growth in murine models.
Peso molecular:1,271.7 g/molIRBP (1-20)
IRBP (1-20) is derived from the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), present in the interphotoreceptor matrix and is expressed by cone and rod photoreceptors in the eye. IRBP is involved in retinoid delivery and protects retinal cells from oxidative stress.In retinitis pigmentosa patients, IRBP can be subjected to mutations resulting in a non-secreted form of IRBP to be produced. Furthermore IRBP gene mutations have been associated with high myopia and retinal dystrophy.The expression of IRBP is reduced in diabetes patients which may lead to visual cycle misfunction and the photoreceptors can be vulnerable to damage.
Peso molecular:2,193.2 g/molClick TP10
TP10 is an amphipathic cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) also known as transportan 10. Its formation involves the use of a lysine residue to form a chimeric linkage between a mastoparan 21-residue peptide, a wasp venon 14-residue peptide and 6-residues derived from the neuropeptide galanin. Structurally TP10 contains only positively charged amino acids along with 4 lysines and an N-terminus. Therefore, it will produce a +5 charge under conditions of a neutral pH. It has been found that TP10 may aid molecules in penetrating through the cell membrane barrier through directly interacting with the lipid bilayer. During these interactions with the membrane TP10 will form an amphipathic α-helix. TP10 can be used in transduction methods.TP10 is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-TP10 allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design. Fluorescent labelling of TP10 for drug delivery has been used in vivo.
Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:2,260.4 g/molAlyteserin-1c
Alyerserin-1c is a C-terminally α-amidated 23 residue Cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with a net charge of +2. Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) are produced by the innate immune system and are expressed when the host is challenged by a pathogen. The Alyerserin family of peptides was first identified in norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions of the midwife toad-Alytes obstetricans-(Alytidae). Alyteserin-1 peptides have limited structural similarity to the ascaphins from the skins of frogs of the Leiopelmatidae family. Alyteserin-1 peptides are selective at inhibiting growth activity of Gram-negative bacteria-such as Escherichia coli and show weak haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes.Alyteserin contain at least 50% hydrophobic amino acids. Hydrophobic residues contribute to the insertion of the peptide into the hydrophobic membrane core which results in membrane disruption and death of the pathogen. Due to their mechanism of action it is less likely for resistance to develop towards such peptides compared to conventional antibiotics.Peso molecular:2,265.74 g/molPNC 27
Membrane-active peptide that binds to HDM-2 expressed in the membranes of solid tissue tumour cells to induce transmembrane pore formation in cancerous, but not normal cells, resulting in tumour cell necrosis independent of p53 activity.
Peso molecular:4,029.2 g/molEC dipeptide
EC-acid has a formal charge of 0 and a range of biological and chemical uses. CE-acid is also available in our catalogue.Peso molecular:250.1 g/molFlagellin 22 (flg22)
Flagellin is a structural protein which forms the major portion of bacterial flagellar filaments. The N- and C-terminals of flagellin are highly conserved regions, whereas the central core can vary greatly between bacterial species. Flagellin 22 (flg22) is the stretch of amino acids most conserved across bacterial species and is located towards the N-terminal of the flagellin protein.Flg22 is a potent elicitor of plant immune responses and is recognised in plants by the membrane bound leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2). Flg22 induces defence gene expression to trigger both local and systemic immune responses and is thus widely used in plant defence studies.Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:2,272.48 g/molMyelin Basic Protein (MBP) (68-82), guinea pig
The 14 amino acid fragment of myelin basic protein (MBP) (68-82) can induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. EAE is the most used experimental model for studying the human inflammatory demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS).MBP is an integral component of myelin found in the central nervous system (CNS). MBP is considered vital for the development and stability of the myelin sheath where it plays a role in membrane adhesion. MPBs constitute an extraordinarily varied collection of splice isoforms which show a myriad of post-translational modifications. MBP may be targeted by auto-antibodies in diseases such as MS. Use of MBP fragments in immunology assays are helping to answer this. The low affinity of MBP (1-9) peptide for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules may result in MBP autoreactive T cells escaping central-tolerance, where self-reactive T cells are usually eliminated. The activity induced by MBP (68-82) suggests it can cause EAE but other EAE MBP peptides were found to induce a stronger response. The MBP (68-82) and others available in our catalogue may help to understand the nature of demyelinating diseases and find the target autoantigens of conditions such as MS.Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:1,735.8 g/molcAC 253
Cyclic AC253 is an antagonist of the amylin receptor with neuroprotective effects against Aβ toxicity. Cyclic AC253 eliminates Aβ-induced impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation and is able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.Peso molecular:3,007.5 g/molbeta-Amyloid (1-14) Biotin
Amino acids 1-14 of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ).Aβ has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD. Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.Contains a C-terminal biotin tag for easy detection and purification.Peso molecular:1,965.9 g/molLL-37 fragment (24-29)
LL-37 is a member of the large cationic family of anti-microbial peptides called cathelicidins which have broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity and are expressed in many species. The only cathelicidin found in humans is LL-37, this is produced in epithelial cells, by proteolytic cleavage from the C-terminal of the hCAP-18 protein. LL-37 can be processed into different forms of anti-microbial peptides. As well as its anti-microbial properties LL-37 also regulates many aspects of the innate immune system and overexpression of LL-37 has been linked to autoimmune diseases such as asthma and psoriasis, making LL-37 the most studied form of the human cathelicidin peptides.More recently, studies have shown that LL-37 binds to SARS-CoV-2 S protein and inhibits binding to its receptor hACE2, which may inhibit viral entry into the cell. LL-37 is upregulated by vitamin D, therefore this may be one mode of action for the positive outcomes seen with vitamin D treatment for Covid-19.
