Antibiotiques

<p>Bedaquiline fumarate is the salt form of bedaquiline, a diarylquinoline molecule with an ATP synthetase inhibitory activity. Bedaquiline fumarate is an FDA-approved drug for the oral treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Bedaquiline fumarate acts by inhibiting the activity of the ATP synthetase in the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, even in the case of multiple antibiotic resistant strains.</p>

<p>This product is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>Cycloheximide is produced by the bacteria Streptomyces griseus. In eukaryotic organisms, it acts as an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, interfering with protein elongation by binding to the E-site of ribosomes, after two elongation cycles. It has many in vitro applications, with the most popular being to determine a protein’s half-life. It is used as an antifungal in VTM. It does not appear to inhibit cell culture or viral replication at a concentration of 10ug/ml.</p>

<p>Ceftaroline fosamil acetate hydrate is a fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action against gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA and is used for treating bacterial skin infections and community-acquired pneumonia.</p>

<p>Apramycin sulfate is a semisynthetic antibiotic that inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. It is a sulfonamide and has been used in clinical isolates to treat bacterial infections. Apramycin sulfate inhibits the biosynthesis of folic acid, which is important for DNA synthesis and cell division. It also inhibits the production of RNA by binding to ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Apramycin has been shown to have anticancer properties as well, with studies showing that it can inhibit tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.</p>

<p>Inhibits chaperone protein HSP90; anti-proliferative; antineoplastic</p>

<p>Dibekacin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating severe gram-negative bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Hygromycin B binds near the A site of 16S rRNA and induces errors in the code by inhibition of translocation of peptydil-tRNA, however to a lesser extent compared to other aminoglycosides. Hygromycin B is efficient against bacteria, fungi and other eukaryotic cells, but more often used for the selection of eukaryotic cells including yeasts, such as, P. pastoris and S. cerevisiae, and mammalian cell lines, such as, CHO.</p>

<p>Roxithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating respiratory, skin, and soft tissue infections.</p>

<p>Flavomycin - 8% premix is an antibacterial feed additive with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for promoting growth and improving feed efficiency in livestock and poultry.</p>

<p>Ceftizoxime sodium is a sodium salt form of ceftizoxime with similar action and applications as ceftizoxime.</p>

<p>D-Cycloserine is a antibiotic and NMDA receptor partial agonist with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and modulation of NMDA receptors and is used for treating tuberculosis and studying neuropsychiatric disorders.</p>

<p>Oleandomycin phosphate is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory tract infections and as a veterinary antibiotic.</p>

<p>Desfuroyl ceftiofur sodium is a veterinary cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from cephalosporin C, a beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to and inactivating penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, particularly effective against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Validoxylamine A is an antibiotic, which is a secondary metabolite produced by certain strains of the Actinomyces species. It functions as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glucose isomerase, which plays a crucial role in the isomerization of glucose to fructose, an important biochemical reaction in various microbial and plant systems.</p>

<p>Mitomycin A is an antitumor antibiotic with action on DNA cross-linking to inhibit replication and is used for treating various cancers and in research applications.</p>

<p>Doxorubicin (DOX) is an antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used to treat breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers. It is an antitumor antibiotic that inhibits DNA topoisomerase II. DOX interferes with the topoisomerase II-mediated repair of DNA causing accumulation of mutations. It also leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which further damage DNA as well as proteins and membranes. However, the compound presents with a risk of developing cardiomyopathy as well as drug resistance. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin has also been developed to treat breast and ovarian cancers, myeloma, and HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma.</p>

<p>Pirazinecarboxamide (Pyrazinamide) is an antitubercular agent with action on Mycobacterium tuberculosis by disrupting membrane energetics and is used for treating tuberculosis in combination with other drugs.</p>

<p>Antibiotic of fluoroquinolone class; DNA replication inhibitor</p>

<p>Maduramicin ammonium is an anticoccidial agent with action on protozoal parasites by disrupting ion gradients and is used for preventing coccidiosis in poultry.</p>

<p>Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and Lyme disease.</p>

<p>Pazufloxacin hydrochloride is a synthetic antibacterial agent, which is derived from the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics with a broad-spectrum activity against various bacterial pathogens. This compound, sourced through chemical synthesis, functions primarily by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes for DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. The inhibition of these enzymes leads to the disruption of bacterial DNA processes, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Herbicidin C is an antibiotic, which is derived from a microbial source, specifically from certain strains of actinobacteria. This compound functions as an inhibitor, interfering with specific metabolic pathways within target organisms. Its mode of action involves disrupting the synthesis of critical proteins, which are essential for cell survival and growth.</p>

