Antibióticos Naturais e Semissintéticos

<p>Impurity Terbinafine EP Impurity D; Terbinafine USP Related Compound D; Terbinafine BP Impurity D<br>Applications N-[(2E)-6,6-dimethyl-2-hepten-4-yn-1-yl]-N,4-dimethyl-1-naphthalenemethanamine (Terbinafine EP Impurity D; Terbinafine USP Related Compound D; Terbinafine BP Impurity D) is an impurity of Terbinafine (T107500), an orally active, antimycotic allylamine and a specific inhibitor of squalene epoxidase.<br>References Petranyi, G., et al.: Science, 224, 1239 (1984); Ryder, N.S., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 27, 252 (1985); Evans, E.G.V., et al.: Br. Med. J., 318, 1031 (1999);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Ciprofloxacin Impurity E<br>Applications Ciprofloxacin impurity. Ciprofloxacin Impurity E<br>References Borner, K, et al.: J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem., 24, 325 (1986), Lacroix, P., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 14, 641 (1996), Barron, D., et al.: Anal. Chim. Acta, 415, 83 (2000,<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-(2-Fluoro-4-nitrophenyl)morpholine is a reactant in the synthesis of 5-​substituted oxazolidinone derivatives with high antimicrobial activity.<br>References De Rosa, M., et. al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 69, 779 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications Pseudoerythromycin A Hemiketal is an impurity of Erythromycin (E649950), an antibiotic.This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs).<br>References Koch, W.L., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 8, 157 (1979),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Kanamycin (K137500) derivative as synthetic byproduct of Amikacin (A578500).<br>References Kawaguchi, H., et al.: J. Antibiotics, 25, 695 (1972), Naito, T., et al.: J. Antibiotics, 26, 297 (1973),<br></p>

<p>Stability Very unstable<br>Applications Cefixime Impurity is an impurity of Cefixime (C242800); an orally active third generation cephalosporin antibiotic.<br>References Kamimura, T., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 25, 98 (1984); Yamanaka, H., et al.: J. Antibiot., 38, 1738 (1985); Guay, D.R.P., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 30, 485 (1986)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Linezolid USP Related Compound B<br>Applications Deacetyl Linezolid Thioacetamide is an impurity of Linezolid (L466500), an oxazolidinone antimicrobial which inhibits bacterial mRNA translation. Linezolid USP Related Compound B.<br>References Brickner, S.J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 673 (1996); Ford, C.W., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 1508 (1996); Rybak, M.J., et al.: Pharmacotherapy, 18, 456 (1998); Stevens, D.L., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 34, 1481 (2002);<br></p>

<p>Applications (R)-(-)-2-(2,5-Dihydrophenyl)glycine is a cycohexadiene based amino acid used in the preparation of cephalosporin-type antibiotics such as Cephradine (C261800).<br>References Kemperman, G.J. et al.: Eur. J. Org. Chem., 10, 1817 (2001); Takano, S. et al.: Yakug. Zas., 102, 617 (1982);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin EP Impurity L<br>Applications Clarithromycin (9Z)-Oxime (Clarithromycin EP Impurity L) is an impurity of Clarithromycin (C559750); a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic and derivative of Erythromycin (E650000).<br>References Esteban, J., et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 45, 5563 (2004); Morgan, D., et al.: J. Chromatogr., 502, 351 (1990); Benson, C., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 6, 173 (1987); Boyanova, L., et al.: J. Med. Microb., 61, 85 (2012); Lin, Z., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 126, 114 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Piperacilloic Acid-Piperacillin Dimer Disodium Salt is Piperacillin (P479950) impurity and can be obtained from it. Piperacillin (P479950) is broad spectrum semi-synthetic antibiotic related to Penicillin. Antibacterial.<br>References Takai, A., et al.: Chemotherapy, 25, 816 (1977); Bodey, G.P., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 14, 78 (1978); Kuck, N.A., et al.: J. Antibiot., 31, 1175 (1978);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Tiamulin Hydrogen Fumarate Impurity C<br>Applications Reagent used in the addition of Thiobistriethylamine.<br>References Evers, M., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 13, 4415 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications The Δ2-isomer of Cefotean (C242970). It is useful as intermediate in the preparation of cephalesorin compounds.<br>References Sugioka, T., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 38, 1998 (1990),<br></p>

