Peptídeos

<p>Part of the angiopep family of peptides which have been derived from the Kunitz domain of human aprotinin. These peptides are able to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and have been used to facilitate the delivery of pharmacological agents to the brain, for example to target glioblastoma tumours and recurrent brain metastases of pre-treated breast cancers. Angiopep-2 has higher transcytosis capacity and higher brain volume of distribution than aprotinin. Like aprotinin, angiopep-2 interacts with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) which is thought to promote its delivery across the BBB via receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT). However the interaction with LRP1 may not be the only method for angiopep-2 to cross into the brain.</p>

<p>Albumin (556-564) Bovine is derived from the globular protein Albumin and is found in the blood plasma of humans (known as Human Serum Albumin, HSA) where it serves to maintain plasma pressure and nutritional balance. Another role it carries out is the transportation of bound molecules through the blood. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), composed of 583 amino acids, is very similar to HSA thus allowing BSA to be used as a successful model and a standard protein in laboratory experiments.Although BSA and HAS share homology in their three domains, I, II and III, BSA contains 2 tryptophan whereas HAS only contains 1 tryptophan residue.In agriculture the presence of the albumin protein has been used to assess the health of cows to ensure that a suitable quality of milk and meat are produced. Moreover it is important to detect bovine albumin in food and pharmaceutical products due to it being an allergenic protein.</p>

<p>The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle to drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS), in particular for macromolecules such as peptides and proteins. However, certain macromolecules can reach the CNS via a receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) pathway, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is one of the promising receptors for RMT. Recent studies have shown that biotinylated L57 binds to LRP1 (CL4)-Fc more efficiently than Angiopep-7 (a different LRP1 ligand), which might explain the improved BBB permeability of L57.</p>

<p>Albumin (51-62) Bovine is derived from the globular protein Albumin and is found in the blood plasma of humans (known as Human Serum Albumin, HSA) where it serves to maintain plasma pressure and nutritional balance. Another role it carries out is the transportation of bound molecules through the blood. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), composed of 583 amino acids, is very similar to HSA thus allowing BSA to be used as a successful model and a standard protein in laboratory experiments.Although BSA and HAS share homology in their three domains, I, II and III, BSA contains 2 tryptophan whereas HAS only contains 1 tryptophan residue.In agriculture the presence of the albumin protein has been used to assess the health of cows to ensure that a suitable quality of milk and meat are produced. Moreover it is important to detect bovine albumin in food and pharmaceutical products due to it being an allergenic protein.</p>

<p>Ova (323-339) is an epitope of interest from egg white albumen, which is widely used in allergy research. Ovalbumin is a glycoprotein that is sufficiently large and complex to be mildly immunogenic. It has been demonstrated that ovalbumin contains B-cell epitopes which are recognized by specific IgE antibodies, and CD4 T cell epitopes restricted by the MHC I-Ad molecule in mice and by HLA-D molecule in human.OVA (323-339) can be used to study binding of class II MHC-peptide and T-cell activation in PBMCs by ELISPOT assays. This method quantifies peptide-epitope specificity and IFN-γ releasing effector cells. It has been shown that OVA (323-339) was responsible for 25-35% of T-cell response of isolated BALB/c mouse. An investigation has demonstrated that OVA and OVA (323-339) induced similar lung inflammation and a Th2-like dominant immune response in mouse model.</p>

<p>β-Amyloid 1-13 (Aβ1-13) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and α-secretase. Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then α-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival. Biotin is C-terminally linked to the peptide via ethylenediamine for convenient detection and purification. Alternative β-Amyloid fragments and labels are also available, please refer to our peptide catalogue for availability.</p>

<p>Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide hormone mainly produced in the stomach as precursor preproghrelin. Cleavage of preproghrelin followed by modification leads to the formation of ghrelin with the addition of a fatty acid to its serine 3 residue- ghrelin is capable of activating the growth hormone release receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin is involved in appetite stimulation and growth hormone release.Most circulating ghrelin is in the non-acylated form (des-octanoyl) ghrelin. (Des-octanoyl)-ghrelin has some distinct functions from ghrelin, the lack of acylation prevents binding to the ghrelin receptor and growth hormone release. However, (des-octanoyl) ghrelin has negative inotropic effects on papillary muscle and cardioprotective function. There is evidence (des-octanoyl) ghrelin inhibits proliferation of certain cancer cell lines, while promoting adipogenesis has been observed in other experiments in vivo.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues TRFQTLLALHRSYLT (236-250) from C have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Neuropeptide involved in the regulation of numerous physiological functions. The Galanin agonist with a very high affinity for the hippocampal galanin receptor.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP7 is part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase heterotetramer for mediating coronavirus RNA synthesis. NSP7 and NSP8 form a channel to confer processivity on RNA polymerase. NSP7 aids in stabilising NSP12 regions involved in RNA binding and is essential for a highly active NSP12 polymerase complex. These factors make NSP7 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP7 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP7 (26-40) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Cyclic DAG peptide targets connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), present in the extracellular matrix, endothelial cells and overexpressed in several brain diseases. CTGF is a matricellular protein that acts as a regulator of several cellular functions, including cell adhesion, migration, mitogenesis, differentiation, and survival. CTGF is up regulated in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain injury, glioblastoma, and cerebral infarction.DAG peptide has been shown to home to the brain in mouse models of glioblastoma, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson's disease when exogenously delivered, making it an attractive target for the treatment of glioblastoma. DAG may be of use as a tool to enhance delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents to sites of brain diseases.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV EBNA3A</p>

<p>Novel cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). M918 was derived from the tumour suppressor protein p14ARF and can be utilized for both covalent and non-covalent delivery of macromolecules in animal and plant cells. CPPs are able to cross the cell membrane at low micromolar concentrations without causing significant membrane damage in vivo and in vitro.This cationic CPP Peptide is labelled with an N-terminal 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Substrate of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family known as ErbBs or HER receptors. These receptors are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and migration. However their dysregulation can contribute towards many diseases such as cancer.Binding to the ligand binding domain of the EGFR causes receptor dimerization. This is sequentially followed by the tyrosine kinase domain being activated and the tyrosines on the C-terminal tail become phosphorylated, which in turn activates downstream signalling pathways.</p>

<p>This C-terminal Sortagging peptide acts as a (oligo)glycine nucleophile in the final steps of a sortagging protein labelling reaction. This reaction results in the (Sulfocyanine7) fluorescent moiety being attached to the C-terminus of the target protein or peptide.A substrate peptide containing the LPXTG motif is recognised and cleaved by the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) from Staphylococcus aureus. The catalytic cysteine residue in the active site of SrtA, serves as a nucleophile to cleave the peptide bond between threonine and glycine of the substrate peptide. Cleavage results in the formation of a thioacyl intermediate between the substrate peptide and SrtA. This intermediate is then resolved by the N-terminus of this (oligo)glycine nucleophile peptide, resulting in the creation of a new peptide bond that links the substrate peptide to this peptide and its fluorescent dye.  This method of protein labelling is known as sortagging.This peptide contains Sulfocyanine7, which is a NIR (near infrared) emitting fluorescent dye.</p>

<p>Melanoma-associated antigen As (MAGEA) are a large family of tumour-associated antigens and a subclass of the larger family of cancer testis antigens (CTAs). These proteins are tumour antigens expressed in a variety of malignant tumours including: bladder- lung- skin and breast malignancies. In healthy tissue however their expression is restricted to germ cells of the testis, nervous system, foetal ovaries and placenta. In cancer cells, the MAGEA family proteins support growth, survival and metastasis, and contribute actively to malignancy. They are also involved in the regulation of the tumour suppressor protein p53 pathway and in regulating ubiquitin signalling in cancer cells. MAGEA expression is linked to poor prognosis in cancer patients. MAGEA subfamily proteins are recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and evoke a strong T cell reactivity against autologous tumour cells in culture.</p>

<p>123B9.</p>

<p>Cathelicidin-related anti-microbial peptide (CRAMP), is the mouse homologue of the human LL-37 antimicrobial peptide and shares 67% sequence identity with LL-37.CRAMP-18 is the anti-bacterial sequence derived from CRAMP, it possesses potent anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains with no haemolytic activity. As well as displaying direct anti-microbial activity, CRAMP-18 also binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neutralise LPS activity.CRAMP is a cationic peptide, encoded for by the Camp gene and is highly expressed in bone marrow. Its expression is up-regulated by infectious and inflammatory signals and it is secreted by cells such as neutrophils, epithelial cells, and macrophages.</p>

<p>PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors are a group of checkpoint inhibitors being developed for the treatment of cancer.PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are critical in regulating T cell activation, tolerance and immunopathology. PD-1 is an immune checkpoint and guards against autoimmunity through two mechanisms. First, it promotes apoptosis of antigen-specific T-cells in lymph nodes. Second, it reduces apoptosis in regulatory T cells. Several types of cancer cells overexpress PD-L1 in order to escape from the PD-1/PD-L1 immunosurveillance mechanism. In this way, Human PD - L1 inhibitor V could be used in the treatment of cancers that overexpress PD-L1.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the variable region on the heavy chain of immunoglobulin (Ig) which is part of the fragment antigen binding (Fab) fragment of antibodies. Ig or antibodies are made up of two heavy and two light chains both of which have a constant region and a variable region. The variable region, the antigen binding site, is composed of three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from the variable heavy chain and three CDRs from the variable light chains. The amino acid sequences of the variable region differ between each antibody allowing Ig to bind to specific antigens.The variable regions are encoded by a variety of V, D and J gene segments. During somatic recombination different combinations from the V, D and J varieties can be joined together. Consequently this gives rise to a diverse variable region.The Ig heavy chain can be classed as being either: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD or IgE each of which change the function of the antibody.</p>

<p>Albumin (318-328) Bovine is derived from the globular protein Albumin and is found in the blood plasma of humans (known as Human Serum Albumin, HSA) where it serves to maintain plasma pressure and nutritional balance. Another role it carries out is the transportation of bound molecules through the blood. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), composed of 583 amino acids, is very similar to HSA thus allowing BSA to be used as a successful model and a standard protein in laboratory experiments.Although BSA and HAS share homology in their three domains, I, II and III, BSA contains 2 tryptophan whereas HAS only contains 1 tryptophan residue.In agriculture the presence of the albumin protein has been used to assess the health of cows to ensure that a suitable quality of milk and meat are produced. Moreover it is important to detect bovine albumin in food and pharmaceutical products due to it being an allergenic protein.</p>

<p>T regulatory cell epitopes (Tregitopes) are a set of natural T cell epitopes derived from immunoglobulin G. These peptides are Treg-activating and show some promise in prophylactic and therapeutic studies in type 1 diabetes mellitus: which is associated with effector T cell (Teff) destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-islet cells. In non-diabetics, self-reactive T cells are deleted during thymic development, rendered anergic, or converted into natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) that suppress autoimmune responses.Tregitopes are processed and presented by MHC class II molecules. They can suppress effector T cell responses, and up-regulate Treg-associated cytokines and chemokines. Tregitopes help stimulate 'antigen-specific adaptive tolerance induction' (ASATI) to modulate antigen-specific transplant rejection and to reduce immune responses to allergens in vitro and in vivo. Tregitope 289 is also available in our catalogue.</p>

<p>ANP (1-23) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in cardiovascular remodelling.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in pro-ANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.</p>

<p>G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56/ ADGRG1) is a novel and evolutionarily conserved regulator of peripheral nerve development and function, with important implications for human health and disease.During Schwann cell (SC) development, GPR56-dependent RhoA signalling promotes timely radial sorting of axons. In the mature peripheral nervous system (PNS), GPR56 is localised to distinct SC cytoplasmic domains. Here it is required to establish proper myelin thickness, and facilitate organisation of the myelin sheath.</p>

<p>Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been used as a model in rhesus monkeys to understand human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral life cycle and lead towards drug development. HIV specific CD8+ T-cell (cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)) responses are important in the control of viral replication. Inducing a sustained HIV-1 specific CD8+ T-cell response is the target for vaccine development by using conserved HIV-1 epitopes. The HIV gag gene encodes p17 and p24. Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core of the virus that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex. SIV encode a homologous Gag peptide, this allows use of rhesus monkey models to better understand the immune response to SIV/HIV.A CTL recognition epitope of SIV p24 Gag, residues TPYDINQML, activates the immune response. SIV Gag peptides have been used as effective epitopes in immunological assays to assess CTL response. Stimulation of rhesus monkey cells with TPYDINQML epitope triggers CD8+ T lymphocytes to produce soluble factors (β-chemokines) that inhibit SIV replication. Further work may lead towards a HIV vaccine using the Gag epitopes.</p>

<p>Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane glycoprotein found in all prostate tissue- androgen levels negatively regulate its expression. PSMA expression correlates with cancer aggressiveness and represents an independent indicator of poor disease outcomes. PSMA is being explored as a clinical biomarker to allow differentiation of aggressive prostate cancers from other cases using imaging and RT-PCR.The epitope PSMA (35-40) is from the splice isoform PSMA-1. There has been progress in generating PSMA targeting radioligands as a therapy for various cancers. θ and β radiation probes such as 177Lu-PSMA-617 have been developed and shown in trials to be clinically effective treatments against metastatic prostate cancer. Other studies have tested the PSMA targeting radioligands efficacy against triple-negative breast cancer cells. Further work with the PSMA (35-40) epitope could help progress the outlook for these aggressive cancers.</p>

<p>HLA-A*02 is a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele which is part of the HLA-A group of human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) leukocyte antigens (HLA). HLA-A is a human MHC class I cell surface receptor and is involved in presenting short polypeptides to the immune system. These polypeptides are typically 7-11 amino acids in length and originate from proteins being expressed by the cell. Cytotoxic T cells in the blood "read" the peptide presented by the complex and should only bind to non-self peptides. If binding occurs, a series of events is initiated culminating in cell death via apoptosis. Melanoma-associated antigen 1 (MAGE-A1) is part of a well-characterized group of cancer/testis antigens (CTA) that are encoded as a separate cluster on the X chromosome. MAGE-I antigens are mainly expressed in highly proliferating cells, such as cancer cells and therefore may be ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy. Expression of MAGEs has been reported several types of cancer including: lung- breast- thyroid- colon- stomach- liver and bladder where MAGE-A is considered to be a poor prognostic factor.This peptide corresponds to part of the MAGE-A1 sequence which is presented on the MHC class I antigen HLA-A*02.</p>

<p>Histone H3.3 is a replication-independent histone variant, which replaces canonical histone H3.1/2 outside of S phase. H3.3 is expressed throughout the cell cycle, as well as in quiescent cells and is referred to as the 'replacement histone'. H3.3 is largely deposited in a DNA synthesis-independent fashion by a distinct set of chaperones proteins. H3.3 accumulates in post mitotic cells, such as cerebral cortical neurons and is incorporated at sites of UV damage where it protects against sensitivity to UV light. H3.3 deposition occurs on DNA sequences that are transiently nucleosome-free, such as during transcription and DNA repair, therefore serving as a marker for regions of high transcriptional activity. H3.3 is also enriched in heterochromatic subtelomeric and pericentromeric regions. H3.3 plays important roles in many developmental contexts such as in stem cells, during fertilization and reproduction and during reprogramming of genomes following fertilization or somatic cell nuclear transfer. Mutations in histone H3.3 are common events in certain cancers.</p>

<p>Axltide-is a substrate peptide for use in kinase assays and is based on the mouse insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) (amino acid 979-989).IRS1 is a membrane-proximal adaptor protein, which binds to, and is phosphorylated by, the insulin receptor (IR) at its tyrosine residue. IRS1 transmits the extracellular signal for insulin to serine/threonine kinases, such as Akt which then deliver the signal into the cell to mediate the various actions of insulin.Contains an N-terminal biotin tag for easy detection and purification.</p>

<p>Duck liver-derived peptide 4 is a bioactive peptide with high antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity is attributed to forming hydrogen bonds between their amino acid residues and free radical molecules. Duck liver-derived peptide 4 increases the activities and mRNA expression levels of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) in HepG2 oxidative damage cell models. Duck liver-derived peptide 4 can reduce the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, thereby inhibiting intracellular oxidative damage. Duck liver-derived peptide 4 has the following activity: ACE inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, antioxidant, and antithrombotic. It may be used in the research for food-derived bioactive peptides for modified-food development.</p>

Identification of cell penetrating conjugates has aided numerous areas of scientific development. The Drosophila transcription factor Antennapedia contains a homeodomain that can be internalised by cells in a receptor-independent mechanism to the cytoplasm and to the nucleus. The key residues for internalisation have been sequenced (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK) and used in several studies to aid entry of recombinant proteins into cells.To further the scope of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), analogues of penetratin have been generated. This arginine rich acid sequence was made and found to be a strong antimicrobial/antifungal agent while also retaining its CPP properties. The activity was tested against the pathogenic strains Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The degree of arginine content is linked to the rate of cellular uptake and antimicrobial activity.

<p>Histone 3 (H3) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.The lysine at position 4 of this peptide has been tri-methylated and it is implicated in studies that this modification may remodel the chromatin so that it is more accessible to transcription factors, which may ultimately increase the level of gene expression. Moreover, the threonine at position 3 has been phosphorylated. It is implicated in recent studies that H3T3 phosphorylation regulates chromosome cohesion and is necessary for chromosomes to be able to align on the metaphase plate.The this peptide is labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>The peptide CRF, also known as the Corticotropin Releasing Factor is a 14 amino acid neuropeptide which is produced by the hypothalamus, within the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis in response to stress stimuli. The CRF family exert their function by binding to Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors 1 and 2. During stress the production of CRF stimulates downstream hormones such as glucocorticoids and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) through binding to CRF1 in the anterior pituitary gland. A negative feedback look is generated through glucocorticoids thus preventing the further release of CRF from the hypothalamus.Studies have shown CRF to be overproduced in patients with depression and can contribute to symptoms such as, reduced quality of sleep, anxiety, reduced appetite and analgesia. Furthermore higher CRF levels has been associated with immune cell dysfunction through preventing T-cell proliferation.</p>

<p>P007 (RXR)4XB.</p>

<p>Non-hydrolysable ERAP1 substrate. An optimized ERAP1 substrate with N-methylation of the first amide bond to prevent its degradation by ERAP1.Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 and 2 (ERAP1 and ERAP2) are ER-resident, interferon-γ inducible, metalloaminopeptidase which critically shape the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) immunopeptidome. The ERAPs remove N-terminal residues from antigenic precursor peptides and generate optimal-length peptides (i.e. 8-10-mers) to fit into the MHC class I groove. The immune recognition of surface MHC I/peptide complexes initiates activation of CD8+ T cells as a critical step in the elimination of pathogens.ERAP1 has unique substrate preferences, trimming long peptides while sparing shorter ones as well as sequence preferences. ERAP1 and ERAP2 can form a heterodimer (ERAP1/ERAP2) with distinct functional properties. Allelic variants of ERAP1 have been linked to a number of human diseases, including the autoimmune disease ankylosing spondylitis (AS), diabetes, some forms of cervical cancer, and hypertension.</p>

<p>Amphipathic peptide consisting of a hydrophobic motif MPG derived from HIV gp41 and a hydrophilic NLS of SV40 large T antigen. The NLS has a lysine mutated to serine which prevents nuclear translocation.</p>

<p>Natalizumab (LC46-58)</p>

<p>Ep is a peptide-based fluorescent probe that can detect the intracellular amino-peptidase- ER aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing (ERAAP). ERAAP cleaves peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules to determine which are displayed on cell surfaces for T cell recognition. Down-regulation of ERAAP alters these cell surface peptides resulting in the cell being recognised as foreign. Therefore ERAAP is a potential target for increasing the immune response towards tumours. Down-regulation of ERAAP is also implicated in auto-immunity.Ep contains the fluorescent dye BODIPY and the fluorescent quencher dinitrophenyl (DNP), conjugated to the KK-SIINFECL peptide which is based on a known ERAAP-substrate. Ep initially has low fluorescence due to the proximity of the DNP quencher, however after ERAAP cleaves the N-terminal amino acid of Ep and releases the DNP quencher, a dramatic 20 fold increase in fluorescence is seen.Ep can detect ERAAP in cells in a highly sensitive and specific manner. Ep can detect ERAAP activity in live cells and in high-throughput-screens (HTS), and can compete with endogenous cellular substrates for ERAAP.</p>

<p>β-Amyloid 1-15 (Aβ1-15) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and alpha-secretase.Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.This peptide contains a covalently attached N-Terminal biotin tag for convenient detection and purification.</p>

<p>Optimal peptide substrate for kallikrein-related peptidase 14 (KLK14). In its intact state this peptide is not fluorescent, however when this substrate peptide is cleaved by KLK14, Rhodamine 110 is released and thus fluorescence can then be detected. This peptide therefore allows for the quantification of KLK14 peptidase activity. KLK14 is most abundant in the skin, with lower levels in breast and prostate and may form part of the protease cascade responsible for maintaining the epidermal barrier. Aberrant KLK14 proteolytic activity is linked to several skin pathologies. Overexpression of KLK14 seen in several hormone-dependent cancers, including prostate, colon, ovarian, and breast, correlating with higher risk of disease progression. Therefore KLK14 is a potential point of therapeutic intervention in a variety of pathologies.Contains rhodamine 110 group, a widely used red fluorescent tag. The terminal carboxylic acids in this peptide have been activated by the addition of the p-tosyl moiety, allowing for easy addition of functional groups or further peptide residues.</p>

<p>Galanin (1-30) is an endogenous neuropeptide with endocrine, metabolic and behavioural effects. Galanin has a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, insulin and somatostatin release, and synaptic neurotransmission.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the G alpha i/o pathway receptor activation leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied concerning Alzheimer's disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.Galanin (1-30) has been used as an agonist for the GalR2 receptor in vitro for calcium mobilisation assays to understand the role Galanin/GalR2 play in multiple sclerosis.An N-terminal cysteine residue has been included on the galanin (1-30) peptide to allow ease of site-specific conjugation to various molecules.</p>

SARS-CoV-2 Membrane protein (141-158)

<p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe muscle wasting X-linked genetic disease cause by mutations in the gene encoding the muscle structural protein, dystrophin. Exon skipping therapy remains a key approach for treatment of DMD but still requires considerable research to improve efficient and specific delivery of molecules to myofibers. Use of a phage library identified this sequence as having a high affinity for myofibers. Conjugation of this peptide to novel DMD molecules could provide the insights needed in the field.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-21) is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Histone H3 (1-21) has been utilised in research as a substrate for methyltransferase (Histone 3 K4 and K9) and acetyltransferase (Histone 3 K9 and K14) assays. Histone H3 (1-21) and these assays have already provided vital insights into the role's modifications play on the core histone functions. However, with so many histone modifications in different conditions still to be characterised the histone H3 (1-21) peptide still has a lot of insight to provide in the field.</p>

The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi that causes South American trypanosomiasis expresses peptidases during its entire parasitic life cycle. Understanding better the function and specificity of the peptidases may lead to new inhibitors and potential therapies. It has been shown this alkaline peptidase has a preference for basic amino acids at position one and position two of the substrate. The sequence Leu-Gly-Arg was shown to have a high Km and high Vmax compared to other peptides tested.Provided here is a fluorogenic peptide substrate for Trypanosoma cruzi alkaline peptidase. In its entire state, this peptide is not fluorescent. However, this peptide is cleaved by T. cruzi alkaline peptidase. Upon rhodamine 110 fluorophore release, fluorescence can then be detected. This peptide, therefore, allows for the quantification of T. cruzi alkaline peptidase activity. Rhodamine 110 is a widely used red fluorescent probe.

