Antimicrobiens

Cidofovir is an anti-viral agent that is used to treat Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS. This drug suppresses CMV replication by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis.

Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic, which is a synthetic fluoroquinolone with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Its source lies in its chemical synthesis, designed to inhibit bacterial enzymes necessary for DNA replication. The mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, and repair. This dual inhibitory mechanism disrupts bacterial cell division and growth, leading to the eventual eradication of susceptible bacterial strains.

D-Cycloserine is a antibiotic and NMDA receptor partial agonist with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and modulation of NMDA receptors and is used for treating tuberculosis and studying neuropsychiatric disorders.

Inhibitor of beta-lactamase; inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; beta-lactam class

Atazanavir is a HIV-1 protease inhibitor, used in the anti-retroviral therapy of adult and sometimes paediatric patients infected with HIV. In in vitro studies with human pulmonary epithelial cells, atazanavir has been studied as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protease, with the aim of halting viral replication.

Amorolfine is an antifungal drug that inhibits fungal enzymes (D14 reductase and D7-D8 isomerase). Its inhibition has an affect on fungal sterol synthesis pathways, and it depletes ergosterol. This drug can be used as a treatment for inflammatory lesions such as Tinea corporis, Tinea pedis, and Tinea cruris due to its ability to penetrate the skin barrier with ease.

Mebendazole is a benzimidazole anthelmintic with action on microtubule formation in parasitic worms and is used for treating intestinal worm infections like threadworms and roundworms.

Oleandomycin phosphate is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory tract infections and as a veterinary antibiotic.

Validamycin A is an antibiotic and fungicide with action as a trehalase inhibitor, disrupting carbohydrate metabolism in fungi and is used for controlling fungal diseases like sheath blight in rice and damping-off in cucumbers.

Vancomycin hydrochloride (1:1) is a glycopeptide antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like septicemia, endocarditis, and skin infections.

Meayamycin B is a synthetic macrolide, a complex organic compound, which is derived from the natural product FR901464. This compound functions as an antagonist of the spliceosome, the cellular machinery responsible for pre-mRNA splicing. By binding to specific components of the spliceosome, Meayamycin B disrupts the splicing process, leading to the accumulation of unspliced precursor mRNA. This action effectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells, making it a notable candidate for cancer therapy research.

Rifamycin O is a rifamycin antibiotic with action on bacterial RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription and is used for treating tuberculosis and travelers' diarrhea.

Etravirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) medication used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. It works by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme essential for replication of the virus, thereby preventing the virus from multiplying and spreading. Etravirine is often used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs to effectively treat HIV/AIDS. It is commonly prescribed for patients with virus strains that are resistant to other NNRTI medications due to mutations that confer resistance- mutations K103N and Y181C. Etravirine is a diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) and has conformational isomerism meaning that it binds reverse transcriptase in an fleible manner, under multiple conformations. The impact of specific point mutations in the virus is therefore lessened.

Stavudine is an antiviral, reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used to treat HIV/AIDS. It belongs to the group of nucleoside analogues of thymidine that is converted into stavudine monophosphate. Stavudine works by inhibiting viral replication by preventing the incorporation of viral dNTPs into the growing DNA chain, thus blocking DNA synthesis.

Pefloxacin is a mesylate prodrug that is converted to pefloxacin in the body. The optimum concentration for pefloxacin is 2 µg/mL, and it has been shown to be active against gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, and Enterococcus faecalis. Pefloxacin has also been shown to inhibit the growth of human leukemia cells (HL-60) and drug interactions have been documented with this drug. Pefloxacin is not active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium complex.

iso-Nystatin is an antifungal compound, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces noursei*. This specific strain of actinobacteria produces polyene macrolide antifungals, and iso-Nystatin is a derivative that exhibits similar bioactivity as its parent compound, Nystatin. Its mode of action is based on binding ergosterol, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes. This binding disrupts the membrane's structural integrity, inducing pore formation, which leads to ion leakage and ultimately cell lysis and fungal cell death.

Sulfasalazine is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) with action on reducing inflammation and immune system activity and is used for treating rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside

Micafungin, as one of three echinocandina, has been proven to be a successful antifungal therapeutic in treating general Candida fungus infections. The treatment of immunocompromised patients is particularly important as Candida infections cause high mortality rates in patients in intensive care units, receiving chemotherapy, or stem cell transplants. This product acts as an anti-fungal by inhibiting the 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase enzyme. As a result the production of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, which is crucial to the fungal cell wall, is hindered. Thus, the fungal cell wall loses integrity allowing for osmotic instability and cell lysis to occur.

Cephalosporin antibiotic; interferes with cell wall biosynthesis