Human Milk Oligosaccharides

<p>2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is the most abundant human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) with multiple functions including: acting as a prebiotic, protecting against infections and inflammation, modulating the immune system, supporting brain development, and reducing the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. The commercial availability of synthetic fucosyllactose is important because HMOs were previously only found at significant levels in human milk, however they are now available in several infant formulas. It has been given Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status and the European Union has approved the use of 2'-Fucosyllactose in infant formula products (Reverri, 2018).</p>

<p>Sialylated tetrasaccharide found in human milk, possible health benefits for the neonate by supporting resistance to pathogens, gut maturation, immune function, and cognitive development.</p>

<p>Sialylfucosyllacto-N-tetraose is a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) and is present in lower concentrations than 2′-fucosyllactose. Sialylfucosyllacto-N-tetraose contains both nitrogen and sialic acid in its chemical structure. It has been demostrated that sialylfucosyllacto-N-tetraose in the HMO pool acts as a prebiotic, protects against infections and inflammation, modulates the immune system, supports brain development, and reduces the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (Wiciński, 2020).</p>

<p>Neutral hexasasaccharide naturally present in human breast milk</p>

<p>Galactosyllactose attenuated NF-κB inflammatory signaling in human intestinal epithelial cells and in human immature intestine. Thus, galactosyllactoses are strong anti-inflammatory agents in human colostrum and early milk, contributing to innate immune modulation. The potential clinical utility of galactosyllactose warrants investigation.</p>

<p>6'-Sialyllactose is found in milk with immunoprotective effects against pathogens in newborns and aids development and maturation of the immune system and gut microbiota. It suppresses adhesion and infectivity of bacteria and viruses, such as influenza viruses, HIV-1 and rotaviruses and inhibits binding of cholera toxin.</p>

<p>Sialylated tetrasaccharide found in human milk. Possible health benefits for the neonate, by supporting resistance to pathogens, gut maturation, immune function, and cognitive development.</p>

<p>Mainly a mixture of Lacto-N-tetraose, Lacto-N-neo-tetraose, Lactodifucotetraose</p>

<p>Monofucosyl (1-3)-iso-lacto-N-octaose is an HMO oligosaccharide.</p>

<p>Human milk oligosaccharide; binds cholera toxin TcdA</p>

<p>2'-O-Fucosyllactulose is a modified carbohydrate that has been synthesized from a natural source. It is an oligosaccharide that contains the monosaccharide, fucose. This product can be used in the synthesis of polysaccharides and glycosylation reactions. 2'-O-Fucosyllactulose has been methylated, fluorinated, and glycosylated, which makes it suitable for use as a sugar in biotechnology applications.</p>

<p>Trifucosyl-p-lacto-N-hexaose is a complex carbohydrate that has been modified by methylation and glycosylation. It is a synthesized sugar that may be used as a pharmaceutical agent or as an additive in food products. Trifucosyl-p-lacto-N-hexaose has been modified using Click chemistry and fluorination, which have been shown to increase the purity of this compound. This product has a high degree of purity, as it is synthesized from pure materials.</p>

<p>Neutral hexasasaccharide naturally present in human breast milk</p>

<p>Core human milk oligosaccharide</p>

<p>Component of glycoproteins and glycolipids expressed in antigens and receptors of proteins, bacteria and viruses. Found in the free form in human biofluids, including urine and milk - preventing adhesion of bacteria to urinary epithelium and inhibiting enteric pathogens respectively. An efficient inhibitor of neutrophil-activating protein of H.pylori (HPNAP)-mediated neutrophil activation.</p>

<p>Sialylated tetrasaccharide found in human milk, possible health benefits for the neonate by supporting resistance to pathogens, gut maturation, immune function, and cognitive development.</p>

<p>Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) is a neutral and abundant human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), composed of four sugar molecules. It supports the infant's gut microbiota development and provides protection against infectious diseases. LNnT like many other HMOs offers great interest for the studies of baby milk formula.</p>

<p>Sialylated tetrasaccharide found in human milk.Possible health benefits for the neonate, by supporting resistance to pathogens, gut maturation, immune function, and cognitive development.</p>

<p>Component of human milk; antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens</p>