Cor e Forma:PowderPeso molecular:790.5 g/molVIP (6-28)
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide found throughout the body and the central nervous system (CNS). VIP is located within cell bodies and nerve endings of the enteric nervous system, brain and pancreas. VIP neurons in the peripheral system fire to regulate blood vessels, and the CNS innervate cerebral vasculature. VIP binds to G protein-coupled receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2. VIP and VPAC2 are detected in circular smooth muscle cells of cerebral arterioles. VIP and VPAC1 are also found in lymphatic tissue. VIP can block inflammation, modify the Th response favouring Th2 and induce regulatory T cells. Overexpression of each receptor has been linked to various cancers.VIP administration leads to pancreatic bicarbonate-rich fluid secretion but not to the same degree stimulated by secretin. VIP stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner and also stimulates glucagon secretion. Studies have found that in morbidly obese patients, VIP levels are lowered and work to slow gastric and duodenal motility but increase gastric emptying. Therefore, decreasing VIP levels in obese patients may increase weight gain by accelerating gastric emptying.VIP has been well studied in pancreatic acini. VIP is a full agonist of amylase secretion and increases cyclic AMP synchronised with an increase in intracellular Ca2+ triggered by stimuli that act through cholecystokinin (CCK) or cholinergic agonists. Most cAMP increases, and amylase secretion appear to be mediated via VPAC1.The discovery of VPAC antagonists can help to understand VIPs roles and may also provide new therapies in VIP dysregulated systems such as cancers. VIP (6-28) is a specific competitive inhibitor of the VIP receptor derived from VIP. VIP-induced vasodilatation was blocked by co-administration of the VIP receptor antagonist VIP (6-28). Using a VIP receptor antagonist has made VIP function easier to study during neuronal injury, inflammation, and heart innervation. The VIP receptor antagonist is being considered for osteoarthritis treatment, an area with no current treatments other than analgesics.
Peso molecular:898.5 g/molPTH (1-13) Human
N-terminal tryptic peptide of parathyroid hormone (PTH), used for quantification and optimisation in LC-MS/MS assays.PTH is an 84-amino-acid polypeptide hormone (PTH 1-84) which is secreted by the parathyroid glands along with its fragments (such as PTH 1-34 and PTH 7-84). PTH increases calcium and decrease phosphate levels in the blood and the abundance of PTH-derived peptides is regulated by blood calcium levels. PTH inhibits the bone growth-promoting activity of osteoblasts and induces osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium and phosphate ions into the blood. PTH binds to and activates the receptor parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1). PTHR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which regulates mineral ion homeostasis, bone turnover and skeletal development
Peso molecular:1,454.8 g/molHistone H3 (1-8)
Histone H3 (1-8) is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Peso molecular:931.05 g/molSecretin (rat)
CAS:Secretin is a gastrointestinal hormone secreted by S cells in the small intestine, targeting G-protein coupled secretin receptors in numerous cell types. Secretin is synthesised from the preprohormone pro-secretin and is involved in regulating gastric acid and bicarbonate ion secretion in the duodenum and regulating water homeostasis. During glucose intake, secretin stimulates the pancreas to release insulin.Secretin has clinical relevance as a method to detect gastrin-producing tumours. Administration of exogenous secretin to the duodenum for secretin stimulation test to occur. Secretin can also be used to detect pancreatic insufficiencies via s administration during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). This allows the detection of inflammatory and neoplastic conditions of the pancreas.Secretin plays a different role in the central nervous system, such that in secretin deficient mice, synaptic plasticity and hippocampal synaptic activity are altered. Thus, secretin can be categorised as a neuropeptide.Fórmula:C129H216N42O42Peso molecular:3,027.36 g/molnef protein (75-82) [Human immunodeficiency virus 1]
Nef is an accessory protein highly conserved amongst all primate lentiviruses, it is essential for viral replication in vivo- it is expressed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV-1 and HIV-2. Nef acts as a downregulator of class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) expression in HIV-infected cells to help circumvent the immune response, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity. An intact nef gene is critical for high viral loads, linked to development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Certain alleles of HLA have been associated with maintaining a seronegative status such as HLA-A*1101. This nef peptide sequence (75-82) was crystallised within the class I B allele HLA B*3501 suggesting an importance of key residues required for HLA interaction resulting in a nonstandard conformational binding.Peso molecular:975.5 g/mol
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