Terpenóides

Ginsenoside Rb2 is a bioactive compound, which is a type of ginsenoside found predominantly in Panax ginseng. It is sourced from the root of the ginseng plant, where it functions as one of the major active constituents contributing to the plant's medicinal properties. The mode of action of Ginsenoside Rb2 involves modulation of multiple signaling pathways, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer pathways. It influences cellular metabolism, apoptosis, and immune responses, thereby playing a critical role in the therapeutic effects of ginseng.

<p>Epibetulinic acid is a naturally occurring triterpenoid acid, which is a derivative of betulinic acid. This compound is primarily sourced from the bark of birch trees, specifically from the Betula genus. It is a pentacyclic compound characterized by its typical lupane skeleton. Epibetulinic acid is noted for its diverse biological activities, underscoring its potent mode of action as a modulator of various cellular pathways.</p>

Intermediate in the mevalonate pathway for biosynthesis of vitamins E and K

Secondary plant metabolite with antimicrobial properties produced in response to plant infection and exposure to UV light. This diterpenoid phytoalexin is found in rice (Oryza sativa).

Brusatol is a NRF2 inhibitor that has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Brusatol may have anti-cancer effects and can cause apoptosis in some cancer cells. It is a plant derived natural quassinoid.

<p>Cineole, often referred to as eucalyptol, is a monoterpenoid and a cyclic ether that represents a key constituent of certain essential oils. It is primarily sourced from the leaves of Eucalyptus species, but also found in smaller quantities within other aromatic plants such as rosemary, sage, and tea tree. Cineole exerts its effects through a multifaceted mode of action, acting predominantly as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent. This is achieved by disrupting the lipid membrane of microbial pathogens, leading to their destabilization and eventual demise. Additionally, cineole modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby ameliorating symptoms associated with inflammation.</p>

<p>Triptophenolide is a bioactive compound, which is a diterpenoid lactone extracted from the plant Tripterygium wilfordii. This compound is characterized by its ability to modulate various molecular targets and pathways associated with inflammation and immune response. The mode of action of triptophenolide involves the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, a pivotal transcription factor that regulates genes involved in inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, and survival. By disrupting NF-κB activity, triptophenolide effectively decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators.</p>

<p>Asiaticoside B is a natural saponin compound, which is extracted from the plant Centella asiatica. This compound predominantly acts through modulating collagen synthesis and activating fibroblasts, which are crucial for wound healing. Additionally, Asiaticoside B exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing inflammation at the cellular level.</p>

Dihydroartemisinin is an antimalarial agent, which is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin. Artemisinin is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone derived from the sweet wormwood plant, Artemisia annua. The mode of action of dihydroartemisinin involves the generation of free radicals within the parasite's cells. This process occurs when the endoperoxide bridge in its chemical structure reacts with iron, leading to oxidative damage and subsequent parasite death.

<p>Gedunin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound which is primarily found in the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) and other plants in the Meliaceae family.Gedunin works by inhibiting heat shock proteins (Hsp), which are involved in protein folding and stress responses in cells. It also triggers apoptosis in cancer cells and modulates inflammatory pathways to reduce inflammation.Gedunin is used for its anticancer, antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. It has shown promise in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, effectively combating malaria parasites, exhibiting antimicrobial properties, reducing inflammation, and potentially benefiting neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's.</p>

<p>Asiaticoside is a natural glycoside product extracted primarily from the plant Centella asiatica. It is a triterpenoid saponin derived from this medicinal herb, which is well-regarded for its therapeutic properties in traditional Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. Asiaticoside operates primarily on a biochemical level by promoting collagen synthesis, enhancing angiogenesis, and modulating inflammatory responses. These actions are facilitated through the activation of key signaling pathways, including the TGF-β/Smad pathway, which plays a crucial role in cellular differentiation and proliferation.</p>

<p>Inhibits canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling; antineoplastic</p>

Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, which is a naturally occurring compound found in various plants, including olives, apples, and medicinal herbs. It exhibits a wide range of biological activities primarily due to its interaction with cellular signaling pathways. Oleanolic acid exerts its effects by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation through the inhibition of key enzymes and the regulation of gene expression related to these pathways.

<p>Cycloartenol is a triterpenoid alcohol, which serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of sterols. It is primarily derived from plant sources, as it plays a central role in the sterol synthesis pathway in higher plants. The mode of action of cycloartenol involves its conversion into various phytosterols through enzyme-catalyzed reactions, a process that is crucial for the formation of membrane lipids and signaling molecules in plants.</p>

Prosaikogenin A is a bioactive compound that belongs to the category of ginsenosides, which are saponins derived from the roots of the Panax ginseng plant. This compound is recognized for its significant pharmacological properties, primarily sourced from this traditional medicinal herb used extensively in East Asian medicine.

