Antibiotics

<p>Cefoxitin EP impurity B is a chemical reference standard, which is derived from the synthesis and purification processes involved in producing Cefoxitin. As an impurity standard, its primary role is to serve as a benchmark for quality control in pharmaceutical formulations. The mode of action of Cefoxitin EP impurity B involves the structural analysis and quantification of impurity levels, ensuring that the primary pharmaceutical products meet necessary safety and efficacy criteria.</p>

<p>Oligomycin B is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex, specifically targeting the F₀ subunit of ATP synthase. This action obstructs the proton channel, preventing the flow of protons across the mitochondrial membrane. As a result, Oligomycin B effectively halts ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation, which is crucial for the survival of aerobic organisms.</p>

<p>Polymyxin B nonapeptide hydrochloride is a potent antibiotic compound derived from the bacterium *Bacillus polymyxa*. As a cationic polypeptide, it exhibits its antibacterial activity by interacting with the lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the bacterial cell membrane, leading to increased permeability and ultimately causing cell lysis. The compound is specifically effective against a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria, making it crucial in studying antibiotic resistance mechanisms.</p>

<p>Antibacterial agent with the ability to permeate bacterial membranes and cause cell death. Colistin is a cationic peptide also known as polymyxin E. Colistin is effective in multidrug resistant Gram-positive bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae.</p>

<p>Dihydrostreptomycin sesquisulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Its mode of action involves binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, leading to the disruption of protein synthesis. This binding interferes with the initiation complex formation, causing misreading of mRNA and ultimately inhibiting bacterial growth.</p>

<p>7-epi-Clindamycin is a clindamycin derivative, which is a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. Its mode of action involves binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. This results in the suppression of bacterial growth, making it effective against certain Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic species.</p>

<p>N'-Desmethyl azithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative antibiotic, which is derived from the chemical modification of azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic sourced originally from the bacterium *Streptomyces erythreus*. It functions primarily by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, binding specifically to the 50S ribosomal subunit, which results in the prevention of transpeptidation and translocation processes during translation. This action effectively halts bacterial growth, rendering it bacteriostatic.</p>

<p>26-Oxofusidic acid is a derivative of fusidic acid, which is a potent antibacterial compound originally isolated from the fungus Fusidium coccineum. This compound exhibits a unique mode of action by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through interference with the elongation factor G (EF-G), a critical component in the translocation step of translation. By targeting this specific aspect of bacterial metabolism, 26-Oxofusidic acid effectively disrupts the growth of gram-positive bacteria, making it an invaluable tool in combating resistant bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Peplomycin sulfate is an anticancer antibiotic, which is a derivative of the bleomycin family of glycopeptide antibiotics produced by the bacterium *Streptomyces verticillus*. This antibiotic operates through a mode of action that involves the induction of DNA strand breaks by forming a complex with iron and oxygen, leading to the generation of free radicals. These radicals cleave DNA strands, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and inducing apoptosis in cancerous cells.</p>

<p>7-Descarbamoyl 17-amino geldanamycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of the benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic geldanamycin, which is naturally produced by the bacterium *Streptomyces hygroscopicus*. As an inhibitor of the Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90), it targets this molecular chaperone crucial for the stability and function of numerous oncoproteins. By inhibiting Hsp90, 7-Descarbamoyl 17-amino geldanamycin disrupts protein folding processes, leading to the degradation of client proteins and subsequent disruption of cell signaling pathways involved in tumor growth and survival.</p>

<p>Telavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic, which is a semi-synthetic derivative of vancomycin. Its source is derived through modifications of the glycopeptide antibiotic, specifically aimed to enhance antibacterial activity. Telavancin functions by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It does this by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of cell wall precursors, disrupting peptidoglycan polymerization and, consequently, cell wall integrity. Additionally, Telavancin increases membrane permeability and disrupts membrane potential, further enhancing its bactericidal activity.</p>

<p>1,3''-Di-HABA kanamycin A is a chemically modified antibiotic derivative. It is derived from kanamycin A, a well-known aminoglycoside antibiotic that is originally sourced from the bacterium *Streptomyces kanamyceticus*. The modification with 1,3''-Di-HABA alters its pharmacodynamic properties, potentially influencing its specificity and interaction with biological targets.</p>

<p>Mitomycin D is an antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agent known for its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis, making it a potent antitumor agent. It is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces caespitosus*. Mitomycin D functions as a DNA crosslinking agent by alkylating the DNA strands, which interferes with DNA replication and transcription. This mechanism leads to the cessation of cellular division and ultimately induces apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>Chlortetracycline-13C-d3 hydrochloride is a stable isotope-labeled antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research in bacterial resistance and analytical studies.</p>

<p>Chaetoglobosin A is a mycotoxin, which is a secondary metabolite produced by the fungus Chaetomium globosum. This compound exhibits its mode of action by disrupting the cytoskeletal elements within cells, primarily affecting actin polymerization. This interference leads to alterations in cell morphology and can induce apoptosis in certain cell lines.</p>

<p>Kasugamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the actinomycete Streptomyces kasugaensis. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of protein synthesis by interfering with the function of the 30S ribosomal subunit, ultimately preventing the growth and proliferation of sensitive organisms. In agricultural contexts, Kasugamycin is primarily utilized to control bacterial and fungal diseases in a variety of crops, including rice and fruit trees. It is particularly effective against Xanthomonas oryzae, which causes bacterial leaf blight in rice, and other pathogenic organisms detrimental to plant health. The application of Kasugamycin has been an important tool for integrated pest management programs focusing on sustainable agricultural practices. As a compound with a specific mode of activity, it helps to reduce the environmental impact typically associated with broader-spectrum antibiotics, while offering target-specific disease control. Its careful application supports the minimization of resistance development, ensuring continued efficacy in protecting crop yields.</p>

<p>Vincristine, a microtubule disruptor, inhibits mitosis in cancer cells, useful in leukemia research.</p>

<p>An aminoglycoside antibiotic.  Found applications in treatment of UTi's as it decreases the ability of bacteria to make protein.</p>

<p>Tyrothricin is a peptide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Bacillus brevis. This compound comprises a mixture of polypeptides, primarily gramicidin and tyrocidine, both of which are instrumental in its antimicrobial activity. The mode of action of tyrothricin involves disrupting bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death. Gramicidin increases the permeability of the bacterial membrane to ions, while tyrocidine promotes disruption of membrane integrity, which together exert bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects.</p>

<p>Ceftaroline fosamil is an advanced antibiotic, which is a cephalosporin derived from synthetic sources with a broad spectrum of activity. It is a prodrug that, once metabolized, becomes active in the body, binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of bacteria. This binding inhibits the proteins responsible for cell wall synthesis, leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.</p>