Antiviraux

<p>Rupintrivir is a peptidomimetic antiviral with action on rhinovirus 3C protease to inhibit viral replication and is used for research on rhinovirus and other viral infections.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor</p>

<p>Nucleoside analog with antiviral activity against coronaviruses, hepatitis and influenzas viruses. EIDD 1931 inhibited the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the murine hepatitis virus (MHV) replication in vitro at submicromolar concentrations. EIDD 1931 is able to evade the proofreading exonuclease ExoN and presents with high barrier to development of drug resistance.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; NS3/4A protease inhibitor_x000D_</p>

<p>Anti-viral; NS5A protein inhibitor</p>

<p>Triazavirin is an antiviral drug developed against SAR-CoV-2. The action of triazavirin might be due to its ability to inhibit the Mpro protease from SARS viruses. Triazavirin has been clinically tested in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.</p>

<p>Baloxavir marboxil is a selective inhibitor of the cap-dependent endonuclease of RNA polymerase, an acidic protein in influenza A and B viruses. In patients, baloxavir marboxil reduces the time to recovery by alleviating the symptoms of the influenza A and B infection, in both adults and children.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor</p>

<p>Tenofovir is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that exhibits anti-viral properties through its inhibition of reverse transcriptases. In particular, Tenofovir is a potent inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) reverse transcriptases, thus preventing the replication of genetic viral material. This property is beneficial in virus research areas and developing antiviral treatments. Once inside the body tenofovir is metabolized into its active form, tenofovir diphosphate, by the lysosomal protease cathepsin A, nucleotide kinases and adenylate kinases. <br>Tenofovir is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready to use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>Lamivudine (commonly called 3TC) is a potent nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is one of the front line treatments for HIV.  It is an analogue of cytidine, and can inhibit both types (1 and 2) of HIV reverse transcriptase as well as the reverse transcriptase of hepatitis B. It needs to be phosphorylated to its triphosphate form before it is active.</p>

<p>Raltegravir is an antiretroviral agent that is used for the treatment of HIV infections. It inhibits HIV integrase in order to prevent viral genome from being inserted into the human genome. It binds to the active site of the enzyme and prevents it from binding to a target sequence on the viral DNA. This drug is metabolized by glucuronidation.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of hepatitis C viral enzyme NS3-4A serine protease</p>

<p>Inhibitor of viral protein NS5B</p>

<p>Pimodivir is a non-nucleoside-derived inhibitor of the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) subunit found in the polymerase complex of the influenza A virus. In general, pimodivir is indicated for the treatment of patients with severe influenza although knowledge about possible rise of resistance is not available.</p>

<p>Etravirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) medication used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. It works by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme essential for replication of the virus, thereby preventing the virus from multiplying and spreading. Etravirine is often used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs to effectively treat HIV/AIDS. It is commonly prescribed for patients with virus strains that are resistant to other NNRTI medications due to mutations that confer resistance- mutations K103N and Y181C. Etravirine is a diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) and has conformational isomerism meaning that it binds reverse transcriptase in an fleible manner, under multiple conformations. The impact of specific point mutations in the virus is therefore lessened.</p>

<p>Galidesivir dihydrochloride is an investigational antiviral drug, which is a synthetic nucleoside analogue with broad-spectrum activity. It is derived from a modified adenosine analog structure, targeting viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Galidesivir functions through the incorporation into viral RNA, leading to premature termination of RNA synthesis, effectively inhibiting viral replication. This mechanism aligns with its utility in combating various RNA viruses.</p>

<p>Emtricitabine is a nucleoside analog that is an antiviral drug used to treat HIV/AIDS. It is a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine, in which the 3' phosphate and 5' hydroxyl groups have been replaced with a fluorine atom and a methoxy group, respectively. Emtricitabine has been shown to inhibit the synthesis of viral DNA by competing for incorporation into the viral DNA strand during the elongation phase of viral replication. Emtricitabine also has anticancer activity, but no other known therapeutic uses.</p>

<p>Cytarabine is also known as cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) and is a chemotherapy drug that works by inhibiting DNA synthesis. It acts as a nucleoside analogue, which is incorporated into the growing DNA chain during replication. Cytarabine combines a cytosine base with an arabinose sugar (1β-arabinofuranosylcytosine) and is an analog for human deoxycytosine. Cytarabine interferes with DNA synthesis as it is rapidly converted to cytosine arabinoside triphosphate, damaging DNA when cells are in the synthesis phase (S phase). Tumor cells which are highly mitotic and growing rapidly are therefore preferably targeted. Cytarabine also inhibits nucleotide reductase enzymes as well as nuclear polymerases, leading to interruption and inhibition of synthesis, strand breaks and cell death.</p>