<p>Lanatoside C is a cardiac glycoside, which is a bioactive compound derived from the leaves of the plant Digitalis lanata. This compound exerts its effects primarily through inhibition of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase enzyme in cardiac muscle cells. By inhibiting this enzyme, Lanatoside C increases intracellular sodium levels, which indirectly leads to an increase in intracellular calcium via the sodium-calcium exchange mechanism. The elevated calcium concentrations enhance cardiac muscle contraction, thereby improving cardiac output and efficiency.</p>

20(R)-Protopanaxadiol is a bioactive compound, which is a triterpenoid saponin metabolite, derived from the processing of ginsenosides found in ginseng species. This compound is primarily sourced from the hydrolysis of specific ginsenosides, marking it as a significant component in the study of traditional medicinal plants. Its mode of action involves modulating various cellular pathways, including those related to apoptosis, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory responses.

<p>Gibberellic acid A4 is a phytohormone and plant growth regulator, which is a diterpene acid derived from the fungal genus *Gibberella*. This compound functions by stimulating the production of enzymes that degrade cell wall components, allowing for cell elongation and division. Additionally, it influences the expression of genes related to growth and development processes.</p>

<p>Eupatolide is a sesquiterpene lactone, which is a class of naturally occurring organic compounds. It is primarily derived from certain plants in the Asteraceae family, such as Eupatorium species. Eupatolide exhibits its biological effects through the modulation of various signaling pathways, including the inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, which plays a critical role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses.</p>

<p>Toosendanin is a bioinsecticidal compound, which is a natural product isolated from the bark of the Melia toosendan tree, also known as the Chinese Melia. The source of this compound lies in the Meliaceae family, known for its diverse array of bioactive phytochemicals.</p>

<p>Sterebin A is a natural sweetener, which is derived from the plant Stevia rebaudiana, a species native to South America. The primary source of Sterebin A is the leaves of this plant, which contain glycosides such as stevioside and rebaudioside. These glycosides interact with taste receptors on the tongue, providing a sweetness that is significantly more intense than sucrose, without the caloric content. The biochemical mechanism involves the binding of these compounds to specific receptor sites, simulating the perception of sweetness in humans.</p>

Ursolic acid - 90% is a natural compound classified as a pentacyclic triterpenoid, which is derived predominantly from the waxy coating of apples, as well as other fruits and herbs such as rosemary and thyme. This highly concentrated form ensures a purity level suited for scientific research and application.

<p>**Acetoxyvalerenic acid** is a bioactive compound, which is a sesquiterpenic constituent derived from the roots of *Valeriana officinalis*, commonly known as valerian. This perennial flowering plant is indigenous to Europe and parts of Asia and has been historically utilized for its sedative and calming effects. Recent phytochemical studies have isolated acetoxyvalerenic acid as one of the active sesquiterpenoids contributing to these effects.</p>

<p>Ginsenoside F11 is a saponin compound, which is a bioactive component derived from Panax quinquefolius, commonly known as American ginseng. This compound is extracted from the roots of the plant, where it naturally occurs as part of its complex phytochemical profile. Ginsenoside F11 acts through multiple biochemical pathways, primarily by modulating neurotransmitter systems and exhibiting antioxidant properties. It influences cellular mechanisms by interacting with specific receptors and enzymes, thereby affecting signal transduction processes.</p>

Erythrodiol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid alcohol, which is primarily derived from the hydrolysis of oleanolic acid, found predominantly in the leaves and fruits of the olive tree, Olea europaea. As a bioactive compound, it plays a significant role in various biological processes due to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties.

Manool is a diterpene compound, which is derived from natural plant sources, predominantly from the essential oils of certain coniferous trees. It exhibits a unique cyclic structure and is classified within the group of labdane diterpenes. Manool is extracted through steam distillation of the plant material followed by purification processes to isolate its active form.

