Fuente botánica

Nuezhenide significantly protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells from 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity.

Parishin A has good neuroprotective effects against brain disorders.

Vincetoxicoside B , quercetin, kaempferol , and (-)-epicatechin show synergistic antifungal activities with the FICI values <0.5.

Docetaxel is an antineoplastic drug by inhibiting microtubule depolymerization, and attenuating of the effects of bcl-2 and bcl-xL gene expression.

Myricitrin exhibits hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory,antioxidant, anti-allergic, antinociception, anxiolytic-like, and antipsychotic-like effects. Myricitrin can be used as a drug candidate for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, by effectively protecting cells from ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell apoptosis and reducing atherosclerotic plaque formation. Myricitrin is also a nitric oxide (NO) and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor that has central nervous system activity.

Glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt has wound healing activity.

Decursin has antiepileptic, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amnesic activities, it is a novel candidate for inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Decursin inhibited the TGF-β1 induced NOX activation and Smad signaling, it inhibited the PKCα, MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Decursin is also a novel inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation in signaling induced by TLR ligands and cytokines.

Quercetin is a common antioxidant flavonoid found in vegetables, which is usually present in glycosylated forms, such as quercitrin (3-rhamnosylquercetin), has anti-inflammatory effect which is mediated through the inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway, inhibits cytokine and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression through inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway without modification of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity (both in vitro and in vivo).

Camelliaside A is a natural product from Camellia oleifera Abel.

Medicagenic acid, the factor responsible for hemolytic activity of lucerne saponins.Medicagenic acid derivatives exhibit potent fungistatic effects against several plant pathogens and human dermatophytes.

Baicalin is a flavonoid and a major component of a herbal medicine, Sho-saiko-to, which is commonly used for treatment of chronic hepatitis in Japan and China. baicalin acts as anti-oxidants, also causes cytotoxic effect,and induces caspase-3 activation and apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway.

Reference standards.

Rosarin is a natural product from Rhodiola rosea L.

Neochlorogenic acid (NCA) is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants, has shown that phenolic acids including NCA have outstanding antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and antipyretic activities, it also exerts neuroprotective effects through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory pathways in activated microglia.

Arteannuin B and artemisinic acid are biogenetic precursors of artemisinin, an important antimalarial produced by the herb Artemisia annua, they are active against different bacteria and certain fungal species. Arteannuin B has potential antimalarialand antitumor activity.

Chlorogenic acid, a phenolic compound found ubiquitously in plants, is an in vitro antioxidant and metal chelator, some derivatives of chlorogenic acid are hypoglycemic agents and may affect lipid metabolism;in vivo, chlorogenic acid can improve glucose tolerance, decrease some plasma and liver lipids, and improve mineral pool distribution.

Picfeltarraenin IA has anti-inflammatory activity, it is a strong AChE inhibitior, and an potential PI3K and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR ) inhibitor. It acts as an inhibitor on both the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system.

Magnolol is a dual agonist of both RXRα and PPARγ, with EC50 values of 10.4 μM and 17.7 μM, respectively. Magnolol has antifungal, antibacterial, anti-oxidative, antidepressant-like, anti- tumor, and neuroprotective effects, it also prevents skin photoaging in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. Magnolol has a wide spectrum of targets including TNF-α, NF-KB, GSK3β.

Salvianolic acid and notoginseng triterpenes can promote EA-hy926 and expression of protein, have protective effects on angiogenesis in EA-hy926 cells in vitro.

Silydianin, an active constituent of Silybium marianum, has inhibitory effect on on the in vitro production and release of oxidative products. Silydianin has possible antiinflammatory activity, which regulates caspase-3 activation, affects cell membranes and acts as a free radical scavenger.

Flavokawain B, the hepatotoxic constituent from kava root, induces GSH-sensitive oxidative stress through modulation of IKK/NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Flavokawain B has potent anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities, it can significantly inhibit production of NO and PGE2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Flavokawain B acts through ROS generation and GADD153 up-regulation to regulate the expression of Bcl-2 family members, thereby inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in HCT116 cells.

Glycyrrhizic acid has immunoregulatory function,it(up to 100 mg/ml) can inhibit interleukin-6 and elevate interleukin-10 production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages, and significantly inhibit proliferation of spleen lymphocytes; rectally administered glycyrrhizic acid has significant protective effects against TNBS-induced colitis in rats.

Quercetagetin may be a potent inhibitor of the STAT1 signal, which could be a new molecular target for anti-inflammatory treatment, and may thus have therapeutic applications as an immune modulator in inflammatory diseases such as AD. It has stronger inhibitory effects on the protein and mRNA expression of TARC and MDC than other flavonoids.

Liquiritin, a flavone compound derived from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it can effectively reverse alteration in immobility time and sucrose consumption, can increase SOD activity, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and lessen production of MDA, demonstrates that a potential antidepressant-like effect of liquiritin treatment on chronic variable stress can induce depression model rats, which might be related to defense of liquiritin against oxidative stress.

Notoginsenoside R1(NR1) is the main ingredient with cardiovascular activity in Panax notoginseng, which has some neuronal protective, antihypertensive,antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and immune-stimulatory activities. NR1 can counteract endotoxin-induced activation of endothelial cells in vitro and endotoxin-induced lethality in mice in vivo. NR1 inhibits TNF-α-induced PAI-1 overexpression via extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB) signaling pathways, it attenuates amyloid-β-induced damage in neurons by inhibiting reactive oxygen species and modulating MAPK activation.

Germacrone, a natural product isolated from Rhizoma curcuma, can inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated caspase pathway.

Wogonoside has anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anticancer effects, it may exert its anti-inflammatory effect via dual inhibition of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome. Wogonoside induced autophagy through the MAPK-mTOR pathway, it inhibited LTB 4 production at the concentration of 100 uM.

Sophoridine has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-arrhythmia, and affects the immune and central nervous systems. Early and short-time applying sophoridine has neuroprotective effect min permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) rat brain by down-regulating TRAF6 and up-regulating p-ERK1/2 expression, ameliorating brain infaction and edema. Sophoridine also possesses antiviral activities against Coxsackievirus B3, by regulating cytokine expression, may represent a potential therapeutic agent for viral myocarditis.

Isoescin IB is a natural product from Aesculus hippocastanum L.

Aristolochic acid II (AAII), one of the major components of the carcinogenic plant extract aristolochic acid, is known to be mutagenic and to form DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo,

SaikosaponinD (SSd) is a major triterpenoid saponin derivative from Radix bupleuri, which has been long used in Chinese traditional medicine for treatment of various inflammation-related diseases; it shows potent anti-inflammatory activity through inhibitory effects on NF-κB activation and thereby on iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines.