Fenilpropanoidi

3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is naturally found in various plant species, particularly in coffee and certain herbal plants. This compound serves as a secondary metabolite within these plants, contributing to their defense mechanisms against pathogens and environmental stress. The compound exhibits its mode of action primarily through its powerful antioxidant activity. By scavenging free radicals and inhibiting oxidative stress pathways, it helps in protecting cellular components from oxidative damage.

<p>Sesamin is a lignan compound, which is a type of phytoestrogen, derived from sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum). It is a naturally occurring substance with potent biological efficacy. Sesamin functions primarily through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. It scavenges free radicals, thereby protecting cellular components from oxidative stress. Additionally, sesamin interacts with various metabolic pathways, modulating lipid metabolism and enhancing the body's anti-inflammatory response.</p>

<p>Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active phenolic compound found in honeybee propolis that has the potential to downregulate inflammation in mammals. Studies demonstrated that CAPE specifically inhibits the protein complex NF-κB - a key player in inflammation, associated with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, CAPE inhibits the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase and the production of nitric oxide by macrophages, also responsible for inflammation. By acting on T cells, CAPE can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase the production of anti-inflammatory ones, leading to a less overwhelming immune response to allergens.</p>

Echinacoside is a caffeic acid derivative naturally found in plants, such as, Echinacea angustifolia DC. Echinacoside belongs to the class of phenylethanoid glycosides. In vitro studies have revealed the mode of action of echinacoside in breast cancer cells; echinacoside suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway exerting anticancer activity (Tang et al, 2020). Echinacoside has been reported as beneficial for human health in terms of neuroprotection, cardioprotectiony, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-osteoporotic activity (Liu, 2018).

Anti-cancer agent; anti-oxidant; anti-inflammatory; antimicrobial

<p>Malabaricone C is a bioactive compound which is extracted from the roots of trees belonging to the genus Myristica. These trees are well-known for producing a diverse array of secondary metabolites with unique biological activities. Derived primarily through careful extraction processes from these natural sources, Malabaricone C has been characterized by its distinct ability to modulate inflammatory pathways and exhibit antimicrobial properties. The compound is known to interfere with specific biochemical targets, potentially inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and disrupting microbial cell mechanisms.</p>

Sinapaldehyde is a phenolic aldehyde, which is a secondary metabolite derived from lignin biosynthesis in plants. It is primarily sourced from lignin, a complex polymer found in the cell walls of various plants, often extracted through biochemical refinement processes from lignocellulosic biomass. The mode of action of Sinapaldehyde involves its function as an antioxidant, where it participates in redox reactions that mitigate oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals. Its structural characteristics enable it to interact with various biological molecules, contributing to its effectiveness in these reactions.

Demethoxycurcumin is a natural bioactive compound, which is a type of curcuminoid. It is derived from the rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, a member of the ginger family. Demethoxycurcumin is one of the primary components contributing to the characteristic yellow color of turmeric.

<p>Nepetoidin B is a natural compound, specifically a type of iridoid, which is isolated from plants belonging to the Nepeta genus, commonly known as catmint or catnip. These plants are well-known for producing a variety of iridoid compounds that have ecological roles, especially in plant-insect interactions. Nepetoidin B acts primarily as a natural repellent and deterrent against various insect species. Its effectiveness stems from its ability to interfere with the sensory receptors of insects, altering their behavior and reducing their interaction with the plant.</p>

<p>3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, which is predominantly found in various plants and herbal sources such as artichokes, echinacea, and certain species of coffee. Its structure consists of quinic acid esterified with two caffeic acid moieties, making it a member of the chlorogenic acid family. This compound is well-recognized for its potent antioxidant properties, exerting its effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress within biological systems.</p>

Podophyllotoxin is a potent antimitotic agent, which is derived from the roots and rhizomes of plants belonging to the genus Podophyllum, such as Podophyllum peltatum and Podophyllum emodi. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of microtubule assembly, leading to the disruption of mitotic spindle formation during cell division. This results in the arrest of cell proliferation, making it particularly effective against rapidly dividing cells.

<p>1,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, specifically a type of caffeoylquinic acid, which is derived from various plant species including certain vegetables, fruits, and herbs. This compound is a result of biochemical synthesis within the plant, where it plays various roles, primarily in the defense mechanisms against pathogens and oxidative stress. The mode of action of 1,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid centers on its potent antioxidant capabilities. It scavenges free radicals, thus protecting cellular components from oxidative damage, and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties through modulation of inflammatory pathways. The compound's ability to inhibit specific enzymes and signaling molecules contributes to its therapeutic potential.</p>

Chlorogenic acid is a derivative of caffeic acid and quinic acid; it has an antioxidant activity. Chlorogenic acid has been combined with gadolinium to develop a therapeutic and diagnostic nanodelivery system for MRI imaging. In a rat model of diabetes mellitus, chlorogenic acid counteracted the alterations in lipid profiles typical of type-2 diabetes, especially when administered in combination with tetrahydrocurcumin. In mice fed with a high-fat diet, the consumption of chlorogenic acid resulted in an anti-obesity action that lowered the blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. In humans, it is readily absorbed in the intestinal tract.