<p>Ginsenoside Rc is a bioactive compound, which is a triterpenoid saponin derived from the root of the Panax ginseng plant. It possesses a unique mode of action through its interaction with cell membrane receptors, influencing various signaling pathways. Among its many effects, Ginsenoside Rc modulates immune response, exhibits antioxidant properties, and can regulate glucose metabolism and cardiovascular function.</p>

<p>(20S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is a bioactive saponin compound derived from the root of Panax ginseng. It is a naturally occurring component in ginseng, a traditional medicinal plant extensively studied for its diverse health benefits. The mode of action of (20S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 primarily involves the modulation of cellular pathways, such as the inhibition of tumor growth through apoptosis induction and anti-angiogenic effects. Additionally, it interacts with various signaling molecules, leading to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activities.</p>

<p>Betulin diacetate is a synthesized compound derived from betulin, a naturally occurring triterpenoid. Betulin is primarily sourced from the bark of birch trees, specifically Betula species. The compound undergoes acetylation to form betulin diacetate, which enhances its solubility and bioavailability compared to its precursor.</p>

<p>Volvalerenic acid is a sesquiterpene compound, which is a naturally occurring organic constituent found in the roots of Valeriana species, particularly Valeriana officinalis. This compound is primarily obtained through the extraction of these roots utilizing organic solvents and further chromatographic purification methods.</p>

<p>Ursolic acid - 98% is a naturally occurring triterpenoid compound, which is sourced primarily from the waxy coating of fruits, such as apples, as well as from several medicinal herbs like rosemary and holy basil. This compound is known to possess a variety of biological activities due to its molecular structure.</p>

<p>Gentiopicroside is a bitter iridoid glycoside, which is predominantly sourced from plants of the Gentianaceae family, such as Gentiana lutea. It acts as a natural compound with several biological activities emanating from its unique chemical structure. The mode of action of gentiopicroside involves modulating various enzymatic pathways and exhibiting antioxidant properties due to its ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.</p>

Pseudoginsenoside FII is a ginsenoside derivative, which is an active saponin constituent derived from the plant Panax ginseng. This compound is known for its complex interaction with cellular pathways, primarily influencing metabolic and signaling processes within the human body. The mode of action involves modulation of various signal transduction pathways, including MAPK and PI3K/Akt, impacting apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation of cells.

<p>Valencene is a sesquiterpene, which is a naturally occurring terpenoid hydrocarbon. It is primarily sourced from the essential oils of citrus fruits, particularly Valencia oranges. Its mode of action involves its volatile nature, which contributes to its distinctive, sweet, citrusy aroma. Valencene is often synthesized or extracted using advanced biotechnological methods, ensuring high purity and consistency.</p>

Benzoylpaeoniflorin is a glycoside, which is a naturally occurring compound found in certain plants. It is primarily sourced from the roots of *Paeonia lactiflora*, a herbaceous plant commonly used in traditional medicine. The compound exerts its effects through several mechanisms, including the inhibition of inflammatory mediators and modulation of oxidative stress pathways. Benzoylpaeoniflorin acts by targeting specific signaling pathways that regulate inflammation and cellular stress responses, contributing to its therapeutic potential.

Herbal tasting plant metabolite from tarragon; anaesthetic and vasodilator

Frondoside A hydrate is a bioactive compound, specifically a triterpenoid glycoside, which is derived from the sea cucumber species Cucumaria frondosa. It exhibits promising biological activities primarily due to its unique chemical structure, which includes a sugar moiety attached to a steroidal backbone.

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Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside, which is a type of compound extracted primarily from the leaves of the Digitalis purpurea plant, also known as the common foxglove. This natural source provides digitoxin with its potent pharmacological properties.

<p>Picrotin is a natural compound, which is derived from the Anamirta cocculus plant, commonly known as the Indian berry or fishberry. It belongs to the class of sesquiterpene lactones, which are known for their complex structures and bioactivity. The mode of action of picrotin primarily involves interactions with the central nervous system, although the exact molecular targets are not fully elucidated. Studies suggest that it may act as a GABA receptor antagonist, which can influence neurotransmitter activity.</p>

<p>Momordin 1c is a triterpenoid saponin, a type of secondary metabolite, extracted primarily from species of the plant genus *Momordica*, such as *Momordica charantia*—commonly known as bitter melon. This compound is characterized by its unique structure, which contributes to its biological activities.</p>

<p>Pseudolaric acid B is a diterpenoid acid, which is isolated from the roots and bark of the Pseudolarix amabilis, a tree native to China. This compound exhibits a complex mode of action, primarily disrupting microtubule dynamics, which interferes with cell division. Pseudolaric acid B targets the polymerization of tubulin, thereby inhibiting mitotic spindle formation and leading to cell cycle arrest. Its bioactivity has been extensively studied for its potential applications in both anti-fungal and anti-cancer therapies. In the context of cancer research, pseudolaric acid B is of particular interest due to its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in tumor cells. As an anti-fungal agent, it has been shown to possess efficacy against various pathogenic fungi, offering potential utility in agricultural contexts as well. The multi-faceted mechanisms of action and broad application possibilities make Pseudolaric acid B a subject of ongoing research in pharmacology and biotechnology.</p>

Ciwujianoside E is a natural compound, which is a saponin derived from the roots of *Eleutherococcus senticosus*, commonly known as Siberian ginseng. This plant is native to regions in Northeast Asia, and it belongs to the Araliaceae family. Ciwujianoside E is one of several bioactive constituents found in the root extracts, which are traditionally used in herbal medicine.