<p>Tenofovir diphosphate triethylamine (mixture of diastereomers) is an antiviral compound, which is a synthetic chemical product derived from the parent compound, tenofovir. This formulation includes a mixture of diastereomers to enhance its solubility and bioavailability. The compound primarily functions as a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). It targets viral reverse transcriptase enzymes, inhibiting DNA synthesis and subsequent viral replication by causing premature chain termination.</p>

<p>Emtricitabine is an antiviral drug that is used to treat chronic viral hepatitis, which is caused by the hepatitis B and C viruses. The drug blocks the activity of reverse transcriptase, which is an enzyme necessary for the replication of viral RNA in the body. Emtricitabine has been shown to be effective against acute hepatitis B virus infection and chronic hepatitis B virus infection with or without cirrhosis. It also has been shown to be effective against chronic hepatitis C virus infection with or without cirrhosis.</p>

<p>HIV-1 integrase inhibitor; inhibits DNA strand transfer</p>

<p>Saquinavir is a HIV protease inhibitor drug that is used with other antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV-1. As this drug prevents HIV protease activity, it prevents the proteolysis of the Gag polyprotein and thus results in non-infectious virus particles.</p>

<p>PS 3061 is a type of biostimulant, which is derived from activated charcoal. Activated charcoal serves as the source of this biostimulant, providing a unique substrate that interacts with soil and plant roots. Its mode of action involves enhancing nutrient uptake and improving soil microbial activity, thereby facilitating better plant growth and development.</p>

<p>GSK 2838232 is a HIV-1 maturation inhibitor with action on HIV-1 Gag protein cleavage and is used for research on HIV treatment.</p>

<p>Tenofovir disoproxil is a nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used to treat infections such as Hepatitis-B and HIV. This drug is an antiretroviral agent that blocks reverse transcriptase, blocking viral replication.</p>

<p>Atazanavir is a HIV-1 protease inhibitor, used in the anti-retroviral therapy of adult and sometimes paediatric patients infected with HIV. In in vitro studies with human pulmonary epithelial cells, atazanavir has been studied as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protease, with the aim of halting viral replication.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV-1 protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Penciclovir is an antiviral agent and acyclic guanine derivative that has proven efficient in the treatment of Herpes Simplex type 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2) infection. Penciclovir is transformed by the virus into an active derivative able to block the deoxyguanosine triphosphate substrate binding site of the HSV polymerase.</p>

<p>GS 5734, also known as remdesivir is a nucleoside prodrug with broad spectrum antiviral activity against RNA viruses. As remdesivir / GS 5734 is a prodrug, it requires to be triphosphorylated by cellular kinases in order to compete with ATP for incorporation in newly replicated viral RNA. A major benefit of remdesivir in comparison with other antiviral nucleoside analogs is its resistance to proofreading exonucleases, which occur in coronaviruses. This means remdesivir can overcome the repair mechanism and preserve its antiviral activity. Remdesivir was reported to have a therapeutic as well as prophylactic efficacy in a mouse model infected with SARS-CoV-1.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of HCV NS5A</p>

<p>Antiviral; nonpeptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Rimantadine is an anti-viral drug that is used for the prevention of influenza A infection. This drug is an RNA synthesis inhibitor and exerts its effects on the viral replication cycle. Although not fully understood, it is said that the M2 gene may play a role in Rimantadine susceptibility.</p>

<p>A competitive inhibitor of HCV NS3/4A protease that blocks viral replication. Efficacious in treating HCV-infected patients in combination with daclatasvir. Asunaprevir-resistant replicons are sensitive to NS5A replication complex inhibitor, suggesting potential combination therapy.</p>

<p>Nevirapine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with action on HIV reverse transcriptase to block viral replication and is used for treating HIV/AIDS in combination therapies.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; inhibits Hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease</p>

<p>Boceprevir is a peptidomimetic, covalent inhibitor of NS3/4A serine protease from hepatitis C virus (HCV). Boceprevir also inhibits and acts as a substrate in the cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A) metabolic pathway. Boceprevir was recently shown to inhibit the main protease Mpro (3CLpro) from SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 of 4.13 μM and EC50 of 1.31 μM.</p>