<p>Pep-1 is a synthetic cell penetrating peptide (CPP) and has been successfully used to deliver a variety of proteins and other biopharmaceutical macromolecules into cells in a non-disruptive manner. It is a CPP with primary amphipathicity, which results from its amino acid sequence as opposed to its folding structure. The primary structure of Pep-1 comprises three main domains: a tryptophan-rich, 'hydrophobic' domain, a hydrophilic domain derived from an NLS (nuclear localisation signal) of SV40 (simian virus 40) large T-antigen, and a spacer.Pep-1 is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-Pep1 allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification and peptide design.</p>

<p>LHRH.</p>

PTH 13-34 is a biologically active fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH) with hypertensive activities. PTH 13-34 is being trialled as a possible treatment for osteoporosis (to replace the existing recombinant human PTH 1-34 treatment peptide).PTH is an 84-amino-acid polypeptide hormone (PTH 1-84) which is secreted by the parathyroid glands along with its fragments (such as PTH 1-34 and PTH 7-84). PTH increases calcium and decrease phosphate levels in the blood and the abundance of PTH-derived peptides is regulated by blood calcium levels. PTH inhibits the bone growth-promoting activity of osteoblasts and induces osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium and phosphate ions into the blood. PTH binds to and activates the receptor parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1). PTHR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which regulates mineral ion homeostasis, bone turnover and skeletal development.

<p>RAGE antagonist peptide is an S100P-derived peptide based competitive antagonist for receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE). Recent studies have shown it to disrupt the interaction between RAGE and its ligands, such as S100P, S100A4 and HMGB-1 in binding assays and in multiple cancer cell lines. As well as this, it also blocks RAGE-dependent NF-kB activation in MPanc96, MOH and HPAF II tumor cell lines.Systemic administration of RAGE antagonist peptide also diminishes NF-kB signaling in vivo and significantly reduces glioma tumour growth in murine models.</p>

<p>IRBP (1-20) is derived from the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), present in the interphotoreceptor matrix and is expressed by cone and rod photoreceptors in the eye. IRBP is involved in retinoid delivery and protects retinal cells from oxidative stress.In retinitis pigmentosa patients, IRBP can be subjected to mutations resulting in a non-secreted form of IRBP to be produced. Furthermore IRBP gene mutations have been associated with high myopia and retinal dystrophy.The expression of IRBP is reduced in diabetes patients which may lead to visual cycle misfunction and the photoreceptors can be vulnerable to damage.</p>

<p>TP10 is an amphipathic cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) also known as transportan 10. Its formation involves the use of a lysine residue to form a chimeric linkage between a mastoparan 21-residue peptide, a wasp venon 14-residue peptide and 6-residues derived from the neuropeptide galanin. Structurally TP10 contains only positively charged amino acids along with 4 lysines and an N-terminus. Therefore, it will produce a +5 charge under conditions of a neutral pH. It has been found that TP10 may aid molecules in penetrating through the cell membrane barrier through directly interacting with the lipid bilayer. During these interactions with the membrane TP10 will form an amphipathic α-helix. TP10 can be used in transduction methods.TP10 is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-TP10 allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design. Fluorescent labelling of TP10 for drug delivery has been used in vivo.</p>

<p>Alyerserin-1c is a C-terminally α-amidated 23 residue Cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with a net charge of +2. Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) are produced by the innate immune system and are expressed when the host is challenged by a pathogen. The Alyerserin family of peptides was first identified in norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions of the midwife toad-Alytes obstetricans-(Alytidae). Alyteserin-1 peptides have limited structural similarity to the ascaphins from the skins of frogs of the Leiopelmatidae family. Alyteserin-1 peptides are selective at inhibiting growth activity of Gram-negative bacteria-such as Escherichia coli and show weak haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes.Alyteserin contain at least 50% hydrophobic amino acids. Hydrophobic residues contribute to the insertion of the peptide into the hydrophobic membrane core which results in membrane disruption and death of the pathogen. Due to their mechanism of action it is less likely for resistance to develop towards such peptides compared to conventional antibiotics.</p>

<p>Membrane-active peptide that binds to HDM-2 expressed in the membranes of solid tissue tumour cells to induce transmembrane pore formation in cancerous, but not normal cells, resulting in tumour cell necrosis independent of p53 activity.</p>

<p>Cilengitide is a cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif containing peptide that selectively inhibits the integrin alphav subunit. Integrins are cell adhesion molecules which mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and creating a scaffold for tissue organisation. Integrins also act to regulate cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and motility.Integrin alphav can form heterodimers with integrin subunits β1, β3, β5, β6, or β8. Cilengitide is a highly selective antagonist of alphavβ3 and alphavβ5 integrins. It also and shows anti-angiogenic effects and inhibits growth and promotes apoptosis of tumour cells that express integrins, such as glioblastoma.Cilengitide has gone on to phase II trials for cancers such as glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate, breast, lung and head and neck cancers.</p>

<p>The Bak BH3 peptide is derived from the pro-apoptotic proteins BAK and BH3, which are both members of the BCL-2 family proteins. It can bind to Bcl-xL, antagonize its anti-apoptotic function, and rapidly induce apoptosis.The process of apoptosis can be activated by the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways, the former is activated by stress stimuli such as DNA damage and nutrient deficiency, while the latter is induced through activation of the death receptors FAS and TRAIL.The BCL-2 family's transmembrane anchor at the C-terminus allows them to locate at the mitochondrial outer membrane and play a vital role in apoptosis.Within the mitochondria BH3 molecules, containing the members BID, BIM, PUMA and NOXA, can be activated by the intrinsic pathway. These in turn can initiate the homo-oligomerisation of BAX and BAK which induce mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP) and the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Here cytochrome c associates with APAF-1 and dATP, ultimately activating effector caspase3/7 and apoptosis.</p>

<p>The 14 amino acid fragment of myelin basic protein (MBP) (68-82) can induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. EAE is the most used experimental model for studying the human inflammatory demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS).MBP is an integral component of myelin found in the central nervous system (CNS). MBP is considered vital for the development and stability of the myelin sheath where it plays a role in membrane adhesion. MPBs constitute an extraordinarily varied collection of splice isoforms which show a myriad of post-translational modifications. MBP may be targeted by auto-antibodies in diseases such as MS. Use of MBP fragments in immunology assays are helping to answer this. The low affinity of MBP (1-9) peptide for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules may result in MBP autoreactive T cells escaping central-tolerance, where self-reactive T cells are usually eliminated. The activity induced by MBP (68-82) suggests it can cause EAE but other EAE MBP peptides were found to induce a stronger response. The MBP (68-82) and others available in our catalogue may help to understand the nature of demyelinating diseases and find the target autoantigens of conditions such as MS.</p>

<p>Natalizumab LC46-58 KSN deimmunised</p>

<p>Amino acids 1-14 of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ).Aβ has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD. Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.Contains a C-terminal biotin tag for easy detection and purification.</p>

<p>LL-37 is a member of the large cationic family of anti-microbial peptides called cathelicidins which have broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity and are expressed in many species. The only cathelicidin found in humans is LL-37, this is produced in epithelial cells, by proteolytic cleavage from the C-terminal of the hCAP-18 protein. LL-37 can be processed into different forms of anti-microbial peptides. As well as its anti-microbial properties LL-37 also regulates many aspects of the innate immune system and overexpression of LL-37 has been linked to autoimmune diseases such as asthma and psoriasis, making LL-37 the most studied form of the human cathelicidin peptides.More recently, studies have shown that LL-37 binds to SARS-CoV-2 S protein and inhibits binding to its receptor hACE2, which may inhibit viral entry into the cell. LL-37 is upregulated by vitamin D, therefore this may be one mode of action for the positive outcomes seen with vitamin D treatment for Covid-19.</p>