<p>Applications Protected form of FK-506 (Tacrolimus)<br>References Rokaw, M.D., et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 271, C194 (1996), Knoll, G.A., et al.: Brit. Med. J., 318, 1104 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Clindamycin (C580000) impurity in bulk drug.<br>References Zhou, H., et al.: J. Pharma. Biomed. Anal., 41, 1116 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Erythromycin (E649950) derivative.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Simvastatin EP Impurity F<br>Applications Epi Lovastatin (Simvastatin EP Impurity F) is a Lovastatin impurity; an antihypercholesterolemic compound.<br>References Hoffman, W.F., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 29, 849 (1986),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Lovastatin EP Impurity D<br>Applications Lovastatin Dimer (Lovastatin EP Impurity D) is an impurity in Lovastatin (L472225) bulk drug.<br>References Houck, A., et al.: Talanta, 40, 491 (1993),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,3,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzoic Acid is used in the synthesis of diterpenoid analogs as antitumor compounds. Also used in the synthesis of novel quinoline lactones.<br>References Li, D. et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 64, 215 (2013); Zheng, H. et al.: Lett. Org. Chem., 10, 252 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications Erythromycin Glucoheptonate is a derivative of Erythromycin (E649950), an antibiotic.<br>References Delaforge, M. et al.: Biochem. Pharm., 32, 2309 (1983); Niederau, W. et al.: Chemother., 26, 121 (1980);<br></p>

<p>Applications 7-Chloro-6-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic Acid is a 1-arylated derivative of 1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with antibacterial activity.<br>References Radl, S. et al.: Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm., 54, 2181 (1989):<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Streptidine is a metabolite derivative of Streptomycin (S687500), an antibiotic (antimycobacterial) drug, used for patients suffering from tuberculosis or other infectious diseases.<br>References Granados, O., et al.: Histology and Histopathology, 20, 357 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Erythromycin EP Impurity B<br>Applications N-Demethyl Erythromycin A (Erythromycin EP Impurity B) is a metabolite of Erythromycin (E649950).<br>References Rich, D.H., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 18, 1004 (1975), Itoh, Z,. et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 26, 863 (1984), Omura, S., et al.: J. Antibiotics 38, 1631 (1985),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(5-Mercaptotetrazole-1-yl)ethanolis a mercaptotetrazole derivative used as an intermediate in the preparation of beta-lactam antibiotic Flomoxef (F401850) as well one of its metabolite. 2-(5-Mercaptotetrazole-1-yl)ethanol also shows vitamin K-dependent glutamylcarboxylase inhibitory activity.<br>References Oka, T. et al.: Jap. J. Pharmacol., 46, 165 (1988); Konaka, R. et al.: Chemotherapy, 35, 137 (1987);<br></p>