<p>Dolutegravir is an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor. Dolutegravir is used in the treatment of HIV-1 infections as it hampers the integration of the viral genome into the host DNA (Katlama, 2012). Active on a wide number of HIV-1 phenotypes, dolutegravir is highly bioavailable with an IC90 of more than 30 hours (Cottrell, 2013).</p>

<p>Anti-retroviral; HIV protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Antiviral; Hepatitis C virus NS5A antagonist</p>

<p>Darunavir is a HIV-1 protease inhibitor used orally in the treatment of patients with multi-drug resistant HIV-1 infection (Ghosh, 2007). It has also been shown to be effective against other infectious diseases such as hepatitis C virus and SARS coronavirus. Metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzymes, darunavir is often administered together with ritonavir that prolongs its bioavaiability, giving a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of 15 hours (Back, 2008). The effect of darunavir on natural compounds such as matrix proteins and toll-like receptor activity has also been studied via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) experiments.</p>

<p>Abacavir is an antiviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used for the treatment of HIV. This drug inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) both by competing with dGTP and by its incorporation into viral DNA.</p>

<p>CCR-5 chemokine receptor antagonist; inhibits HIV entry via gp120 protein</p>

<p>EIDD 2801 is an orally bioavailable prodrug of β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine and was shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in human airway epithelial cells. EIDD 2801 was also tested in mice infected with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses. EIDD 2801 targets the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and reduces virus titer and improved pulmonary function in experimental animals when used in prophylactic and therapeutic regime.</p>

<p>Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside-based reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1. It inhibits the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase by binding to its active site. In certain cell culture assays, Efavirenz showed great efficiency when inhibiting wild-type HIV-1 replication. In the treatment of HIV, Efavirenz has been studied in combination with Emtricitabine and Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for ease of administration in some clinical studies. Recent in vitro cell studies indicated Efavirenz is a potential treatment for pancreatic, prostate and triple-negative breast cancers due to its cytotoxicity against cancer cells.Efavirenz is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready to use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>Darunavir is an HIV protease inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. This drug inhibits HIV-1 protease from binding and catalyzing by attaching to the enzyme and preventing HIV replication.</p>

<p>BMS 806 is used as an anti-viral agent. It has been shown to inhibit the replication of HIV. BMS 806 inhibits viral life by binding to the surface glycoproteins and inhibiting viral entry into cells. The drug also inhibits viral replication by preventing DNA transcription and translation.</p>

<p>Adefovir is an antiviral drug that is used for the treatment of hepatitis B infections. This drug works by blocking the enzyme reverse transcriptase, therefore preventing the replication of the virus in the body.</p>

<p>**Ivermectin 8α-hydroperoxide** is a derivative of the antiparasitic agent ivermectin, which is synthesized through chemical modification. Ivermectin originally derives from the fermentation products of the bacterium *Streptomyces avermitilis*. The modification to form 8α-hydroperoxide involves the addition of a hydroperoxide group, potentially altering its biological properties.</p>

<p>Cidofovir is an anti-viral agent that is used to treat Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS. This drug suppresses CMV replication by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Applications (S)-Isopropyl 2-(((R)-(((2R,3R,4R,5R)-3-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-5-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-fluoro-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate is an intermediate in the synthesis of Sofosbuvir (R)-Phosphate (S675615), which is an impurity of PSI-7977 (P839640), a prodrug that is metabolized to the active antiviral agent 2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-β-C-methyluridine-5'-monophosphate and is currently being investigated in phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of hepatitis C. Studies have profiled PSI-7977 as a nucleotide inhibitor of hepatitis C virus, exerting selective inhibitory effects towards HCV NS5B polymerase.<br>References Lam, A.M.,et al.: Antimicrob. Agents. Chemotherapy., 56, 3359 (2012); Lam, A.M., et al.: J. Virol., 85, 12334 (2011); Sofia, M.J., et al.: J. Medn. Chem., 53, 7202 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Applications (S)-(5S,6S,8S)-5,8-Dibenzyl-12,12-dimethyl-3,10-dioxo-1-(thiazol-5-yl)-2,11-dioxa-4,9-diazatridecan-6-yl 2-(3-((2-Isopropylthiazol-4-yl)methyl)-3-methylureido)-3-methylbutanoate is an protected prodrug of Ritonavir (R535000), which is a selective HIV protease inhibitor.<br></p>

<p>Applications (R)-(((1-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl)oxy)methyl)phosphonic Acid Methyl Ester Trimethylamine is an intermediate in the synthesis of Tenofovir (T018500), is an acyclic phosphonate nucleotide analogue.<br>References Peng, J., et al.: J. Clin. Pharmacol., 46, 265 (2006), Seminari, E., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 60, 831 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanethioamide is an thioamide compound integrated as an constituent in the synthesis of Ritonavir (R535000) and its derivatives.<br></p>