<p>Artemisinin precursor</p>

Ginsenoside Rg1 is a bioactive compound, which is primarily derived from the roots of Panax ginseng, a traditional medicinal herb. It belongs to the family of ginsenosides, which are glycosylated triterpenoid saponins known for their diverse pharmacological activities. The mechanism of action of Ginsenoside Rg1 involves modulation of various cellular signaling pathways, including the regulation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and inflammation. It also exhibits neuroprotective effects by promoting neuronal growth and differentiation.

Bayogenin is a steroidal sapogenin, which is a bioactive compound originating from plant sources such as certain species of the Dioscorea genus (wild yams). It is primarily extracted through processes that involve saponin hydrolysis to yield the sapogenin itself. Bayogenin, like other sapogenins, serves as a precursor in the synthesis of steroidal compounds. Its mode of action involves serving as a substrate in organic synthesis, where it facilitates the production of various steroidal drugs and hormones.

A triterpenoid with anti-cancer properties

<p>Secondary plant metabolite with antimicrobial properties produced in response to plant infection and exposure to UV light. This diterpenoid phytoalexin is found only in rice (Oryza sativa) and moss (Hypnum plumaeforme).</p>

<p>Ginkgolide M is a diterpenoid trilactone, which is a natural compound derived from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. Ginkgo biloba is an ancient plant species known for its resilient nature and traditional medicinal use. The mode of action of Ginkgolide M involves antagonism of platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptors. By this mechanism, it influences various biological processes such as platelet aggregation and inflammation, which are critical pathways in numerous physiological and pathological states.</p>

Geosmin is an "earth" smelling aromatic compound that is produced by soil bacteria. Together with other substances, geosmin is a key constituent of petrichor, the pleasant scent released into the air following rainfall, after impact of water droplets with soil.

Pentacyclic triterpene; anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant & anti-ageing

Digoxin and its derivatives are the most widely used as cardiac glycosides. Digoxin is isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, and has pharmacokinetic properties that are intermediate between digitoxin and the short acting strophanthus glycosides. Digoxin is regarded as the drug of choice for the treatment of congestive heart failure as its main assets are the rapid onset of action, good absorption ratio and the medium half-life which makes toxic reactions easier to manage (Albrecht, 1999).

Antispasmodic, moliscicidic, anthelmithic and inhibitor of cell proliferation

<p>Medicagenic acid 3-O-glucoside is a bioactive phytochemical compound, which is a type of saponin glucoside. It is derived from the genus Medicago, particularly from species such as alfalfa, known for their medicinal and nutritional properties. The mode of action of Medicagenic acid 3-O-glucoside involves interactions with cellular membranes, where it can influence permeability and modulate immune responses. These interactions are attributed to its surfactant properties that enable the saponin to disrupt lipid bilayers and influence signal transduction pathways that mediate inflammatory and immune processes.</p>

Cimigenoside is a naturally occurring triterpene saponin, which is a phytochemical compound extracted primarily from the roots of the Cimicifuga species, such as Cimicifuga racemosa, commonly known as black cohosh. The source of this compound is rooted in traditional medicinal practices, where these plants have been used for their therapeutic benefits.

<p>Triterpenoid saponin with many suggested pharmacological properties</p>

Lasiokaurin is a sesquiterpene lactone, which is a type of terpenoid compound primarily found in certain plant species. It is derived from the plants of the Asteraceae family, where it is biosynthesized as part of the plant's secondary metabolites. This compound is characterized by its complex structure, which includes a lactone ring, contributing to its biological activity.

<p>Ginsenoside Rd is a bioactive compound, classified as a saponin, which is derived from the roots of Panax ginseng. This ginsenoside is a dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin and is one of the major active components found in ginseng extracts. The mode of action of Ginsenoside Rd involves multiple biochemical pathways, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. It modulates signaling pathways such as MAPK and PI3K/Akt, resulting in diverse biological activities.</p>

<p>Verbenalin is an iridoid glycoside, which is a naturally occurring compound sourced from the plant genus Verbena, notably from Verbena officinalis. It is characterized by its cyclic monoterpene structure linked to a sugar moiety. This compound is known for its biological activity, primarily influencing the nervous system.</p>

<p>3-Acetyl-beta-boswellic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, which is derived from the resin of the Boswellia serrata tree. It exhibits significant biological activity, mainly due to its anti-inflammatory properties. The mode of action primarily involves the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme crucial in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, which are mediators in inflammatory and allergic responses. Additionally, it has been shown to modulate various signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in inflammation.</p>

Absinthin is a sesquiterpene lactone, which is a naturally occurring chemical compound derived from the Artemisia absinthium plant, commonly known as wormwood. It is primarily extracted from the aerial parts of this perennial herb. Absinthin's mode of action involves its interaction with cell membrane components and enzyme systems, potentially influencing various biochemical pathways. Its structure allows it to engage in specific binding interactions that can impact cellular processes.