<p>Applications Kanamycin A (K137500) derivative.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Cefixime EP Impurity F<br>Applications Cefixime Ethyl Ester is an ester impurity of the third generation cephalosporin antibiotic, Cefixime (C242800).<br>References Bian, L. et al.: Yao. Fen. Zaz., 30, 872 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications An antibiotic derived from Tetracycline. Studies have shown that this derivative can have a 250-fold higher toxicity depending on the system under study. This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs).<br>References Simmons, D., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 55, 1313 (1966), Paemen, L., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 52, 105 (1996),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 2-Chloroethoxy Roxithromycin is an impurity of Roxithromycin (R700850); a semisynthetic Erythromycin (E649950) derivative and antibacterial.<br>References Jones, R.N., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 24, 209 (1983); Barry, A.L., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 5, 536 (1986); Grassi, C., et al.: Chemioterapia, 6, 41 (1987); Gasc, J.C., et al.: J. Antibiot., 44, 313 (1991);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3,6-Methylene-2,5-piperazinedione is an impurity of Cycloserine (C988800), an antibacterial agent.<br>References Ajo, D., et al.: J. Molec. Structure.,141, 415 (1986); Gentry-Weeks, C., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 268, 7298 (1993); Alexander, F., et al.: Eur. J. Biochem., 219, 953 (1994); Auger, S., et al.: Biochimie, 87, 231 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Applications Erythrolosamine is a derivative of Erythromycin A Oxime (E650010), which displays no antibacterial activity. It is a potent precursor of ketolide antibiotics.<br>References Basnet, D. et al.: J. Biotech., 135, 92 (2008); LeMahieu, R. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 17, 953 (1974)<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Methyl-2,5-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrazine is a degradation product of Clavulanic Acid (C563750), a β-lactamase inhibitor, typically added to amoxicillin to increase its effectiveness.<br>References Reading, C. and Cole, M.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 11, 852 (1977), Ball, A.P., et al.: Lancet, 1, 620 (1980), Brogden, R.N., et al. Drugs, 22, 337 (1981); Haginaka, J. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 33, 218 (1985);<br></p>

<p>Applications N-t-Butyl N-Deactyl Linezolid is a derivative of Linezolid (L466500), a prototype of the oxazolidinone antimicrobials; inhibits bacterial mRNA translation.<br>References Brickner, S.J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 673 (1996), Ford, C.W., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 1508 (1996), Rybak, M.J., et al.: Pharmacotherapy, 18, 456 (1998), Stevens, D.L., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 34, 1481 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications Di-TFA Salt of 2,6-Diamino-2,3,6-trideoxy-D-ribo-Hexose is a degradent of Tobramycin (T524000) a single factor antibiotic comprising about 10% of nebramycin, the aminoglycosidic antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. Antibacterial.<br>References Koch, K.F., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 309 (1970), Welles, J.S., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 22, 332 (1972), Dash, A.K., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip., 24, 579 (1996),<br></p>

<p>Applications E-Ceftazidime is an impurity of Ceftazidime Pentahydrate (C244100); which is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic.<br>References Brodie, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 17, 876 (1980); Richards, D.M., et al.: Drugs, 29, 105 (1985); Abounassif, M.A., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 19, 95 (1990)<br></p>

<p>Applications A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic. Antibacterial.<br>References Goodhart, F., et al.: J. Pharamac. Sci., 62, 133 (1973), Maier, H., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 42, 980 (1992),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Cefpodoxime Proxetil EP Impurity F<br>Applications 2-Formyl-cefpodoxime Proxetil (Cefpodoxime Proxetil EP Impurity F) is a useful intermediate to prepare cefpodoxime proxetil (C243860), a cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections.<br>References Fujimoto, K., et al.: J. Antibiot., 40, 370 (1987); Utsui, Y., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 31, 1085 (1987)<br></p>

<p>Applications Found in the metabolic decomposition of Chloramphenicol by Alcaligenes faecalis. A Chloramphenicol (C325030) derivative.<br>References Obojska, K. et al.: Microbiologia Generalis 3, 63 (1971)<br></p>

<p>Applications (6R,7S)-Cefoperazone Sodium Salt is the enantiomer of Cefoperazone (C242900) as an impurity.<br>References Fabre, H., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 73, 611 (1984), Strasters, J., et al.: Anal. Chem., 63, 2503 (1991), Chen, Z., et al.: World Notes Antibiot., 25, 249 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Amoxicillin EP Impurity J<br>Applications Amoxicillin Dimer Sodium Salt is an impurity of Amoxicillin (A634235), a β-lactam family antibiotic that is commonly used in conjunction with clavulanic acid (C56370) to the treat bacterial infections.<br>References Gurwith, M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Ch., 24, 716 (1983); Kumar, A., et al.: J. Mater. Chem., 20, 10152 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Acetyl Cefixime is the N-acetylated analogue and impurity of the third generation cephalosporin antibiotic, Cefixime (C242800).<br></p>