<p>Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide found throughout the body and the central nervous system (CNS). VIP is located within cell bodies and nerve endings of the enteric nervous system, brain and pancreas. VIP neurons in the peripheral system fire to regulate blood vessels, and the  CNS innervate cerebral vasculature. VIP  binds to G protein-coupled receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2. VIP and VPAC2 are detected in circular smooth muscle cells of cerebral arterioles. VIP and VPAC1 are also found in lymphatic tissue. VIP can block inflammation, modify the Th response favouring Th2 and induce regulatory T cells. Overexpression of each receptor has been linked to various cancers.VIP administration leads to pancreatic bicarbonate-rich fluid secretion but not to the same degree stimulated by secretin. VIP stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner and also stimulates glucagon secretion. Studies have found that in morbidly obese patients, VIP levels are lowered and work to slow gastric and duodenal motility but increase gastric emptying. Therefore, decreasing VIP levels in obese patients may increase weight gain by accelerating gastric emptying.VIP has been well studied in pancreatic acini. VIP is a full agonist of amylase secretion and increases cyclic AMP synchronised with an increase in intracellular Ca2+ triggered by stimuli that act through cholecystokinin (CCK) or cholinergic agonists. Most cAMP increases, and amylase secretion appear to be mediated via VPAC1.The discovery of VPAC antagonists can help to understand VIPs roles and may also provide new therapies in VIP dysregulated systems such as cancers. VIP (6-28) is a specific competitive inhibitor of the VIP receptor derived from VIP. VIP-induced vasodilatation was blocked by co-administration of the VIP receptor antagonist VIP (6-28). Using a VIP receptor antagonist has made VIP function easier to study during neuronal injury, inflammation, and heart innervation. The VIP receptor antagonist is being considered for osteoarthritis treatment, an area with no current treatments other than analgesics.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-20) with a C-terminal tryptophan (W) is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-8) is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (236-250) is an epitope candidate with various predicted HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Bcl-2-modifying factor (Bmf) belongs to the BH3-only class of Bcl-2 family proteins (along with Bim). Bmf has pro-apoptotic activity and can trigger mitochondrial apoptosis via inhibition of CAP-dependent protein synthesis, it is also involved in B cell development and anoikis. Bmf activity is regulated by dynein light chain (DYNLL) 1 and 2, via inducing its homo-dimerization and leading to the formation of ternary complexes (such as Bim-DYNLL-Bmf).</p>

<p>Insulin receptor (IR) substrate 1 (IRS-1) peptide is a highly selective substrate for certain kinase sub-families- such as receptor tyrosine kinases (which includes IR). IRS-1 is also a very good substrate for the cytoplasmic kinases JAK-1, 2, and 3.IRS-1 is a large ubiquitously expressed protein, vital for propagating insulin action. IRS-1 is activated by phosphorylation of multiple tyrosine residues via an activated IR. Activated IRS-1 then acts as a docking site for downstream signalling proteins which contain a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain (such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), and SHP-2). In addition to its role in metabolic signalling, IRS-1 also propagates proliferative and anti-apoptotic signals and is overexpressed in most cancers.</p>

<p>With the rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria like P. aeruginosa, the hunt for low toxicity inhibitors is paramount. A crucial part of their virulence/life cycle is cleavage of signal peptides. Type I signal peptides have a C-terminal hydrophilic domain containing a signal peptidase cleavage site commonly found in P. aeruginosa proteins that are cleaved by type I signal petidases (SPases). P. aeruginosa LasB, a type I signal peptide, is a crucial enzyme for bacterial invasion, it degrades elastin and thus aids tissue invasion, without cleavage by a SPase the protein is inactive. This peptide is an ideal candidate for enzymatic assay work in to SPase inhibitor investigations.Here we provide the substrate LasB sequence with the EDANS-Dabcyl donor quencher pair suitable for SPase inhibitor assays with FRET microscopy analysis. When this peptide is intact, fluorescence from the fluorophore (donor) EDAN is undetectable due to the proximity of the acceptor (quencher) Dabcyl. However, upon cleavage the fluorescence of the EDANS moiety, as measurably by excitation/emission 340/490nm, can be detected due to separation from the Dabcyl quencher.</p>

<p>The heptapeptide Alexamorelin is a member of the Growth Hormone secretagogues (GHS) family. These are synthetic molecules which act through the central nervous system to stimulate the secretion of somatotrophs, prolactin, adrenocorticotrophin and cortisol. Alexamorelin has also been shown to inhibit 125I-Tyr-Ala-HEX binding in tissues. Due to their stimulation of growth hormone release, they are known as non-approved pharmaceuticals and are a concern to sport's drug testing organisations.</p>

<p>Melittin is a 26-residue peptide originally isolated from venom of the European honeybee. Melittin is a cationic, hemolytic peptide from honey bee venom. Melittin lowers the surface tension at the plasma membrane and causes cell lysis. Melittin exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Melittin has been extensively used as a model peptide for observing membrane lipid-protein interactions.</p>

<p>TAT (48-60) amide is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The 48-60 region of the TAT peptide is an arginine-rich bascic domain which as a whole has three domains that function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively.This peptide has an uncharged C-terminal amide.</p>

<p>β-Amyloid 1-10 (Aβ1-10) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and α-secretase.-Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then α-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival. Biotin is C-terminally linked to the peptide via ethylenediamine-for convenient detection and purification. Alternative β-Amyloid fragments and labels are also available, please refer to our peptide catalogue for availability.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (321-335) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Annexin A1 (2-12) is derived from the Annexin A1 protein which is a member of the Ca2+ dependent phospholipid binding protein family of Annexins A1 to A13. Structurally Annexin is comprised of a C-terminal core region and an N-terminal region. Calcium binding sites featured in the core region allow Annexin A1 to bind to cell membranes to induce membrane aggregation in a calcium dependent manner. Furthermore Annexin A1's N-terminal region performs extracellular signalling through forming complexes with SH2 domain containing proteins. Different lengths of the Annexin family's N-terminus contributes to how the Annexins effect key processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, growth and differentiation.Annexin A1 can be categorised as being both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory. One example of how Annexin A1 demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties is through activating the formyl peptide receptor family's (FGRs) downstream cascade. Consequently the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are phosphorylated, causing subsequent transcription factors involved in the regulation of T cells to generate anti-inflammatory effects. Another is through inhibiting phospholipase A2 which prevents the release of inflammatory factors and the formation of arachidonic acid precursors. This property has contributed to inflammation studies such as where the inhibition of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins by Annexin A1 was used to investigate leukocyte aggregation.During its anti-inflammatory role Annexin A1 uses the active peptide Ac2-26 located on its N-terminus. It is evident Annexin A1 can be labelled as being pro-inflammatory due to it inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, following its phosphorylation by PKC. This results in its translocation into the nucleus of BV-2 microglial cells.</p>

<p>Galanin (1-30) (human) is an endogenous neuropeptide with endocrine, metabolic and behavioural effects. Galanin has a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, insulin and somatostatin release, and synaptic neurotransmission.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 which are G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied concerning Alzheimer's disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.Galanin (1-30) has been used as an agonist for the GalR2 receptor in vitro for calcium mobilisation assays to understand the role Galanin/GalR2 play in multiple sclerosis.Galanin (1-30) is provided with an N-terminal 5-FAM, a widely used green fluorescent reagent ideal for peptide labelling and detection. The excitation/emission for this reagent is 490 nm/520 nm.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues NLNESLIDL (1192-1200) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

PFR-[AMC]

<p>Galanin is a neuropeptide synthesised and released by the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Galanin is expressed in most LC neurons in rodents and humans. Galanin has been shown to inhibit LC activity by hyperpolarising LC neurons, suppressing their spontaneous firing rate, and enhancing alpha2-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative feedback. Galanin is also a potent trophic and neuroprotective factor throughout the nervous system.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied concerning Alzheimer's disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.Galanin is provided here with an N-terminal 5-TAMRA, a widely used red fluorescent reagent ideal for peptide labelling and detection. The excitation/emission for this reagent is 555 nm/580 nm. Cymit Quimica Laboratories Ltd is a custom peptide provider. If you desire an alternate dye, please contact us to request a custom synthesis.</p>