<p>Applications (S)-2-(3-((2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-3-methylureido)-3-methylbutanoic Acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ritonavir (R535000) derivatives.<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-[2-Deoxy-3,5-O-[1,1,3,3-tetrakis(1-methylethyl)-1,3-disiloxanediyl]-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide is an intermediate in the synthesis of 2’-Deoxyribavirin-5’-triphosphate (D2149940) Triethylamine Salt, a potential new inhibitor for HIV-1 replication.<br>References Vivet-Boudou, V., et al.: Nucleos. Nucleot. Nucl., 26, 743 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Applications T-705RMP TEA Salt is a metabolite of T-705RMP (CAS# 356783-08-9), which is a reagent used for the preparation of pyrazine-ribofuranose derivatives as antiviral agents that are useful in the treatment of viral infections. T-705 (Favipiravir) [F103350] gets converted to T-705RMP by host cells, but T-705RMP has little inhibitory effect on the replication of the host cells based on biological studies.<br>References Zhong, B., et al.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, 2014:924257 (2014); Yousuke, F., et al.: Antimicrob Agent Chemother., 49, 981 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-[2-O-(Phenoxythioxomethyl)-3,5-O-[1,1,3,3-tetrakis(1-methylethyl)-1,3-disiloxanediyl]-β-D-ribofuranosyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide is an intermediate in the synthesis of 2’-Deoxyribavirin-5’-triphosphate (D2149940) Triethylamine Salt, a potential new inhibitor for HIV-1 replication.<br>References Vivet-Boudou, V., et al.: Nucleos. Nucleot. Nucl., 26, 743 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Applications Used in the synthesis of enantioselective synthesis of carbocyclic ribavirin, its analogs and other antiviral agents.<br>References Kuang, R. et al.; Tetrahedron Lett. 41, 9575 (2000)<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate in the preparation of α-Ribavirin.<br></p>

<p>Applications A highly reactive thiol-specific spin-label. A specific conformational probe of thiol site structure by virtue of its minimal rotational freedom and distance from the covalent disulfide linkage to the macromolecule under study.<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate in the preparation of Ribavirin.<br></p>

<p>Applications (S)-2-(3-((2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-3-methylureido)-3-methylbutanoic Acid Methyl Ester is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ritonavir (R535000) derivatives.<br></p>

<p>Tenofovir diphosphate is an antiviral compound, which is a key active metabolite derived from the prodrugs tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tenofovir alafenamide, both originating from chemical synthesis. Its mode of action involves inhibiting the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by competing with the natural substrate, deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate, and causing chain termination after incorporation into viral DNA. This mechanism effectively prevents the replication of retroviral DNA, thus halting the progression of the infection.</p>

<p>Vidarabine monohydrate is an antiviral agent with action on viral DNA polymerase to inhibit replication and is used for treating herpes simplex virus infections and varicella-zoster virus infections.</p>

<p>Foscarnet sodium is a pyrophosphate analog antiviral agent with action on viral DNA polymerase and is used for treating cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections.</p>

<p>Acetyl daclatasvir is a direct-acting antiviral agent, which is chemically derived from a series of small-molecule inhibitors. The source of this compound lies in rational drug design, focusing on targeting specific viral proteins involved in the replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Its mode of action involves inhibiting the NS5A protein, a non-structural protein essential for HCV RNA replication and virion assembly. By binding to NS5A, acetyl daclatasvir disrupts the replication complex, effectively halting the virus's ability to multiply within the host cells.</p>

<p>HCV-IN-30 is an HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitor (IC50s: 901 and 102 nM for genotypes 1a and 1b replicons).</p>