<p>Applications (Z)-7-(((2R)-2-Carboxy-2-((4-oxopentan-2-yl)amino)ethyl)thio)-2-((S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxamido)hept-2-enoic Acid is an impurity of Cilastatin (C441100), prevents renal metabolism of penem and carbapenem antibiotics by specific and reversible dehydropeptidase I inhibition. Antibacterial adjunct.<br>References Finlay, K.R., et al.: Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., 24, 1147 (1983), Norrby, S.R., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 23, 300 (1983), Washburn, D.E., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 12, 39 (1983),<br></p>

<p>Stability Unstable in Solution<br>Applications Cefathiamidine is an antibacterial agent that exhibits a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria.<br>References Chen, H.Y., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 12, 19 (1983); Philpott-Howard, J., et al.: Scand. J. Infect. Dis. Suppl., 39, 109 (1983); Chen, H.Y., et al.: J. Med. Microbiol., 23, 141 (1987);<br></p>

<p>Applications Lovastatin-d9, is the labeled analogue of Lovastatin (L472225), an antihypercholesterolemic agent. A fungal metabolite, which is a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase.<br>References Bilheimer, D.W., et al.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 4124 (1983),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Ethyl (Z)-[2-amino-4-thiazolyl](methoxyimino)acetate is used in the preparation of ceftriaxone-d3 (C245002), which is a labelled antibacterial.<br>References Reiner, R., et al.: J. Antibiot., 33, 783 (1980)<br></p>

<p>Applications Amino(3-​chlorophenyl)​acetic Acid functions as intermediate useful in the preparation of synthetic penicillins, also used in the structure-activity relationship examination of several drugs containing the benzyl moiety, their roles in biochemical and pharmacological processes.<br>References Hansch, C., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 13, 957 (1970); Holdrege, C. T., et al.: Can. (1975), CA 966853 A2 19750429;<br></p>

<p>Impurity Posaconazole Impurity;<br>Applications 2,5-Anhydro-1,3,4-trideoxy-2-C-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-D-threo-pentitol is building block to synthesize key intermediates towards synthesis of highly active azole antifungals Sch 51048, Sch 56592 and Sch 45012. It is also an impurity/intermediate for posaconazole (P689600).<br>References Saksena, A., et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 37, 5657 (1996); Lovey, R., et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 35, 6047 (1994); Saksena, A., et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 36, 1787 (1995)<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate in the preparation of Azamulin<br></p>

<p>Applications tert-Butyl N-[2-[2-(6-chlorohexyloxy)ethoxy]ethyl]carbamate is an intermediate in the synthesis of HaloTag O2 Tobramycin (H103850). HaloTag O2 Tobramycin is a derivative compound of Tobramycin (T524000), a single factor antibiotic comprising about 10% of nebramycin, the aminoglycosidic antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. An Antibacterial.<br>References Koch, K.F., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 309 (1970); Welles, J.S., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 22, 332 (1972); Dash, A.K., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip., 24, 579 (1996)<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Rifabutin Impurity C is an impurity of Rifabutin (R505000), a semisynthetic derivative of Rifamycin S that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis.<br>References O’Brien, R.J., et al.: Infect. Dis., 9, 519 (1987), Anand, R., et al.: Antimicrob. AG. Chemother., 32 (684 (1988), Skinner, M.H., et al.: Antimicrob. Agent Chemother., 33, 1237 (1989),<br></p>