<p>Isotocin is a nonapeptide of the arginine vasopressin-oxytocin family produced exclusively in the preoptic area (POA) of teleosts. As a homologue of mammalian oxytocin, studying fish nonapeptides has shown that Isotocin mediates social and reproductive behaviour in fishes. Functional isotocin is stored in granules at the axon terminal with a carrier peptide, neurophysin. Stimuli leads to isotocin dissociation, to be released into the bloodstream or to cross over into the brain. It binds to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which subtype isotocin binds to defines the following physiological action. It, like other nonapeptides, is a neuromodulator in the CNS, but when distributed by the bloodstream, it acts as a peripheral hormone, such as regulating osmoregulation. Isotocin levels are sex-dependent and linked to the reproductive cycle.HPLC is a sensitive method to detect bioavailable isotocin and other nonapeptides. Measurement of mRNA levels of isotocin has been important to demonstrate the cyclical changes to regulate the endocrine calendar and diurnal rhythm. The level of isotocin is also considered a biomarker for aggression in behavioural indicators of fish welfare studies.</p>

Alyerserin-2c is a C-terminally α-amidated 17 residue cationic anti-microbial peptide (AMP). Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) are produced by the innate immune system and are expressed when the host is challenged by a pathogen. The Alyerserin family of peptides was first identified in norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions of the midwife toad-Alytes obstetricans-(Alytidae). Alyteserin-2a, 2b and -2c show some sequence identity with bombinin H6, a peptide from the skins Bombinatoridae family of frogs.Alyteserin-2c is most potent against the Gram-positive bacteria-Staphylococcus aureus and has weak haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes.Alyteserin contain at least 50% hydrophobic amino acids. Hydrophobic residues contribute to the insertion of the peptide into the hydrophobic membrane core which results in membrane disruption and death of the pathogen. Due to their mechanism of action it is thought to be less likely for resistance to develop towards these peptides compared to conventional antibiotics.

<p>Galanin is a neuropeptide synthesised and released by the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Galanin is expressed in most LC neurons in rodents and humans. Galanin has been shown to inhibit LC activity by hyperpolarising LC neurons, suppressing their spontaneous firing rate, and enhancing alpha2-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative feedback. Galanin is also a potent trophic and neuroprotective factor throughout the nervous system.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3, these G protein-coupled receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 with epilepsy.N-terminal fragments naturally occur in vivo, but their relevance is unclear. Some N-terminal fragments reduce metabolic and functional disorders in experimental heart damage. Using N-terminal fragments such as galanin (3-13) can clarify the function of full-length galanin during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. This may highlight new agonists/antagonists for the galanin GalR receptors that can be putative therapeutic targets.</p>

<p>Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. These PAR-activating proteases therefore represent PAR agonists. This PAR-4 agonist peptide represents the N-terminal sequence of the 'tethered ligand' and is therefore capable of activating the receptor independently of N-terminal proteolysis.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues SVLNDILSR (975-983) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV</p>

<p>Maier8 is a short basic amphipathic peptide that functions as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). Maier8 has been studied in comparison to other CPPs and found to be highly efficient at crossing into the cell without causing cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Maier8 has a long half-life which is vital for effective delivery of the conjugate.Maier8 is labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide). Azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular Click reaction. Alkyne-Maier8 allows a wide variety of applications, particularly for conjugation, modification, and drug delivery.</p>

<p>The renin angiotensin system (RAS) consists of many angiotensin peptides involved in regulating functions such as blood pressure, cardiovascular function and energy balance. RAS activity is elevated in obesity and RAS is widely studied in relation to lifestyle-related diseases.Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-(1-7)) is a component of the RAS. Ang-(1-7) is produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), from the angiotensin II (Ang-II) peptide, as well as by prolylendopeptidase (PEP) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) which produce Ang1 7 directly from angiotensin I (Ang-I).Ang-(1-7) broadly opposes Ang-II actions. Ang-(1-7) has vasodilatory and anti-oxidative effects, and exerts protective actions in hypertension, diabetes, and other cardiovascular disorders, Ang-(1-7) therefore represents a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Ang (1-7) exerts its actions via its G-protein-coupled receptor, Mas. This novel arm of the RAS has effects that counterbalance those mediated by the classical ACE/Ang-II pathway.The C-terminal proline fro this peptide is in the D enantiomer.</p>

<p>An agonist of anti-TNFalpha-induced apoptosis (ATIA) whose function is to provide cells with protection from TNFalpha and hypoxia-induced apoptosis. It has been labelled with tetramethylrhodamine (5-TAMRA).</p>

<p>[β-Ala]-[Lys(5-TAMRA)]-acid</p>

<p>Histone 4 (H4) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) which are essential for compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. Due to the high lysine and arginine content, histones have a net positive charge and therefore electrostatically interact with negatively charged DNA. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Like other core histones, H4 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, the histone tail, which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.Gene transcriptional activation or inactivation is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA within to be either accessible to the transcription machinery or inaccessible. H4 lysine rich tail plays a role in the higher order chromatin folding.</p>

<p>Alyerserin-1a is a C-terminally α-amidated 23 residue cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP). Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by the innate immune system and are expressed when the host is challenged by a pathogen. The Alyerserin family of peptides was first identified in norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions of the midwife toad-Alytes obstetricans-(Alytidae). Alyteserin-1 peptides have limited structural similarity to the ascaphins from the skins of frogs of the Leiopelmatidae family. Alyteserin-1 peptides are selective at inhibiting growth activity of Gram-negative bacteria-such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella-and show weak haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes.Alyteserin contain at least 50% hydrophobic amino acids. Hydrophobic residues contribute to the insertion of the peptide into the hydrophobic membrane core which results in membrane disruption and death of the pathogen. Due to their mechanism of action it is less likely for resistance to develop towards such peptides compared to conventional antibiotics.</p>

<p>Influenza A NP (383-391) (HLA-B27) is a CEF control peptide that is derived from Influenza A. Influenza A is an enveloped negative-strand RNA virus that is capable of interfering with host transcription, which can ultimately cause cell death. The action of the virus particles decreases the downstream gene occupancy of RNA polymerase II, as well as instigating cellular stress, resulting in the failure of polymerase II termination at poly(A) sites. Influenza A NP (383-391) (HLA-B27) is defined as a CEF control peptide due to its antigenic properties. Clinically, this peptide is a suitable epitope for CD8+ T cells and can be used to stimulate the release of IFNg. HLA-B27 refers to the cell HLA type that this peptide acts on.The nucleoprotein (NP) is a structural protein that encapsulates the negative strand of viral RNA. NP plays a critical role in the transition of influenza virus RNA synthesis from transcription mode to replication mode.</p>

<p>Ig heavy chain V-III region Light.</p>

<p>Selective peptide ligand for FRalpha, demonstrating specific binding to FRalpha expression cells and tumour targeting ability in vivo.</p>

<p>The acetylated N-terminal peptide of murine myelin basic protein (MBP) (1-9).</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (581-595) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP13 (576-590)</p>

<p>BAT3 (340-347) human is derived from BAT3, the human leukocyte antigen B-associated transcript 3 which associates with TIM-3 in T lymphocytes and recruits a Src family kinase.</p>

<p>Portion of Influenza A</p>

<p>CCK Octapeptide sulfated.</p>

<p>Influenza A NP (44-52) (HLA-A1) is a CEF control peptide that is derived from Influenza A. Influenza A is an enveloped negative-strand RNA virus that is capable of interfering with host transcription, which can ultimately cause cell death. The action of the virus particles decreases the downstream gene occupancy of RNA polymerase II, as well as instigating cellular stress, resulting in the failure of polymerase II termination at poly(A) sites. Influenza A NP (44-52) (HLA-A1) is defined as a CEF control peptide due to its antigenic properties. Clinically, this peptide is a suitable epitope for CD8+ T cells and can be used to stimulate the release of IFNg. HLA-A1 refers to the cell HLA type that this peptide acts on.The nucleoprotein (NP) is a structural protein that encapsulates the negative strand of viral RNA. NP plays a critical role in the transition of influenza virus RNA synthesis from transcription mode to replication mode.</p>

<p>RGD peptide is an adhesive peptide which can be used in a biomaterial context to attach cells to a range of materials. It is located within extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as the integrin binding domain. The advantage of using RGD peptides over whole ECM proteins is that it reduces the immune reactivity risk.</p>

<p>3xFlag repeats [DYKDDDDK], supplied as the ammonium salt. An epitope for capture and detection containing an enterokinase site [DDDDK].</p>

