Dérivés d'acides aminés

pTHrP (7-34) amide is a potent antagonist of the effects of pTH-related protein (1-34) in vitro and in vivo.

This enzyme substrate was used to test the concept of substrate-assisted catalysis with an engineered bacterial serine endopeptidase, subtilisin. Suc-FAAF-pNA has been employed for assaying subtilisins from psychrophilic bacteria and myroilysin, a metalloproteinase from the deep sea bacterium Myroides profundi.

Chromogenic substrate for dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II (DPPII), also cleaved by a dipeptidyl peptidase V (DPP V) from Aspergillus fumigatus.

Substrate for leucine aminopeptidase.

Short-term administration of deslorelin stimulates the formation of LH and FSH, which induce an increase in the production of testosterone and estradiol. Prolonged administration of the GnRH agonist causes a sustained down-regulation of circulating LH and FSH levels and hence suppression of steroidogenesis.

A ghrelin receptor antagonist. Asakawa et al. found that peripherally administered (D-Lys³)-GHRP-6 (HwkWfK-amide) decreased food intake in lean mice, in mice with diet induced obesity, and in ob/ob obese mice, and that repeated administration of this GHS-R antagonist decreased body weight gain and improved glycaemic control in ob/ob obese mice.

Suc-AAPL-pNA, a sensitive substrate for human and especially porcine pancreatic elastases. Substrate for leucine endopeptidase from the psychrotropic bacillus B. cereus.

Nafarelin is a synthetic decapeptide agonist of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) which is approximately 200 times more potent than the natural peptide. Like LHRH nafarelin stimulates the release of the gonadotrophins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary which in turn results in an initial increase of testosterone and estradiol synthesis. Continuous administration of LHRH or one of its analogs causes a sustained down-regulation of circulating LH and FSH levels leading to a suppression of testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis. Currently, nafarelin is indicated for the treatment of endometriosis and for the use in reproductive medicine. CAS Number (nafarelin acetate): 86220-42-0.

Competitive inhibitor of acyl peptide hydrolase.

C-Peptide 2 (rat) was shown to be effective in augmenting glucose utilization in streptozotocin diabetic rats.

Galanin-like peptide (GALP), first isolated from the porcine hypothalamus and subsequently also identified in rats and humans, is a 60 amino acid neuropeptide that unlike galanin, has a non-amidated C-terminus. Its amino acid residues (9-21) are identical to the biologically active N-terminal (1-13) fragment of galanin. In contrast to galanin which is relatively non-selective, receptor binding studies revealed that GALP had a high affinity for the galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) and a lower affinity for the GALR1 receptor. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that GALP stimulates food intake with a ten fold higher orexigenic activity than galanin and may also affect emotional state in the CNS.

Human ghrelin (GHR), the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), potently stimulates GH release. The Ser³ octanoyl ester turned out to be essential for generating this activity. Ghrelin plays an important role in the short-time regulation of appetite and in the long-time regulation of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. A number of studies showed that ghrelin is also involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and immune functions as well as in bone metabolism.

In contrast to the octanoylated peptide, the non-acylated ghrelin does not activate growth hormone secretagogue receptor-expressing cells. The peptide decreases food intake and gastroduodenal motility in conscious rats, probably by crossing the blood-brain barrier and activating the brain receptor directly.

Substrate for aminopeptidase M and leucine aminopeptidase.

Suc-AAVA-pNA has been used for assaying hamster chymase 2.

Fluorogenic substrate for farnesyl diphosphate farnesyltransferase (FTase). The pentapeptide is based on the C-terminal region of H-Ras with a dansyl group attached to the N-terminus. Due to farnesylation of the cysteine thiol group the dansyl group is placed from a polar to a non-polar molecular environment which is accompanied by an enhancement of fluorescence and a shift to a lower wavelength emission maximum of the dansyl group. Complete conversion of the product results in a decrease of the emission maximum wavelength from 565 nm to 515 nm together with a 13-fold enhancement in fluorescence intensity at 505 nm. Dansyl-GCVLS can be used for continuously monitoring FTase activity in the presence of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) at 505 nm using an excitation wavelength of 340 nm (kcat = 0.5 s⁻¹; Km = 1.4 µM). It represents a useful tool for screening potential FTase inhibitors. The substrate is highly specific to FTase and is not recognized by geranylgeranyl transferse type I (GGTase I). Concentrations of stock solutions of Dns-GCVLS can be calculated from the extinction coefficient of the dansyl moiety (ε₃₄₀ = 4250 M⁻¹cm⁻¹ in 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM EDTA).