<p>Applications A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid with antitumor activity isolated from the Caribbean tunicate, Ecteinascidin turbinata. It is the first marine anticancer agent approved in the European Union for patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Antineoplastic.<br>References Sakai, R., et al.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 89, 11456 (1992), Aune, G., et al.: Anticancer Drugs, 13, 545 (2002), Herrero, A., et al.: Cancer Res., 66, 8155 (2006), Sugasawa, K., et al.: Carcinogenesis, 29, 455 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Bromo-2-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyridine is an intermediate in the synthesis of Tedizolid (T013750), an known oral and intravenous antibiotic.<br>References Xin, Q. S., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 54, 7493 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications [3-Fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]carbamic Acid Phenylmethyl Ester is an intermediate in the synthesis of Linezolid Dimer (L466520), an impurity of the antibacterial agent Linezolid (L466500).<br>References Xu, Heteroatom, Chem., 19, 316 (2008); Wang, J.W., et al.: Lett. Org. Chem., 5, 336 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Amoxicillin EP Impurity B ; Amoxicillin USP Related Compound B<br>Applications L-Amoxicillin (Amoxicillin EP Impurity B) is an isomer of Amoxicillin (A634235), a semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.<br>References Brogden, R.N., et al.: Drugs, 18, 169 (1979), Bird, A.E., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip., 23, 1 (1994),<br></p>

<p>Applications Protected rac Zearalenone-d6<br></p>

<p>Applications Amoxicillin sodium (Amox) (cas# 34642-77-8) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Protected Penicillamin.<br>References Klingstroem, J., et al.: Eur. J. Immunol., 36, 2649 (2006), Atyabi, F., et al.: J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 9, 4593 (2009), Yip, K., et al.: Brit. J. Pharmacol., 156, 1279 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin EP Impurity E<br>Applications 6,11-Di-O-methyl Erythromycin (Clarithromycin EP Impurity E) is a Di-O-alkyl Erythromycin (E649950) is an impurity of Clarithromycin (C559750). Clarithromycin impurity E per British Pharmacopoeia.<br>References Morimoto, S. et al.: J. Antibiot., 43, 286 (1990); Kohno, Y. et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 26, 503 (1990);<br></p>

<p>Applications The minor glucuronide metabolite of Chloramphenicol (C325030).<br>References Simons, P., et al.: Xenobiotica, 22, 1267 (1992), Kaji, H., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 33, 60 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications Linezolid Dimer is an impurity of the antibacterial agent Linezolid (L466500).<br></p>

<p>Impurity Flucloxacillin EP Impurity D<br>Applications 3-(2-Chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxylic Acid (Flucloxacillin EP Impurity D) is an impurity of Flucloxacillin (F419200), a new semisynthetic penicillin with broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.<br>References Macsari, I., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 3871 (2011); Cui, Y., et al.: Curr. Sci., 89, 531 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications Mitomycin (M371900) impurity.<br>References Siegel, D., et al.: Biochemistry, 31, 7879 (1992), Kontou, M., et al.: Oncogene, 21, 2406 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Terbinafine EP Impurity B<br>Applications cis-Terbinafine Hydrochloride (Terbinafine EP Impurity B) is an impurity in the production of Terbinafine hydrochloride.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Petranyi, G., et al.: Science, 224, 1239 (1984), Stutz, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 27, 1539 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Applications cis-1-Hydroxy-2,7-diamino Mitosene is derived from Mitomycin C (M371900), which is an antitumor antibiotic. It is antineoplastic. Also, it is an oxazolidinone derivative resulting from a cyclization reaction of bicarbonate with the aziridine ring of aziridinomitosene.<br>References Kinoshita, S., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 14, 13 (1971); Beijnen, J.H., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 16, 361 (1986); Paz, M. M.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 20, 31-34 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Di-2-(Hydroxyphenyl)acetamido Cefprozil is an impurity in the synthesis of Cefprozil (C243910), semisynthetic oral cephalosporin consisting of approx. 90:10 Z/E isomeric mixture. Antibacterial.<br>References Jones, R.N., et al.: Diagn. Microb. Infect. Dis., 9, 11 (1988), Barbhaiya, R.H., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 34, 1204 (1990)<br></p>

