Moduladores enzimáticos

Analeptic

Inhibitor of vacuolar-type proton pump

Potent and selective inhibitor of the glycogen synthase kinase GSK-3. Promotes cell renewal in embryonic stem cells by modulating Notch, MAPK and TGF-β signalling pathways, which are involved in pluripotency. It also affects the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and alters expression of genes coding for proteins, epigenetic regulatory elements and non-coding RNAs. The combination of CHIR 99021 and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) allows long-term self-renewal in adult mouse retinal progenitor cells.

(Z)-Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressive agent derived from the fermentation of fungi, primarily from the Penicillium species. It functions by inhibiting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), an enzyme crucial for de novo purine synthesis. This selective blockade of IMPDH specifically affects lymphocyte proliferation due to their heavy reliance on this pathway for DNA synthesis, thereby exerting its immunosuppressive effects.

Afatinib is a small molecule that inhibits the activity of cellular kinases that are involved in the progression of cancer. It is an Irreversible inhibitor of three members of the ErbB family. This molecule binds covalently to cysteine 797 residue in HER2 and blocks downstream cellular signalling which inhibits cellular growth and promotes apoptosis. It has been researched for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer.

Specific inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) with IC50 in low nanomolar range. Studies showed that BIO maintains self-renewal in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) as well as increases activity of β-catenin. In neonatal cardiomyocytes, BIO promotes cell cycle by stimulating cell entry into S phase as well as cytokinesis. In germline stem cells from female mice (FGSCs), BIO promoted proliferation and maintenance of FGSCs by activating β-catenin and up-regulating E-cadherin.

Inhibitor of VEGFR, PDGR, c-Kit and Ret; inhibitor of angiogenesis

Inhibits p38 MAP kinase; anti-inflammatory; neuroprotective

Benazepril is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that can be used to treat hypertension, heart failure and renal failure. It is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This inhibition prevents the vasoconstrictive effects of this peptide, which are mediated through activation of the renin-angiotensin system.

Specific inhibitor of the ubiquitin specific protease-7 (USP7), which is a validated deubiquitinase of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MDM2. The compound inhibits the USP7 deubiquitinase activity by binding to acidic amino acid residues important for the interaction with ubiquitin. Induces tumor cell death and enhances cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents.

Methotrexate is a chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive medication, which is a synthetic analog of folic acid. Its source is through chemical synthesis, mimicking the structure of dihydrofolate in order to exert its effects. Methotrexate acts primarily by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), leading to a decrease in tetrahydrofolate production. This disruption in folate metabolism results in the inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, which affects rapidly dividing cells.Methotrexate is employed broadly in clinical oncology as an antineoplastic agent, particularly in the treatment of leukemias, lymphomas, breast cancer, and osteosarcoma. Additionally, it serves as a cornerstone for managing autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, where it helps modulate the aberrant immune response. The dual role of Methotrexate in oncology and immunosuppression underscores its versatility and critical importance in therapeutic regimens. However, its use demands careful monitoring due to potential adverse effects on non-cancerous cells and organ systems, necessitating precise dosage management and patient evaluation.

Nabumetone is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. This drug is also a cyclooxygenase inhibitor and works by inhibiting this enzyme so that pain and inflammation is reduced.

Inhibitor of caspases; broad spectrum