Pheromone of Ips bark beetles

<p>Triptophenolide methyl ether is a bioactive compound, classified as a terpene, derived from natural plant sources. It is primarily isolated from the roots of species within the *Tripterygium* genus. Terpenes are a large and varied class of organic compounds produced by a variety of plants, known for their aromatic qualities and biological activity.</p>

1-(1,5-Dimethyl-5-hexen-1-yl)-4-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene is a sesquiterpene compound, which is biosynthetically derived from plant sources. These compounds are typically synthesized through the mevalonate pathway in plants and have a wide range of functionalities due to their diverse structural framework. The mode of action of this compound is often linked to its interaction with cellular receptors, membrane permeability, and its ability to interfere with various biochemical pathways. Terpene compounds like this one can have bioactive properties, influencing processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress, or microbial growth.

Ginsenoside Rk2 is a bioactive compound, specifically a saponin, which is extracted from the root of Panax ginseng, a plant traditionally used in Asian medicine. The mode of action of Ginsenoside Rk2 involves modulating various cellular pathways, including influencing gene expression and enzyme activity, which contribute to its diverse physiological effects. It has been studied for its potential to impact cell signaling mechanisms, including those involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.

Chrysanthellin A is a sesquiterpene lactone, which is a type of natural bioactive compound. It is isolated from Chrysanthellum americanum, a flowering plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. The mode of action of Chrysanthellin A involves modulating inflammatory pathways and potentially inhibiting certain enzymes involved in metabolic processes.

Ginsenoside Rb1 - 94% is a bioactive compound, which is a major ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng, a plant species with a long history of medicinal use. It is extracted through meticulous processes to ensure high purity, focusing on the retention of its bioactive properties.

<p>Linalool - synthetic grade is a versatile terpene alcohol, which is synthetically produced from petrochemicals. Its mode of action involves interacting with olfactory receptors, which contributes to its characteristic floral aroma. Additionally, linalool is involved in various biochemical transformations, often acting as an intermediate in chemical reactions due to its reactive functional groups.</p>

<p>Soyasaponin Aa is a bioactive compound, specifically a type of saponin, which is derived from soybeans. As a secondary metabolite produced by plants, Soyasaponin Aa is characterized by its amphipathic structure, which allows it to interact with both lipid and aqueous environments. Its mode of action involves disrupting lipid membranes, which can lead to various biological effects, including cytotoxicity to certain cancer cells, cholesterol-lowering properties, and the modulation of immune responses.</p>

Melanin is a natural pigment, which is derived from Sepia officinalis, commonly known as the common cuttlefish. This pigment is a complex biopolymer sourced from the ink sac of the cuttlefish, a cephalopod that produces ink as a defense mechanism. The mode of action of melanin involves its unique ability to absorb a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum, providing effective protection against ultraviolet radiation. Additionally, it exhibits remarkable antioxidant properties due to its free radical scavenging abilities.

Carboxylic acid with phenol function

Cyclic alcohol

<p>Applications Benzoylpaeoniflorin is a derivative of Paeoniflorin (P133830), a monoterpene glycoside with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Paeoniflorin inhibits monocyte phagocytosis, or the TNF-α and PGE-2 production of monocytes.<br>References Zhu, X. et al.: Nat. Prod. Res., 28, 301(2014); Di, W. et al.: Int. Immunopharmacol.,, 14, 172 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-b-D-glucuronide is a bioactive compound derived from the root of the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Licorice has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, and this compound is one of its active components. The compound functions by modulating inflammatory pathways, primarily through inhibiting enzymes like cyclooxygenase and phospholipase A2, which play key roles in the inflammatory response. In addition, it exhibits effects on glucocorticoid metabolism, enhancing the activity of endogenous glucocorticoids and subsequently leading to anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects.</p>

Homoarbutin is a skin-brightening agent, which is sourced from certain plant species known for their medicinal properties. It operates through the inhibition of tyrosinase, an enzyme critical in the biosynthetic pathway of melanin production. By effectively reducing melanin synthesis, Homoarbutin helps mitigate hyperpigmentation and provides a more even skin tone.