<p>Applications N-t-Butyl Linezolid is a derivative of Linezolid (L466500), prototype of the oxazolidinone antimicrobials; inhibits bacterial mRNA translation.<br>References Brickner, S.J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 673 (1996), Ford, C.W., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 1508 (1996), Rybak, M.J., et al.: Pharmacotherapy, 18, 456 (1998), Stevens, D.L., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 34, 1481 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications Produced concentration-related relaxations of mouse anococcygeus, in a range similar to that already found for NO and other nitrovasodilators. A potent relaxant of non-vascular smooth muscle. Serves as an NO donor.<br>References Bauer &amp; Fung: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 256, 249 (1991), Gibson, A., et al.: Brit. J. Pharm., 107, 715 (1992), Shaffer, et al.: J. Pharm. Exper. Ther., 260, 286 (1992), Jansen, A., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 261, 154 (1992), Lander, H.M. et al.: J. Immunol., 150, 1509 (1993)<br></p>

<p>Applications Cefmetazole Lactone is an impurity of cefmetazole (C242850), which is a semi-synthetic antibiotic derived from Cephamycin. Antibacterial.<br>References Nakao, H., et al.: J. Antibiot., 29, 554 (1976), Iwata, M., et al.: Jpn. J. Exp. Med., 48, 401 (1978), Shindo, H., et al.: Chemoterapy, 27, 64 (1979), Nishida, M., et al.: J. Antibiot., 32, 1319 (1979),<br></p>

<p>Applications Imipenem intermediate.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Tacrolimus Methylacryl Aldehyde (USP)<br>Applications Tacrolimus Methyl Acryl Aldehyde is the degradation product of Tacrolimus (F370000), a novel macrocyclic lactone isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis, having immunosuppressant activity.<br>References Asano, K., et al.: In Vivo, 10, 537 (1996), McCall, E., et al.: Circ. Res., 79, 1110 (1996), Raufman, J.P., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 271, 19877 (1996), Rokaw, M.D., et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 271, C194 (1996), Knoll, G.A., and Bell, R.C.: Brit. Med. J., 318, 1104 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications Ixabepilone is an anti-tumor agent used in the treatment of patients suffering from solid tumors, such as metastatic breast cancer.<br>References Duska, L. et al.: Gynecol. Oncol., 135, 44 (2014); Deeken, J. et al.: Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 73, 1071 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-(2-Chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxylic Acid-13C4 Ethyl Ester is an isotope labelled derivative in the synthesis of Flucloxacillin (F419200), a new semisynthetic penicillin with broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.<br>References Macsari, I., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 3871 (2011); Cui, Y., et al.: Curr. Sci., 89, 531 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications Ciprofloxacin Lactate is an antibiotic that has been used to medicate polymer wound dressing. Ciprofloxacin Lactate has been shown to produce high and sustained serum bactericidal titers against highly susceptible bacteria.<br>References Yu, H., et. al.: J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 101, 2453 (2006); Dudley, M.N., et. al.: DICP, Annals, Pharmacotherapy, 23, 456 (1989)<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate in the production of labelled Posaconazole.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin Impurity O EP<br>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Clarithromycin (9Z)-O-Methyloxime is an impurity of Clarithromycin (C559750); a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic and derivative of Erythromycin (E650000).<br>References Morgan, D., et al.: J. Chromatogr., 502, 351 (1990); Benson, C., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 6, 173 (1987); Boyanova, L., et al.: J. Med. Microb., 61, 85 (2012); Lin, Z., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 126, 114 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications Selamectin is a topical parasiticide and also used as a veterinary antihelminithic agent on animals.<br>References Eshar, D., et al.: J. Am. Veterin. Med. Association., 241, 1056 (2012); Geis-Asteggiante, L., et al.: J. Chromatograph., 1258, 43 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications A labelled impurity of Gatifloxacin.<br>References Naber, C., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 45, 293 (2001), Herzler, M., et al.: J. Anal. Toxicol., 27, 233(2003), Pragst, F., et al.: Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 42, 1325 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate in the preparation of Cycloserine (C988800).<br></p>

<p>Applications Bis-clindamycinyl Phosphate is an impurity of Clindamycin (C580000), which is an antibiotic prepared from Lincomycin (L466200), used to treat various infections.<br>References Birkenmeyer, R.D., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 13, 616 (1970); Oesterling, et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 59, 63 (1970); Gray, J.E., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 21, 516 (1972); Brown, L.W., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 10, 75 (1981);<br></p>