Iridioïdes

Verbenalin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Loganin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Gentiopicroside analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Nuzhenide analytical standard provided with chromatographic purity, to be used as reference material for qualitative determination.

Harpagoside analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Valtrate analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Swertamarin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

GL3 analytical standard provided with chromatographic purity, to be used as reference material for qualitative determination.

Ligustroside analytical standard provided with chromatographic purity, to be used as reference material for qualitative determination.

Oleuropein analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Amarogentin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Catalpol analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Shanzhiside methylester analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Agnuside analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Aucubin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Geniposide analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Ajugol analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Sweroside analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Loganic acid analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Genipin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Oleuroside analytical standard provided with chromatographic purity, to be used as reference material for qualitative determination.

Harpagide analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Hastatoside analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

<p>Catalpol (Catalpinoside) is an iridoid glycoside with neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hepatitis virus effects.</p>

<p>Plumieride inhibits plant growth, combats dermatophyte fungi, and has antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects.</p>

<p>Ajmalicine (Raubasine): Blocks α1-adrenoceptor, non-competitive nicotine receptor inhibitor (IC50=72.3 μM), anti-hypertensive, sedative.</p>

Standard reference

Oleuropein exhibits anti-ischemic, antioxidative, hypolipidemic, in vitro antimycoplasmal , anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects., it also may be helpful in the prevention of diabetic complications associated with oxidative stress. Oleuropein prevents oxidative myocardial injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion, and reduces viremia in duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV)-infected ducks. Oleuropein reduces TLR and MAPK signaling.

Shanzhiside methylester, the principle effective iridoid glycoside from the analgesic herb Lamiophlomis rotata , reduces neuropathic pain by activating spinal GLP-1 receptors and subsequently stimulating microglial β-endorphin expression via the p38 MAPK signaling; stimulation of the endogenous β-endorphin expression may be a novel and effective strategy for the discovery and development of analgesics for the long-term treatment of chronic pain.

Melittoside may have antioxidant activity.

Aucubin is an iridoid glycoside with a wide range of biological activities, including pancreas-protective, chondroprotective, antispasmodic, liver-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-algesic as well as anti-tumor activities. Aucubin prevents neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats with diabetic encephalopathy, it also has protective effects on H2O2-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Aucubin may improve obesity-induced atherosclerosis by attenuating TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses. Aucubin suppresses hepatitis B viral DNA replication in vitro.

Picroside II has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, anti-virus and other pharmacological activities. It has potent anti-apoptotic activity against renal I/R injury by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, it can protect the ischemic kidney against renal fibrosis and improve the neurological function of rats upon cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Picroside II enhances nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells by amplifying a down-stream step of MAP kinase in the NGF receptor-mediated intracellular MAP kinase-dependent signaling pathway.

Loganin is a non-competitive inhibitor of BACE1 with IC50 of 47.97 μM an also inhibits AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 3.95 μM and 33.02 μM, respectively. Loganin has neuroprotective, anti-amnesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-shock effects, it also exhibits protective effects against hepatic injury and other diabetic complications associated with abnormal metabolic states and inflammation caused by oxidative stress and advanced glycation endproduct formation. Loganin can attenuate neuroinflammatory responses through the inactivation of NF-κB by NF-κB dependent inflammatory pathways and phosphorylation of MAPK in Aβ25-35-induced PC12 cells, and can protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by inhibiting phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK 1/2 MAPKs in SH-SY5Y cells.

Sweroside and swertiamarine are main constituents in Gentian (Gentiana lutea ssp. symphyandra), Gentian has wound healing activity, seems to be mainly due to the increase in the stimulation of collagen production and the mitotic activity by sweroside and swertiamarine , respectively; they also have cytoprotective effects, which may cause a synergism in terms of wound healing activity of Gentian.

Loganic acid( 0.7% solution) has a strong intraocular pressure (IOP)-hypotensive effect, it exhibits both sides effect on superoxide generation. Loganic acid also has protective effects on atherosclerosis risk factors in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, it shows significant anti-inflammatory effects decreasing TNF-α and IL-6 activity in serum.

Catalpol, an iridoid glucoside, has been reported to inhibit apoptosis of neuron and endothelial cells; the pretreatment of H9c2 cells with catalpol can be against H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis, and the protective effect of catalpol involves the mitochondrial-dependent caspase pathway and is associated with increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bax expression.