<p>Impurity Nelfinavir Sulphone Impurity<br>Applications Nelfinavir Sulfone is an impurity of Nelfinavir Mesylate (N389750). It is a COVID19-related research product.<br>References Aymard, G., et al.: J. Chromatogr. B, 744, 227 (2000), Jing, Q., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 41, 1065 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Ribavirin EP Impurity C<br>Applications 1,2,4-Triazole-3-carboxylic Acid (Ribavirin EP Impurity C) is a major metabolite of the antiviral agent Ribavirin (R414475).<br>References Miller, J.P. et al.: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 284, 211 (1977); Catlin, D. et al.: Ribavirin: Broad Spec. Antivir. Ag., 83 (1980); Lin, C.C. et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 50, 2368 (2006);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3,4-Difluoroaniline-2,6-d2 (CAS# 1061566-62-8) can be used in its derivative form as an antiviral agent for Hepatitis B.<br>References Qiu, Y.L., et.al., U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ., 187,(2019);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2'-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5,6-d2 (CAS# 362049-50-1) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications An intermediate in the synthesis of Ritonavir.<br>References Sham, H., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 12, 3101 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications Darunavir intermediate.<br>References Ghosh, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 3278 (1996), Ghosh, A., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 687 (1998), Richman, D., et al.: Nature, 410, 995 (2001), Koh, Y., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47, 3123 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Atazanavir Impurity (Pyridinyl Benzaldehyde)<br>Applications Reactive metabolite of atazanavir. Atazanavir Impurity; Pyridinyl Benzaldehyde impurity<br>References F. Li et al., Drug Metabolism and Disposition 39, 294 (2011)<br></p>

<p>Applications 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol was used as a reagent in the synthesis of phosphonamidate and phosphonodiamidate prodrugs of adefovir and tenofovir which are used in the treatment of HIV infections. Also used in the synthesis of tetrahydronaphthalene-1-ol derivatives which were found to be promising potent antitumor agents.<br>References Pertusati, F., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 78, 259 (2014); Dong, Y., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 19, 6289 (2009);<br></p>

<p>Applications Stavudine-alpha,alpha,alpha,6-d4 (CAS# 1219803-67-4) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications Darunavir intermediate.<br>References Ghosh, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 3278 (1996), Ghosh, A., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 687 (1998), Richman, D., et al.: Nature, 410, 995 (2001), Koh, Y., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47, 3123 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications R 77975 is used to modulate lipophilicity in human rhinovirus capsid binders. It also is used in order to identify potential ativiral agents.<br>References Morley, A. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 6031 (2011); Tomkinson, N. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 22, 7494 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications Levovirin is a monocyclic L-nucleosides with type 1 cytokine-inducing activity. Levovirin is the L-enantiomer of Ribavirin (R414475) with similar immunomodulatory activity but does not have direct antiviral activity or hemolytic anemia.<br>References Ramasamy, K.S. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 43, 1019 (2000); Fang, C. et al.: J. Appl. Toxicol., 23, 453 (2003):<br></p>

<p>Applications An intermediate used in the preparation of Zanamivir derivatives.<br>References Andrews, D., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 34, 563 (1999), Altamore, T., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 14, 1126 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications (2'R)​-2'-​Deoxy-​2'-​fluoro-​2'-​methyl-uridine 5'-​Triphosphate Tetrasodium Salt is an impurity of Sofosbuvir (P839640) which is a prodrug that is metabolized to the active antiviral agent 2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-β-C-methyluridine-5'-monophosphate.<br>References Lam, A.M.,et al.: Antimicrob. Agents. Chemotherapy., 56, 3359 (2012); Lam, A.M., et al.: J. Virol., 85, 12334 (2011); Sofia, M.J., et al.: J. Medn. Chem., 53, 7202 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Atazanavir Impurity B<br>Applications An intermediate for the preparation of antiviral protease inhibitors. Atazanavir Impurity B<br>References Fassler, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 3203 (1996), Bold, G., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 41, 3387 (1998).<br></p>

<p>Ganciclovir is an antiviral agent specifically designed for culture media use. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxy-guanosine, derived from nucleoside compounds, and operates primarily by inhibiting the replication of viral DNA. Its mode of action involves selective phosphorylation by viral kinases, which converts it into ganciclovir triphosphate, a potent inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase, ultimately preventing viral DNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Tromantadine hydrochloride is a synthetic antiviral compound, which is a derivative of adamantane. It originates from chemical synthesis, tailored specifically to target viral processes. Tromantadine hydrochloride primarily exerts its effects by inhibiting the penetration of virus particles into host cells and impeding the subsequent stages of viral replication. This mode of action effectively reduces the viral load and hinders the progression of the infection.</p>

<p>Vicriviroc malate is a CCR5 antagonist with action on blocking HIV entry into cells by targeting the CCR5 receptor and is used for research on HIV treatment.</p>

<p>Alamifovir is an antiviral agent, which is synthetically derived. The mode of action of Alamifovir involves the inhibition of viral replication within host cells by targeting specific viral enzymes crucial for the replication process. This interference with the viral life cycle diminishes the ability of the virus to propagate and spread within the host organism.</p>