<p>Biapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins.</p>

<p>Carbomycin is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces halstedii. This antibiotic functions by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Through this mechanism, carbomycin effectively disrupts the growth and replication of susceptible bacterial strains, making it a potent tool in combating bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Cefditoren acid sodium is an antibacterial agent that belongs to the class of third-generation cephalosporins, which is derived from Acremonium fungus and produced through chemical synthesis. This compound acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death. It achieves this by binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall. The interruption of peptidoglycan synthesis in the cell wall is crucial for maintaining bacterial cell integrity, and its inhibition results in the bactericidal activity of cefditoren acid sodium. It is effective against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The key applications of this compound include the treatment of bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and other conditions caused by susceptible bacteria. Its spectrum of activity and pharmacokinetic properties make it suitable for situations where third-generation cephalosporins are indicated. Understanding the specific interaction with PBPs and the resistance mechanisms is crucial for optimizing its clinical use and managing antibiotic resistance.</p>

<p>Ampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Ampicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins in the bacterial cell wall by competitive inhibition. It prevents the formation of an antibiotic-inhibitor complex with the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division.</p>

<p>Cefatrizine is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalosporin C, a natural product originating from the fungus Acremonium chrysogenum. It exerts its mode of action through the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, a critical component for bacterial growth and replication. Specifically, cefatrizine targets and binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, leading to the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis. This disruption results in cell lysis and ultimately bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Amphotericin B is a macrocycle antibiotic with very potent antifungal effects and resistance very rarely occurs. Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal that binds to fungal cell membrane, i.e., ergosterol disrupts the membrane permeability leading to leakage of intracellular components. It is often used as an alternative therapy for leishmaniasis and to treat severe mycoses including: systemic Candida, Cryptococcus, blastomycosis, and histoplasmosis.</p>

<p>Erythromycin thiocyanate is a macrolide antibiotic derivative with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research and pharmaceutical applications.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; steroid antibiotic</p>

<p>Chloramphenicol is produced by Streptomyces venezuelae. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with bacteriostatic properties. It interferes with bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosome unit. Used as substrate in the CAT (chloramphenicol acetyl transferase) assay, where the CAT gene expression is monitored by the ability of a system to transform chloramphenicol into acetyl chloramphenicol, which can be followed by simple thin layer chromatography. It is employed in VTM to prevent bacterial growth during specimen storage and transportation.</p>

<p>Methacycline HCl is a tetracycline antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating bacterial infections such as respiratory and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Fostriecin is a potent anticancer agent, which is a natural product isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces pulveraceus. It acts primarily as an inhibitor of protein phosphatases, particularly protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and protein phosphatase 4 (PP4), functioning by blocking their catalytic activity. This inhibition disrupts cell cycle regulation, leading to apoptosis in cancer cells.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of prokaryotic DNA gyrase, eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase and HSP90</p>

<p>Chlortetracycline hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces aureofaciens*. It operates by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria through binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This mechanism effectively blocks the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby preventing the addition of new amino acids to the nascent peptide chain.</p>

<p>Monensin sodium is a polyether antibiotic with action on ion transport across bacterial cell membranes and is used for preventing coccidiosis and improving feed efficiency in livestock.</p>

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor</p>

<p>7-Deazaadenosine is a chemical compound used as an antibiotic for culture media, which is a synthetic nucleoside analog derived from adenosine. Its structure is modified by replacing a nitrogen atom in the purine ring with a carbon atom, thus altering its biological interactions. The primary mode of action of 7-Deazaadenosine involves its incorporation into nucleic acids, where it acts as an inhibitor of nucleic acid-processing enzymes. This interference can effectively impede processes like DNA and RNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Cycloheximide, Antibiotic for Culture Media Use Only, is an antifungal agent derived from the Streptomyces griseus bacterium. Its primary mode of action involves the inhibition of eukaryotic protein synthesis by interfering with the translocation step on the 80S ribosome. This leads to rapid arrest of protein assembly, effectively limiting fungal and certain yeast growth in culture.</p>

<p>Cephradine is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections like urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and skin infections.</p>

Antibiotic; RNA and DNA synthesis inhibitor; adenosine analogue

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit ATPase activity and is used for treating staphylococcal infections and research on DNA replication.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; cephalosporin class</p>

<p>Cefoperazone free acid is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory, urinary, and skin infections.</p>

<p>Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class</p>

<p>Penicillin G sodium is a natural penicillin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections such as pneumonia, gonorrhea, and anthrax.</p>

<p>Epioxytetracycline is a degradation product of the antibiotic oxytetracycline. It has been found in wastewater.</p>

<p>Alvespimycin hydrochloride is a chemical inhibitor that binds and inhibits the ATP-binding site of Hsp90, an enzyme involved in protein synthesis. This inhibition prevents the release of other proteins that are needed for protein synthesis, leading to cell death. Alvespimycin hydrochloride has been shown to have anti-cancer properties in vitro assays. Alvespimycin hydrochloride is a semi-synthetic derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin</p>

