Antifúngicos

<p>Posaconazole is an antifungal agent that inhibits the 14-alpha demethylase enzyme which is responsible for the synthesis of the fungal cell wall component, ergosterol. This demethylase enzyme synthesizes ergosterol through converting lanosterol to ergosterol. Therefore Posaconazole prevents the formation of fungal cell walls with the appropriate membrane permeability thus leading to fungal cell lysis. Posaconazole can be used as an antifungal drug to treat opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV patients. Moreover it is shown to inflict its inhibitory activity against common pathogenic fungus such as Candida and Aspergillus species but also Mucorales and some Fusarium species, which are less common.</p>

<p>2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one or MIT is a powerful antimicrobial and antifungal agent which is widely used in personal care products. It is also used in industrial applications as a preservative and antifouling agent.</p>

<p>Terbinafine is an antifungal drug that is used in the treatment of dermatophyte infections of the toenails and fingernails. Terbinafine also treats other skin infections. This drug works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis which in return inhibits fungal squalene monooxygenase. This results in a disruption of fungal cell wall synthesis.</p>

<p>Butenafine hydrochloride is an antifungal agent and is used for the treatment of fungal infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes.</p>

<p>Tolnaftate is a thiocarbamate antifungal agent with action on fungal cell membrane disruption and is used for treating fungal infections like athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm.</p>

<p>Ciclopirox is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that is used to treat onychomycosis of fingernails and toenails in immunocomprised patients. Ciclopirox has been shown to work by binding to polyvalent metal cations such Al3+ and Fe3+. These cations interfere with cellular processes including mitochondrial electron transport and energy synthesis by inhibiting numerous enzymes, including cytochromes. Additionally, the plasma membrane of fungi appears to be altered by ciclopirox as well, leading to the disorder of internal structures.</p>

<p>Folpet-d4 is a deuterated compound of Folpet. Folpet has a CAS number of 133-07-3. Folpet,a widely used dicarboximide fungicide,induces tumors in the mouse gastrointestinal tract,primarily in the duodenum,and is also cytotoxic effect on human bronchial epithelial cells.</p>

<p>Applications (5E)-5-(3-Bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-10-ol is an intermediate in the synthesis of 10-Hydroxy (E)-Amitriptyline (D462790). (5E)-5-[3-(dimethylamino)propylidene]-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-10-ol is a metabolite of amitriptyline (A633350) which is a dibenzocycloheptadiene derivative and an antidepressant (1). Amitriptyline is also a TrkA and TrkB receptor agonist and exhibits neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory activities (2,3). Drinking water contaminant candidate list 3 (CCL 3) compound as per United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).<br></p>

<p>Applications R406 is a potent Syk inhibitor which affects Dectin-1-mediated signalling in mammilian cells. R406 thus acts an anti-fungal agent. Also a potential anti-leukemia agent, through modulation of sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1).<br>References Borge, M. et al.: J. Immunol., 193, 3165 (2014); Kimura, Y. et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 289, 31565 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-[(6-Chloro-4-pyrimidinyl)oxy]-α-(dimethoxymethyl)benzeneacetic Acid Methyl Ester is an impurity of Azoxystrobin (A965150), an strobilurin fungicide.<br>References Liu H.J., et al.: J. Chin. Chem. Soc., 60, 27 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-​(2-​Chlorophenyl)​-​3-​cyclopropyl-​4,​5-​dihydro-1H-​pyrazole is an intermediate in synthesizing Sedaxane (S242000), a broad-spectrum seed treatment fungicide used for control of seed- and soil-borne diseases in a broad range of crops. It inhibits fungal respiration by binding to the succinate dehydrogenase complex in the fungal mitochondrium.<br>References Zeun, R., et al.: Pest Manag. Sci., 69, 527 (2013); Oostendorp, M., et al.: Phytopathology, 101, S133 (2011); Olaya, G., et al.: Phytopathology, 101, S132 (2011)<br></p>

<p>Applications o-Tolylglyoxylic Acid Methyl Ester is an intermediate in the synthesis of Trifloxystrobin (T778900), a broad-spectrum foliar fungicide used in plant protection.<br></p>

<p>Applications Methyl 2-[2-[(2,5-Dimethylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl]-2-(hydroxy)acetic Acid Ester is an intermediate used in the synthesis of Mandestrobin (M162555), which is a novel fungicide having a methoxyacetamid structure. Mandestrobin also shows safer profiles for human health and the environment.<br>References Hirotomi, D., &amp; Kiguchi, S.: PCT Int. Appl., WO 2017026526 A1 20170216 (2017)<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Methyl-3-phenylamino-1-butyne is an intermediate in the synthesis of Endophenazine A which is a new phenazine antibiotic isolated from the arthropod associated endosymbiont Streptomyces anulatus and shows antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria and some filamentous fungi, and herbicidal activity against Lemna minor (duckweed).<br>References Gebhardt, K., et al.: J. Antibiot., 55, 794 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications (5E)-5-(3-Bromopropylidene)-5,11-dihydro-10H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-10-one is an intermediate in the synthesis of 10-Hydroxy (E)-Amitriptyline (D462790). (5E)-5-[3-(dimethylamino)propylidene]-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-10-ol is a metabolite of amitriptyline (A633350) which is a dibenzocycloheptadiene derivative and an antidepressant (1). Amitriptyline is also a TrkA and TrkB receptor agonist and exhibits neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory activities (2,3). Drinking water contaminant candidate list 3 (CCL 3) compound as per United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).<br></p>

<p>Applications Rhein Methylate 3-(2,3,4,6-Tetraacetate β-D-Glucopyranose) is an intermediate in synthesizing Rhein 8-Glucoside (R318520), which has been seen to exhibit cytotoxic and DNA-damaging properties towards tumor and normal human cells. In addition it has been shown to be an inhibitor of PTP1B (Human Protein Tyrosine Kinase 1B) in vitro. It is an analog of Rhein (318500) which is found in the free state and as glucoside in Rheum spp, Polygonaceae (rhubarb) and in Senna leaves. It is a potential antioxidant resource: endophytic fungi from medicinal plants.<br>References Wanitschke, Pharmacology, 20, Suppl. 1, 21 (1980); Raimondi, L., et al.: Pharmacol. Res. Commun., 14, 103 (1982); Franchi-Micheli, S., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 35, 262 (1983); Li, S. et al.: J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 8, 281 (2006); Shi, Y.Q. et al.: Anticancer. Res., 21, 2847 (2001)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-[[[1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy]methyl]benzenamine is an intermediate used in the synthesis of (P840402), which is an isotope labelled Pyraclostrobin, a fungicide for use in seed grass and food crops.<br>References Gyldenkaerne, S., et al.: Pestic Sci., 55, 1210 (1999), Pennington, D., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1119 (2005), Wang, S., et al.: Food Control., 18, 731 (2007),<br></p>