AAF-AMC, fluorogenic substrate for tripeptidyl peptidases I and II and for tripeptide aminopeptidase EC 3.4.11.4.

<p>Bachem ID: 4051303.</p>

<p>Bachem ID: 4031196.</p>

Desamidation of neuropeptide Y suppresses almost all of NPY effects.

Neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRF-amide) is an octapeptide implicated in a variety of physiological functions, including nociception, cardiovascular responses, and neuroendocrine regulation.

CTAP, an analog of CTOP, is a selective µ-opioid receptor antagonist.

As antagonist of CCK, PP inhibits pancreatic sedretion. PP also acts on the gastrointestinal motility, food intake, and metabolism.

RR-AMC, fluorogenic substrate for dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPP III).

α-Conotoxin MI has been isolated from the venom of the sea snail Conus imperialis. The conotoxin is a ligand for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is highly active against the neuromuscular receptor in frogs but not in mice.

<p>Bachem ID: 4039552.</p>

<p>Bachem ID: 4030530.</p>

Amylin (20-29) (or hIAPP 20-29) forms fibrils that are ultrastructurally identical to amyloid fibrils seen in pancreatic islets. The region SNNFGAILSS appears to be the most important amyloidogenic sequence of hIAPP (human islet amyloid polypeptide).

Chicken GnRH I and its isoform GnRH II were detected in the chicken hypothalamus.

Chromogenic substrate for gingipain K.

Leu-OMe (LME) causes lysosomal disruption and death of human monocytes (M phi). In addition, LME removed natural killer cell (NK) activity from human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBM). During incubation of human lymphocytes with Leu-OMe, the dipeptide Leu-Leu-OMe which is responsible for the NK-toxicity, is formed.

The 33-amino acid neuropeptide neuromedin S (NMS) was originally isolated from rat brain as an endogenous ligand for two orphan G protein-coupled receptors FM-3/GPR66 and FM-4/TGR-1, which have been identified as neuromedin U (NMU) receptors. hNMS-33 is specifically expressed in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. It has been shown that NMS is implicated in the regulation of circadian rhythms through autocrine and/or paracrine actions.

Potent glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonist.

Suc-YVAD-pNA, a chromogenic caspase-1 substrate.

Substrate for aminopeptidase M, also used in histochemistry.

<p>Bachem ID: 4096190.</p>

The sequence RRPYIL is essential for neurotensin-NT receptor interaction.

A specific substrate for dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DPP IV). Gly-Pro-MNA is very suitable for histochemical purposes.

Cell-permeable nonaarginine amide, which can be easily conjugated to a cargo molecule, e.g. by maleimide-thiol coupling.

GRP, a bombesin-like peptide, is involved in stress-induced anorexia.

IAPP 1-13 does not form fibrils, the region could be involved in the binding of amylin to membranes.

<p>Bachem ID: 4050435.</p>

The orphan G protein-coupled receptor APJ has been shown to be a coreceptor for human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) strains. As long as apelin is an endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor, inhibitory effects of apelin peptides on HIV infection have been examined and it has been found that the apelin peptides inhibit the entry of some HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains into NP-2/CD4 cells expressing APJ. For apelin-36 the strongest inhibitory efficiency has been reported.

Inhibitor of tryptophan 5-monooxygenase.

α-Methyl-proline restores normal levels of bone collagen type I synthesis in ovariectomized rats, used as models for human postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) is synthesized by posttranslational processing of proglucagon in the intestine and pancreas and plays an important role in metabolic homeostasis. Among the different molecular forms, such as GLP-1 (7-36) amide and GLP-1 (7-37), the function of GLP-1 (1-37) has been unclear. GLP-1 (1-37) was shown to convert intestinal epithelial cells into insulin-producing cells. These observations turned GLP-1 (1-37) into a new promising therapeutic compound for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In animal models of dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart failure, and myocardial infarction, GLP-1 has shown a remarkable cardioprotective activity.

FPA-pNA is cleaved by the sedolisins B, C, and D, tripeptidyl peptidases from Aspergillus fumigatus.

This synthetic oxytocin analog shows a prolonged effect due to an increased resistance to enzymatic cleavage. Carbetocin is highly effective in preventing post-partum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery.

KALA amphipathic peptide, a low-molecular weight cationic amphipathic peptide was able to bind to DNA, to destabilize membranes and to mediate transfection of plasmid DNA in various cell lines. Thus, KALA provides a starting point for a family of peptides that incorporate other functions to improve DNA delivery systems.

Neuropeptide NPVF (VPNLPQRF-amide) is an endogenous anti-opioid peptide.