Polissacáridos

<p>Dyed and soluble azo-xyloglucan (tamarind) is used for the measurement of enzyme activity, research, biochemical enzyme assays and in vitro diagnostic analysis.  It is a soluble chromogenic substrate for the assaying of endo-cellulase.</p>

<p>Chondroitin sulfate A sodium from bovine trachea is a natural substance that has been found to have potential anticancer properties. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in Chinese hamster ovary cells and human urine tumor cell lines. Chondroitin sulfate A sodium from bovine trachea works by inhibiting kinases, which are proteins that play a key role in cell growth and division. This inhibition leads to apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells. Additionally, chondroitin sulfate A sodium from bovine trachea has been found to enhance the anticancer activity of artesunate analogs, making it a promising candidate for combination therapy in cancer treatment.</p>

<p>Viscoelastic polymer; excipient; food additive</p>

<p>Teichuronic acid is isolated from the cell walls of Micrococcus luteus. The structure has been elucidated as [ManNAcUAp-(β-1,6)-Glcp-(α -1,4)]n.</p>

<p>Viscoelastic polymer; excipient; food additive</p>

<p>Anterograde and retrograde tracer in neurons; biologically inert</p>

<p>Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran is a fluorescent derivative of a dextran fraction with an average molecular weight of approximately 4000. It is supplied as a yellow powder which is readily soluble in water.</p>

<p>Pectin is a highly complex polysaccharide matrix that is found in the primary walls of dicotyledenous and monocotyledenous plants and gymnosperms, including potato. A key fragment of this complex is rhamnogalacturonan I, containing a backbone of the repeating disaccharide  [-4)-α-D-GalpA-(1,2)-α-L-Rhap-(1,]. Several applications for RG1 have been described including drug targeting to the colon via the oral administration route for local treatment of e.g. inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.  This has several advantages such as needle-free administration and low infection risk. In the gastro-intestinal tract RG-I is only degraded by the action of the colonic microflora. High purity rhamnogalacturonan I is also used in research, biochemical enzyme assays and in vitro diagnostic analysis.</p>

<p>Methyl cellulose is a synthetic polymer of cellulose. It is prepared by treating the natural polymer with a methylating agent, such as dimethyl sulfate. Methylation is carried out in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce mainly methyl ethers and methyl esters. The degree of substitution may be controlled by the amount of catalyst. Methyl cellulose is used as a thickener, emulsifier, or stabilizer in many food products, including ice cream and toothpaste.</p>

<p>Complex glucan (a 1-6) from Leuconostoc spp.; extender in blood transfusions.</p>

<p>Fluorescein isothiocyanate carboxymethyl dextran (FITC-CM Dextran) has been reported to provide a valuable carrier for nanoparticles of iron oxide.  These products provide a potent tool for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging.</p>

<p>Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) finds use in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, such as the enteric coating of tablets or capsules and for controlled release formulations, where it is often used with other coating agents such as ethyl cellulose.  It contains about 50% acetate and 25% as the phthalate ester with the rest as free hydroxyl groups.  Enteric coatings based on CAP are resistant to acidic gastric fluids, but easily soluble in mildly basic medium of the intestine. The pH-sensitive solubility of CAP is mainly determined (as are other properties of this mixed ester) by the degree of substitution and by the molar ratio (acetyl and phthaloyl groups).</p>

<p>In water, hydroxypropyl cellulose forms liquid crystals with many mesophases depending on concentration. These mesophases include isotropic, anisotropic, nematic and cholesteric, the latter resulting in many colors such as violet, green and red. Pharmaceutical applications include treatments for medical conditions such as dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), recurrent corneal erosions, decreased corneal sensitivity, exposure and neuroparalytic keratitis. It is also used as a binder in tablets. Hydroxypropylcellulose is also used as a thickener, a binder and emulsion stabiliser in foods with E number E463.  HPC is used as a support matrix for DNA separations by capillary and microchip electrophoresis.</p>

<p>A linear β-(1,4)-galactan from Acacia gum. Other linear β-(1,4)-galactans have been isolated from lemon peel, potato tubers and Norwegian spruce compresssion wood.</p>

<p>Water thickener; rheological control additive; has industrial appplications</p>

<p>Xyloglucans are members of a group of polysaccharides typically refered to as hemicelluloses. Hemicelluloses are plant cell wall polysaccharides that are not solubilized by water but are solubilized by aqueous alkali (e.g. 1 and 4M KOH). Other hemicellulosic polysaccharides include xylan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxylan, mannan, glucomannan and galactoglucomannan. Hemicelluloses have a backbone of 1,4-linked β-D-pyranosyl residues in which O4 is in the equatorial orientation (e.g. Glc, Man, and Xyl). Xyloglucan is the predominant hemicellulose in the primary walls of dicots and non-graminaceous monocots and may account for up to 20% of the dry weight of the primary wall. Xyloglucan has a backbone composed of 1,4-linked β-D-Glcp residues. Up to 75% of these residues are substituted at O6 with mono-, di-, or triglycosyl side chains.</p>

<p>Fluorescein isothiocyanate carboxymethyl dextran (FITC-CM Dextran) has been reported to provide a valuable carrier for nanoparticles of iron oxide.  These products provide a potent tool for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging.</p>

<p>The extracellular polysaccharide produced by Arthrobacter stabilis NRRL B-3225 contains D-glucose, D-galactose, pyruvic acid, O-succinyl, and O-acetyl in the approximate molar ratio of 6:3:1:1:1.5. Succinyl is linked as its half-ester, making it readily removable. The viscosity of aqueous, salt-free solutions of both native and deacylated polymer is relatively low, but atypical of anionic polysaccharides, increases rapidly in the presence of salts, acids, or alkali.</p>

<p>Fluorescein isothiocyanate carboxymethyl dextran (FITC-CM Dextran) has been reported to provide a valuable carrier for nanoparticles of iron oxide.  These products provide a potent tool for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging.</p>

<p>Welan gum is a microbial polysaccharide produced by a species of Alcaligenes and shows interesting rheological properties of use in the oil and agricultural industries. The structure is similar to gellan based on repeating glucose, rhamnose and glucuronic acid units but with a single side chain of either an α-L-rhamnopyranosyl or an α-L-mannopyranosyl unit linked (1,3) to the 4-O-substituted β-D-glucopyranosyl unit in the backbone.</p>