<p>Temocillin disodium is a beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Closantel sodium dihydrate is a salicylanilide antiparasitic agent with action on flukes, nematodes, and arthropods and is used for veterinary treatment of parasitic infections.</p>

<p>Cycloheximide is produced by the bacteria Streptomyces griseus. In eukaryotic organisms, it acts as an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, interfering with protein elongation by binding to the E-site of ribosomes after two elongation cycles. It has many in vitro applications, with the most popular being to determine a protein’s half-life. It is used as an antifungal in VTM. It does not appear to inhibit cell culture or viral replication at a concentration of 10ug/ml.</p>

<p>Oritavancin is a semi-synthetic lipoglycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine moiety of peptidoglycan precursors. It has been shown to be active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium perfringens. Oritavancin also inhibits the growth of thp-1 cells in vitro and has been shown to be effective against endocarditis caused by MRSA.</p>

<p>Oritavancin diphosphate is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.</p>

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Cefacetrile is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections in humans and animals.</p>

<p>Tobramycin used to treat severe infections with gram-negative bacteria and it is often applied in combination with beta-lactams. It has similar antimicrobial effects to gentamicin and is effective against all Enterobacteriacae, but more effective than gentamicin against P. aeruginosa, which is why it is often used for gentamicin-resistant strains, especially in the case of cystic fibrosis.</p>

<p>C-390 is an antibacterial agent. Selective isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from other bacterial species when added to an agar medium.</p>

<p>Second-generation lipoglycopeptide antibiotic</p>

<p>N-Desmethyl clarithromycin is a metabolite of clarithromycin with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for studying clarithromycin pharmacokinetics.</p>

<p>Herbicidin K is a naturally derived herbicide, known for its biological origin from microbial fermentation processes. It is primarily sourced from certain strains of Streptomyces, a genus of Gram-positive bacteria notable for their diverse secondary metabolites. The mode of action of Herbicidin K involves the inhibition of key enzymatic pathways within target plants, leading to the disruption of cellular functions and ultimately plant death. This selectivity is particularly effective against broadleaf weeds, providing a targeted approach to weed management.</p>

<p>Amicetin is a type of antibiotic, which is derived from bacterial sources, specifically from Streptomyces species. It functions primarily by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria, achieved through interfering with the aminoacyl-tRNA binding process on the ribosome. This mechanism disrupts the translation process, thereby preventing bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>Ceftaroline fosamil is an antibacterial agent used to treat various bacterial infections such as pneumonia. Ceftaroline fosamil binds to the ribosomal RNA of bacteria, preventing the formation of proteins necessary for cell division. Ceftaroline fosamil has been shown to be highly active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, and fungi such as Candida species.</p>

<p>Cefdinir is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and ear infections.</p>

<p>Fluoroquinolone; inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class</p>

<p>9-Erythromycin 9-oxime is an activty inpurity, binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria.</p>

<p>Amdinocillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity that is part of the aminopenicillin family. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections such as those caused by Gram-negative bacteria, and to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA). The clinical isolate Amdinocillin has an inhibitory concentration (IC) of 0.25 μg/mL against Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae, and it displays a synergistic effect in combination with other antibiotics. The mechanism of action is that prevents bacterial growth and proliferation by inhibiting cell wall synthesis and causing lysis, which allows for drug therapy against specific types of bacteria.</p>

<p>Nadifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit DNA synthesis and is used for treating acne vulgaris and bacterial skin infections.</p>

<p>A macrolide, broad-spectrum antibiotic that targets cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4). Clarithromycin has been used to potentiate the pharmacological effects of some drugs that are metabolised by the cytochrome P450.</p>

<p>Ceftazidime is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). It is used to treat many bacteria infections including pneumonia and septicaemia. It has shown to be effective against some treatment-resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</p>

<p>Benethamine penicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic, which is a semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin. It is sourced from the modification of naturally occurring penicillin compounds, typically produced through the fermentation of Penicillium mold cultures. Benethamine penicillin operates by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It targets the penicillin-binding proteins within bacterial cell membranes, disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linking, which is essential for cell wall structural integrity. This leads to cell lysis and death in susceptible bacteria.</p>

<p>Tylosin tartrate is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating bacterial infections in livestock and poultry.</p>

<p>Oxacillin sodium monohydrate is a hydrated form of oxacillin sodium with similar action and applications as oxacillin sodium.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of beta-lactamase; inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; beta-lactam class</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; streptogramin</p>

<p>A fluoroquinolone antibiotic which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by targeting the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This second-generation fluoroquinolone has a broad spectrum of action and is more effective against Gram-negative bacteria.</p>