<p>Activation of the inflammatory response is critical to various infectious agents. Pro-inflammatory cytokines like-IL-1α and IL-1β are upregulated upon the initial detection of infection and bind to IL-1R1 to activate the signalling cascade. However, a hyperinflammatory response can lead to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and conditions such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and ischemia.To maintain homeostasis there are moderators of the inflammatory response. Binding of interleukin IL-1 to IL-1R1 stimulates the inflammatory cascade. Alternately, AF10847 binds to IL-1R1 resulting in significant conformational change of IL-1R1 but its lack of any cytokine activity locks IL-1R1 in an inactive state inhibiting a signalling event. AF10847 has an exceedingly high affinity for IL-1R1 compared to 1α and IL-1β.Extensive searches for lower molecular mass IL-1R antagonists-for oral delivery as a therapeutic for rheumatoid arthritis are being carried out. AF10847 is a 21-mer that has high affinity for the conserved IL-1R1 binding site that is also recognised by IL-1β. The remarkable high affinity of AF10847 for IL-1R1 makes it a perfect candidate for further investigations into novel IL-1R1 inhibitor development.</p>

<p>H3 is a core component of the nucleosome, functioning in DNA compaction and availability to transcription machinery. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodelling. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. There is a wealth of data recording these modifications but understanding their significance is not as clear. H3K23me3, an enriched modification in heterochromatin, is known to bind histone demethylase KDM4A. H3K23me3 is also necessary for timely and accurate meiotic divisions.H3 amino acids 14-34 with lysine 23 trimethylated are provided here with a biotin label for easy use in detection by fluorescence microscopy, ELISA or western blots. Alternatively, it can be purified for protein-protein interactions with the appropriate affinity purification protocol.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 Spike (411-420)</p>

<p>Synthetic host defence peptide derivative with strong anti-inflammatory properties.</p>

<p>Amylin, also known as islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), is a peptide hormone which is deficient in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Amylin is co-secreted with insulin from the pancreatic β-cells. It inhibits glucagon secretion, delays gastric emptying, and thus acts as a satiety agent.  Amylin peptide is capable of forming aggregates, and pancreatic amyloid plaques are present in 90% of patients with DM. Formation of these plaques may be inhibited by insulin via the formation of heteromolecular complexes. Amylin is also involved in adiposity signalling and body weight regulation.Amylin is expressed in the human placenta during pregnancy where it may help regulate food intake by both the mother and foetus, and is involved in foetal development of bone, kidneys and pancreas.</p>

<p>Apolipoprotein A-I enables the efflux of fat molecules from within cells as high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles for transport back into LDL particles or to the liver for excretion. HDLs are one of five major groups of lipoproteins. Increasing concentrations of HDL particles are strongly associated with decreasing accumulation of atherosclerosis within the walls of arteries. Apolipoprotein A-I is often used as a biomarker for prediction of cardiovascular diseases, such that low levels of APOA1 are associated with an increased risk of adverse events in patients with coronary artery disease. In such cases, APOA1 can be used as a biomarker to predict cardiovascular disease progression.This peptide contains a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification.</p>

<p>The PA protein is a subunit of the influenza virus polymerase complex and its endonuclease activity is vital in viral genome replication. As a phosphoprotein it is a casein kinase substrate and its N-terminus is responsible for the activation of a proteolytic process in which co-expressed proteins are degraded.During viral RNA synthesis PA produces 5' capped RNA oligonucleotides due to it cleaving the 5' terminus on pre-mRNA. It is possible that the PA protein could be used as a target in antiviral chemotherapy.</p>

<p>Thrombin receptor inhibitory peptide (TRIP). Thrombin activates members of the PAR family of receptors to initiate a variety of signalling pathways.Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. This peptide mimics the tethered peptide ligand of PAR- 2, but lacks the S42 residue which is important for receptor activation, and therefore acts as a thrombin antagonist peptide.</p>

<p>Recombinant human interferon-β (IFNB) is a therapeutic for specific stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, a significant portion of patients develop neutralising antibodies within two years which prevent the clinical efficacy of the treatment- this was correlated to a specific rise in IgG. Sequencing of IFNB1 revealed CD4+ T cell epitope residues (118-132) that contain critical T cell activation residues. Identifying these sequences allows them to be manipulated to provide new interferon treatments that reduce the capacity to induce neutralising antibodies in MS patients. In addition, the critical residue isoleucine has been mutated to valine and shown to reduce the immunological response to this epitope. This IFNB1 (118-132) epitope can be used for immunological investigations as a deimmunised version of the epitope. In addition, it can be used as a control for T cell activation and antibody recognition via immunoassays and immunohistochemistry. This may provide further insights into specific haplotypes correlating to IFNB responses in MS treatment.</p>

Boc-Val-Pro-ValP(OPh)2 is a good inhibitor for HLE (Human Leukocyte Elastase) and porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE).

<p>Tumstatin is an anti-angiogenic matrikine fragment of collagen IV alpha3 subunit and a VEGF antagonist. Matrikines are bioactive extra cellular matrix (ECM) fragments which regulate cellular metabolism and influence ECM deposition and degradation. Airways of people with asthma have an 18-fold reduction in the levels tumstatin in their airway walls. Tumstatin reverses airway inflammation and remodelling in animal models of asthma in a mechanism involving autocrine remodelling of the ECM. The ECM regulates many aspects of cell biology including gene expression and inflammatory pathways. The airways ECM in asthma has been implicated in airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), airway thickening, chronic inflammation and increased angiogenesis. Tumstatin fosters an anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic microenvironment which inhibits neutrophils in the airway tissue by modifying airway smooth muscle (ASM)-derived ECM. Tumstatin is present in endothelial cells, airway epithelial cells and primary lung fibroblasts, but not in primary ASM cells.</p>

<p>Buforin II is a highly potent antimicrobial peptide which was derived from buforin I, a peptide isolated from the stomach of the Asian toad, Bufo bufo garagrizans. Buforin II is an alpha-helical antimicrobial peptide, however it has far stronger antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms compared with other alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides. Buforin II may have a different mode of action to that of other alpha-helical peptides targeting nucleic acids instead of cell membranes.</p>

<p>Biotin-Tat (47-57) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Specifically Biotin-TAT (47-57) is located within the arginine-rich basic domain 48-60 of the TAT peptide which as a whole has three domains which function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively.This peptide has an uncharged C-terminal amide.</p>

<p>Nef is an accessory protein highly conserved amongst all primate lentiviruses, it is essential for viral replication in vivo- it is expressed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV-1 and HIV-2. Nef acts as a downregulator of class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) expression in HIV-infected cells to help circumvent the immune response, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity. An intact nef gene is critical for high viral loads, linked to development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Certain alleles of HLA have been associated with maintaining a seronegative status such as HLA-A*1101. This nef peptide sequence (75-82) was crystallised within the class I B allele HLA B*3501 suggesting an importance of key residues required for HLA interaction resulting in a nonstandard conformational binding.</p>

<p>The native form of GLP-1 in humans is the GLP-1 (7-36) amide. GLP-1 (7-36) amide is highly unstable (half-life &lt;-2 minutes) due to proteolytic degradation by the serine protease- dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). DPP-IV cleaves the N-terminal histidine and alanine residues from GLP-1 to generate two equipotent forms: GLP-1 (9-37) and GLP-1 (9-36) amide. This degradation mitigates against the therapeutic use of GLP-1 itself, therefore DPP-IV-resistant peptide analogues have been developed and licensed for clinical useThis peptide contains N-terminal 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag</p>

<p>Epitope HLA binding for cytokine, CTL and ELISPOT assays require positive and negative controls if they are available. For SARS-CoV antigens, the HBcAg-derived H-2b-restricted peptide HBcAg (131-140) AYRPPNAPIL from the spike protein sequence is a suitable negative control.</p>

