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9-Cis-astaxanthin is a carotenoid that is typically found in the marine algae, Pluvialis. It can be produced by saponifying astaxanthin with an alkali, such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, and removing the carotenoid esters by distillation. 9-Cis-astaxanthin has been shown to have pro-inflammatory properties in a cellular model system. The uptake of this compound was determined using liquid chromatography methods on human intestinal cells (caco-2 cell) and then comparing it to dry weight of the cells. The presence of 9-cis-astaxanthin increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in these cells.