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Natural glycoside

<p>Podophyllotoxone is a potent antimitotic compound derived from the rhizomes and roots of the Podophyllum plant, predominantly Podophyllum peltatum and Podophyllum hexandrum. It functions primarily by binding to and destabilizing microtubules, which are essential components of the cell division process. This action hinders the polymerization of tubulin, effectively arresting cells in the metaphase of mitosis, leading to the inhibition of cellular proliferation.</p>

3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester is a specialized ester compound that belongs to the family of caffeoylquinic acids. This molecule is typically derived from plant sources, where it functions as part of the secondary metabolites with notable biochemical significance. It is often found in various plant species, notably those used in traditional medicine. The compound acts as a potent antioxidant due to its capacity to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress within biological systems.

<p>Ethyl ferulate - Natural grade is a phenolic compound, which is derived from the esterification of ferulic acid, a compound commonly extracted from plant sources such as rice bran and oats. The mode of action of ethyl ferulate involves its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby exhibiting potent antioxidant properties. Additionally, it is known for its anti-inflammatory effects, as it can modulate the expression of various inflammatory mediators, making it a valuable molecule in the context of cellular protection.</p>

Purpureaside C is a natural compound, which is a type of iridoid glycoside. It is derived from plants belonging to the genus *Cistanche*, commonly found in dry and arid environments. These plants have been used in traditional medicine, providing a rich source for isolating various bioactive substances.

<p>Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol is a lignan compound, which is a type of polyphenol. It is primarily sourced from plants, including species like conifers and other woody plants. The compound is notable for its ability to modulate various biochemical pathways, primarily through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Its mode of action involves scavenging free radicals and inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzyme pathways, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation at the cellular level.</p>

<p>Cordifolioside A is a bioactive compound, specifically a natural glycoside, which is isolated from the plant Tinospora cordifolia, commonly known as Guduchi. This plant is a significant source of various pharmacologically active constituents. Cordifolioside A functions primarily through immunomodulatory and antioxidant mechanisms, contributing to its therapeutic effects.</p>

Sulfuretin is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound, which is found in various plants, notably in the Heartwood of *Securinega suffruticosa* and *Rhus verniciflua*. It exerts its effects through various biological pathways, including the modulation of enzyme activities, antioxidant properties, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Maritimein is an advanced bioactive compound, which is isolated from specific marine organisms, particularly those inhabiting unique ecological niches. This marine-derived compound operates through complex biochemical pathways, often involving the modulation of cellular signaling and interaction with specific protein targets, which can lead to effects such as inhibiting enzymes or altering gene expression.

Myricoside is a glycoside compound, which is derived from the bark and leaves of the plant _Myrica rubra_, commonly known as the Chinese bayberry. This compound exhibits potential biological activities primarily due to its nature as a plant secondary metabolite with a specific chemical structure that fosters interactions at the cellular level.

10Isovaleryloxy-8,9-epoxythymol-3-isovalerate is a bioactive compound, which is a naturally occurring derivative of thymol, often sourced from plant species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It exhibits noteworthy antimicrobial properties by interacting with microbial cell membranes, disrupting their integrity, and ultimately leading to cell death. This mechanism involves the compound's ability to penetrate the lipid bilayer, causing leakage of cellular contents and interfering with essential biological processes.

Danshensu has antioxidant activity, can enhance HO-1 expression to suppress 6-OHDA-induced oxidative damage via PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathways.

<p>Calceolarioside A is a phenylethanoid glycoside, which is a biologically active compound obtained from natural plant sources, specifically from species within the Calceolaria family. This compound exhibits significant antioxidant activity, primarily through its ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit oxidative stress. The mode of action involves the modulation of oxidative pathways, offering protective effects against cellular damage.</p>

<p>Methyl trans-p-coumarate 4-glucoside is a chemical compound, which is a glucoside derivative sourced primarily from plant materials. It functions by modulating biochemical pathways related to oxidative stress and inflammation, as it may influence enzymatic activities and cellular signaling processes. This compound's glucoside linkage suggests it might undergo hydrolysis to release the active aglycon, facilitating its absorption and subsequent biological activity.</p>

Ethyl salvianolate A (Ethyl salvionolate A) is an anti-HIV-1 compound extracted from the roots of Salvia yunnanensis. It inhibits the P24 antigen in HIV-1 infected MT-4 cell cultures with an EC50 of 1.44 μg/mL. Additionally, it suppresses HIV-1 enzymes with IC50s of 56.38 μM (reverse transcriptase), 12.03 μM (protease), and 14.54 μM (integrase).

alpha-Asarone analytical standard provided with chromatographic purity, to be used as reference material for qualitative determination.

Myristicin analytical standard provided with chromatographic purity, to be used as reference material for qualitative determination.

Acetyleugenol analytical standard provided with chromatographic purity, to be used as reference material for qualitative determination.

<p>Caffeic acid is naturally produced by the metabolism of plants and fungi. Caffeic acid has an antioxidant activity that can be higher than tocopherol in oil-in-water emulsions. Caffeic acid has proven antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In mice, caffeic acid inhibits the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase thus inhibititing the biosynthesis of the inflammatory mediators leukotrienes.</p>

<p>Chlorogenic acid is a derivative of caffeic acid and quinic acid; it has an antioxidant activity. Chlorogenic acid has been combined with gadolinium to develop a therapeutic and diagnostic nanodelivery system for MRI imaging. In a rat model of diabetes mellitus, chlorogenic acid counteracted the alterations in lipid profiles typical of type-2 diabetes, especially when administered in combination with tetrahydrocurcumin. In mice fed with a high-fat diet, the consumption of chlorogenic acid resulted in an anti-obesity action that lowered the blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. In humans, it is readily absorbed in the intestinal tract.</p>