<p>The activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) is believed to play a role in hyperalgesia, asthma, and hypertension. TRPV1 is important for neuronal pain detection as well as the detection of heat, capsaicin, protons, and the neurotransmitter anandamide.- The scaffold protein AKAP79 targets kinases to phosphorylate TRPV1, however it has been shown that inflammatory intermediates prostaglandin-E2 or bradykinin can activate these kinases creating a route for inflammation to cause hyperalgesia.This product is composed of the TRPV1 interacting residues of AKAP79 reordered into a scrambled sequence and conjugated to the cell penetrating TAT domain at the N-terminus. This product was shown in vivo to have a potent analgesic affect due to interaction with TRPV1 but not affect the pain threshold. This product is a vital tool for research into suitable TRPV1 antagonists.</p>

<p>This peptide is recognised and cleaved by the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) from-Staphylococcus aureus. The catalytic cysteine residue in the active site of SrtA serves as a nucleophile to cleave the peptide bond between threonine and glycine. Cleavage results in the formation of a thioacyl intermediate between the peptide and SrtA. This intermediate is then resolved by the N-terminus of an (oligo)glycine nucleophile, resulting in the creation of a new peptide bond that links the peptide and its biotin tag to the incoming nucleophile.- This method of protein labelling is known as sortagging.This peptide contains an N-terminal biotin tag for detection and purification.</p>

<p>Calcitonin is a peptide hormone excreted by the thyroid parafollicular cells to regulate calcium and phosphorus levels. Calcitonin acts in opposition to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D. Calcitonin functions by inhibiting osteoclast activity in the bones preventing calcium release- there is also inhibition of renal tubular cell reabsorption of calcium and phosphate, so they are excreted preventing a rise in levels.Calcitonin is used for as marker for detection and prognosis of nodular thyroid diseases. Medullary thyroid cancer is one example of the malignant parafollicular cells detectable with the assay, as they present with an increased calcitonin level even at an early stage.Since the discovery of calcitonin over 50 years ago the salmon sourced peptide has been used in numerous treatments including bone metastases, Paget disease, hypercalcaemia, and postmenopausal osteoporosis. The salmon calcitonin has been shown to be equivalent to human form but more active and can be synthetically generated.</p>

<p>Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD. Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-22) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Another modification process histones can undergo is biotinylation where the covalent attachment of a biotin molecule is catalysed by the enzyme biotinidase. This cleaves biocytin to generate a biotinyl-thiester intermediate. The biotinyl can then be transferred onto the histone lysine ɛ-amino group which in this case it is covalently attached to Histone 3. Overall the biotinylation sites identified in histone 3 are: K4, K9 and K18. The presence of biotinylated histones have been detected in human cells such as lymphocytes and lymphomas.Lysine 4 of H3 (1-22) has been tri-methylated.</p>

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides act on neurons expressing the Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) to reduce body weight. Setmelanotide is a highly potent MC4R agonist that leads to weight loss in diet-induced obese animals and obese individuals with complete POMC deficiency.The endogenous ligand alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) for MC4R has been shown to have a much lower affinity than Setmelanotide, explaining some of the drug's potency. Administration of Setmelanotide to wildtype mice resulted in significant weight loss while  MC4R knockout mice fail to respond. Setmelanotide is in numerous clinical trials and shows promising results. Patients with POMC defects upstream of MC4R show more significant responses to treatment than those with MC4R deficiency or obese controls.

<p>Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of enzymes which are highly evolutionary conserved across all eukaryotes. HDACs modify histones by removing acetyl groups from the tail regions. Histone deacetylation is generally associated with reduced gene expression due to a more compact chromatin state less accessibility for transcription factors (TFs). HDACs are essential for many physiological processes including development and cellular homeostasis. They also play an important role in disease states, including neurodegenerative disorders, genetic diseases and cancers.This peptide is the fluorogenic substrate for assaying histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in a two-step enzymatic reaction. The assay consists of the initial lysine deacetylation by HDAC followed by the release of the fluorescent group by trypsin. Fluorescence can be detected upon fluorophore release.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones. While GIP is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, its main role is to stimulate insulin secretion - in a glucose-dependent mechanism. Therefore, GIP is referred to as a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide.GIP is derived from a 153-amino acid pro-protein encoded by the GIP gene and circulates as a biologically active 42-amino acid peptide. It is synthesised by K cells, which are found in the mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract. GIP receptors are seven-transmembrane proteins found on β-cells in the pancreas. These β-cells are those that are able to simultaneously detect glucose and release insulin as a result to GIP binding.The clinical relevance of GIP is related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)- studies have found that T2DM diabetics are unresponsive to GIP and have lower levels of GIP secretion after a meal when compared to non-diabetics. In research involving knockout mice, it was found that absence of the GIP receptors correlates with resistance to obesity.</p>

<p>Trans-activator of transcription protein (Tat) (47-57) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Chimerin 1, (CHN1) is a GTPase activating protein specific for RAC GTP-binding proteins, expressed primarily in the brain. CHN1 is involved in signal transduction and is a direct effector of proteins involved in axon guidance. CHN1 is transferred to the plasma membrane and negatively regulates Rho-family small GTPases RAC1 and CDC42, to cause morphological changes to axons by pruning the ends of axon dendrites. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules. TAT (47-57) can be used to deliver proteins, fluorophores, chelators and DNA to target cells.</p>

<p>An inhibitor of E2F1 and 3a transcription, with a D substituted arginine which confers resistance to proteolysis after pre-incubation in serum. Cytotoxic to several malignant cell lines and human prostate and small cell lung cancer xenografts.</p>

Alpha-Casozepine (alpha-CZP) is a tryptic hydrolysate of bovine milk alphas1-casein. The presence of bile salts facilitates alpha-CZP absorption through a Caco2 monolayer. alpha-CZP shows similarities to benzodiazepines with its anxiolytic-like activity but lack the common side effects of habituation or sedation. alpha-CZP binds to the GABAA receptor at the benzodiazepine site.  alpha-CZP binds with a significantly lower affinity than benzodiazepines.Intraperitoneal administration of Alpha-Casozepine (alpha-CZP) to rodents results in anticonvulsant and sleep-protecting effects. Human administration reduces physiological stress symptoms in stressed and control patients. alpha-CZP modulated neuronal activity in brain regions linked to anxiety regulation in mice.

<p>GRGD-acid is a cell adhesive peptide containing the RGD motif. This enables it the ability to increase cell adhesion and rates of cell growth, differentiation and proliferation.When immobilised onto a Poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) surface it has been shown to increase cell adhesion and proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. GRGD could therefore be used in dental implants.This peptide contains a C-terminal Alexa Fluor 647 florescent dye. A cysteine residue has been added to the C-terminus for conjugation of the dye via the cysteine thiol moiety. AF647 is a bright, far-red-fluorescent dye with excitation between 594 nm and 633 nm, and is pH-insensitive over a wide molar range.</p>

<p>Dipeptide consisting of one glycine and one serine residue with diverse uses. Primary metabolite and bronsted base, forms a complex with Cu(II) acting as a tridentate ligand.Primary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically essential and are directly involved in an organism's development, growth, or reproduction.</p>

<p>Fluorogenic substrate peptide to assay the caspase-like peptidic activity of the 20S proteasome. In its intact state this peptide is non-fluorescent, however when the Rhodamine fluorophore is released upon hydrolysation, fluorescence can be detected. This peptide is therefore a useful tool for analysing enzyme activity.The presence of the D-proline residue on the C terminal of the rhodamine molecule ensures one directional rhodamine cleavage which simplifies fluorescence studies. Rhodamine 110 is a laser grade fluorescent dye with excitation maxima at 496 nm and emission maxima at 522 nm.</p>

<p>The CMX-8933 peptide is a fragment of the goldfish brain neurotrophic factor ependymin which can increases the enzymatic activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), increase the phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun proteins, and increase cellular levels of c-Jun and c-Fos mRNAs.</p>

<p>Aβ has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>The rise of antibiotic resistance has led to the search for new drug alternatives. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been identified as a lucrative area for molecule design. The polar fish Pleuronectes americanus expresses polyalanine peptide (pALA) which has been shown to be an AMP against biofilms, and gram-negative bacteria, while not being toxic to mammalian cells. pALA forms an alpha helical conformation that is effective at permeabilising the gram-negative bacteria membrane inducing fatal cell leakage. pALA provides a suitable model for molecule design to hopefully provide new drugs as we enter the post-antibiotic era.</p>